J 



SKETCHES AND STATISTICS 



CINCONATI O 1859 



BY CHARLES CIST. 



-^Sii 






<■ ^. ' "i 



PREFACE. 



In examining the present volume, it will not escape notice that 
many subjects comprehended in the preceding issues of 1841 and 
1851 are either only briefly referred to, or entirely left out. My 
reasons for this, I trust, will be as satisfactory to my readers as they 
were conclusive on myself. I shall state them in as few words as 
possible. 

In all publications of tliis nature, containing so wide a range and 
great amount of subjects and details, there will always be a de- 
mand for greater space than exists in the limits of an ordinary vol- 
ume. The dijEficulty is not in gathering, but in excluding materi- 
als. In this instance, the amount to be shut out was greater than 
usual, because I had decided to embody in the volume a narrative 
of the early history of Cincinnati, extending through the first six 
years of its existence. A large share of the facts and incidents it 
embraces were drifting into oblivion, and I knew no other, cer- 
tainly no readier, mode of placing them on record in permanent 
form than this. As one hundred and fifty pages have been taken 
up with this department alone, it is natural to suppose it has been 
done at the expense of crowding out other, perhaps equally appro- 
priate subjects. To remedy as far as possible such neglect, I have 
added forty-eight pages to the volume, without increasing its price. 

Another motive for excluding certain subjects was to be found 
in the fact, that many of them had already been given to the pub- 
lic, and I was unwilling, except for special reasons, to dwell a sec- 
ond time on the same theme. Especially was this the case in the 
departments of a permanent or unchanging character, such as 
magnetism, medical topography, geology and meteorology, which 
had been fully presented in my previous issues. Nor was it ne- 
cessary to travel over the entire educational and commercial inter- 
ests of Cincinnati, when the first has so recently, as well as com- 
prehensively, been given to the public by John P. Foote, in his 
" Schools of Cincinnati," a work which has left me nothing to sup- 
ply ; and tne second periodically and fully illustrated by William 
(iii) 



IV PREFACE. 

Smith, with ability and fidelity, in his " Cincinnati Price Current." 
It would surely have been unjust to tax my readers anew for in- 
formation to be obtained from these and other sources, including 
my former volumes, which at the same time were easy of access 
to recent settlers here, the only class of readers likely to need the 
information they supply. 

Besides my indebtedness to individuals, acknowledged in the 
articles themselves, I owe to the manufacturing columns of the 
Cincinnati Gazette many interesting facts and notices, of which in 
the appropriate department I have availed myself. These extracts 
have been made, in most instances, at the request of the individu- 
als whose business operations they relate to. 

The opinions I have held for thirty-five years past, and repeatedly 
expressed, that Cincinnati is destined to become one of the most 
important cities in the United States, in business, population and 
wealth, are not now considered so visionary as numbers once 
deemed them to be. In the light of the vast improvements in 
growth of manufactures and of buildings, for the past five years, 
we may read what the ensuing twenty will do for this city. The 
author of nature has done more for this city than for any other in 
the Republic. If man does his share, Cincinnati will have no rival 
surpassing her anywhere. If this prediction fails, it will be my 
first that has not come to pass, even in my lifetime. 

Cincinnati, June 1, 1859. 



TABLE OF SUBJECTS. 

I. EARLY ANNALS 9 

IL PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS— Site— Climate— Time Table.... 159 

III. PERSONAL STATISTICS— Population— Nativities 164 

IV. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES— Courts of Judicature— Legislative and Ex- 

ecutive Departments 167 

V. EDUCATION— Primary Schools— Funds— Organization— Buildings- 
Course of Studies — High and Intermediate Schools — Statistics of Teach- 
ers and Scholars — Parochial Schools — Private Schools and Academies — 
"Wesleyan Female College — Cincinnati Female Seminary — Mt. Auburn 
Young Ladies' Institute — Herron's Seminary — Cincinnati English and 
Classical School — Cincinnati College — Law Department — St. Xavier's 
College — Medical College of Ohio — Cincinnati College of Medicine 
and Surgery — Eclectic Medical Institute — Newton's Clinical Institute 
— Eclectic College of Medicine— Physio- Medical College of Ohio — 
Ohio College of Dental Surgery — Bartlett's Commercial College 17:2 

VI. SOCIAL STATISTICS— Churches and Religious Societies— Sabbath 

Schools — Dwelliug Houses and Stores 192 

VII. THE FINE ARTS— Painters— Sculptors— Picture Gallery 200 

VIII. SCIENCE AND LITERATURE— Cincinnati Observatory— Cincinnati 
Hoi-ticultural Society — Young Men's Mercantile Library Association — 
Ohio Mechanics' Institute — Periodicals 20t> 

IX. MONETARY — Fire, Marine and Life Insurance Foreign Agencies — 
and Bankers — Savings Banks — General Agency, Emigrant and Remit- 
tance Office 2 1 G 

X. TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL, NATURAL AND ARTI- 
FICIAL ROUTES— Little Miami Railroad— Ohio and Mississippi 
~ Railroad — Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad., 230 

XI. SUBURBS— College Hill— Gleudale 236 



VI TABLE OF SUBJECTS. 

Xir. MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS— Table of 

Value aud Hands Employed, per centage of Raw Material. 240 

XIII. COMMERCE— Trade with the Country— Dry Goods, Groceries, Crock- 

ery, Boots and Shoes, Hardware — Wool 346 

XIV. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.— Cincinnati Water Works— Spring Grove 

Cemetery — Public Buildings — Gas Light and Coke Co. — Fire De- 
partment — Protestant University — American Patent Co 349 

XV. MISCELLANEOUS. — Recent and Prospective City Improvements- 
Grape Culture in Vineyards — Salt — Sewing Machines — Hotels — Oys- 
ters—Coal 358 



SKETCHES AND STATISTICS 



OF 



CIICONATI O 1859, 



I. EARLY ANNALS. 

The Miami country, on whose Ohio river front this city is nearly 
a central point, was early known to the whites, and an object of ad- 
miration for its great fertihty. In 1751, Christopher Gist, agent 
for the old English Ohio company, explored the Great Miami river 
about one hundred miles, and in 1752, the English had built a fort 
or trading station among the Piankashaws, a tribe of the Twigtwees 
or Miamis, whose hunting-grounds were in the adjacent region on 
what is now called Loramie's creek, 4 miles north of Dayton. This 
post was attacked and taken by the French in the course of the 
same year. The Miami valleys were subsequently examined by 
Daniel Boone while captive to the Shawanees in 1778, and by the 
war parties which BoAvman and Clark led against the Indians on the 
Little Miami and Mad rivers. But Kentucky at this period was 
barely able to maintain its own various stations or posts, and had 
neither leisure nor men to spare for effecting a lodgment in the 
neighborhood of this tribe of Indians, already well known to be 
one of the most efficient and inveterate enemies of the Kentucky set- 
tlers. Treaties with the various savage tribes having been made or 
renewed in 1784, 1785 and 1786, by which the country upon the 
Muskingum, Scioto and the Miamis was ceded to the whites; among 
others whose attention was directed to the settlement of the new 
country was Benjamin Stites, of Redstone — now Brownsville — Penn- 
sylvania. He visited New York to purchase from congress for him- 
self and associates, a tract on the Miamis, and there proposed to 
John Cleves Symmes, a member of congress from New Jersey, to 
9 



10 EARLY ANNALS. 

unite in the enterprise, relying probably on his official influence to 
effect the purchase. Mr. Symmes decided on seeing the country 
before entering into any contract, and on his return completed the 
arrangement in his own name. The tract thus purchased was sup- 
posed to contain one million acres of land upon the Ohio, and ly- 
ing between the Miamis. On actual survey, however, this extent 
was reduced to less than six hundred thousand acres. Of this pur- 
chase ten thousand acres at the mouth of the Little Miami were 
shortly after sold by the patentee to Mr. Stites, and in January, 1788, 
Matthias Denman, of Springfield, Essex county, New Jersey, pur- 
chased of John Cleves Symmes, among other tracts of land in the 
Miami region, the entire section No. 18, and the fractional section 
No. 17, which connects it with the river Ohio. These belonged to 
the fourth fractional townships of the first fractional range on the 
Ohio river. As the Miami country had not yet been surveyed, the 
description of the tract purchased simply specified, that it should 
be located as nearly as possible oppoyte the mouth of the Licking 
river, and when the surveys had been completed, section 18 and 
fractional section 17 were accepted as the contents and boundaries 
contemplated by the conveyance. 

On actual survey, the tract was found to comprehend seven hun- 
dred and forty acres ; and constitutes that part of the present city 
which lies north and south between Liberty street and the river 
Ohio, and east and west, between a line from a point where the Leb- 
anon road intersects Liberty street to the Ohio river, one hundred 
feet below Broadway, and a parallel line from the intersection of 
Liberty street with Western Row, which strikes the river just below 
Smith street landing. This territory will square 1|- miles, and 
comprehends less than one sixth of the present area of Cincinnati. 
It has been repeatedly asserted in print that the purchase cost 
forty-nine dollars, only, but the sum actually paid for it was almost 
five hundred dollars ; the price being five shillings — sixty-six and 
two-third cts. per acre. 

Denman's design, in making this purchase, was to form a station, 
lay out a town opposite the mouth of Licking river, and establish 
a ferry at this point. This last object, undoubtedly, was the most 
important of the three, although the fact would be incomprehensi- 
ble to the present inhabitants of Cincinnati. 

The old Indian war-path from the British garrison, at Detroit, 
crossed the Ohio at this point, which was also the usual avenue by 



EARLY ANNALS. 11 

which the savages on the northern side of the Ohio, approached the 
Kentucky stations. 

In the course of the ensuing summer, Col. Robert Patterson, a 
gallant soldier in the Indian wdrsof that period, and John Filson, 
both of Lexington, Kentucky, became associated with Denman in 
the enterprise. Filson, who was a school-master and surveyor by 
profession, was needed in the latter capacity, to survey and lay off 
the proposed town into in and out-lots; and the high personal char- 
acter of Col. Patterson would naturally give popularity to the 
project. 

Filson proposed as the name of the future Cincinnati, Losanti- 
ville, a pedantic compound of Greek, Latin and French, intended 
to signify " the town opposite the mouth " of Licking. 

The proprietors of the new enterprise, just before starting out, 
issued the following, which was published in the Kentucky Ga- 
zette, of that date: 

Notice — The subscribers being proprietors of a tract of land 
opposite the mouth of Licking river, on the northwest of the Ohio, 
have determined to lay off a town upon that excellent situation. 
The local and natural advantages speak its future prosperity; being 
equal if not superior to any on the bank of the Ohio river, between 
the Miamis. The in-lots to be each half an acre, and the out-lots 
four acres. Thirty of each to be given settlers, upon paying one 
dollar and fifty cents for survey and deed of each lot. The 15th 
day of September is appointed for a large company to meet at 
Lexington, and make out a road from there to the mouth of Lick- 
ing, provided Judge Symmes arrives, being daily expected. When 
the town is laid off, lots will be given to such as may become resi- 
dents, before the first of April next. 

MATTHIAS DENMAN, 
ROBERT PATTERSON, 
' Lexington, Ky., Sept. 6, 1788. JOHN FILSON. 

In September, 1788, a large party, embracing Symmes, Stites, 
Denman, Patterson, Filson, Ludlow, with others, left Maysville — 
then Limestone — to visit the new Miami purchase. This company, 
consisting of nearly sixty men, landed at the mouth of the Great 
Miami, and explored the country for some distance back from that 
point and North Bend. Symmes decided from the examination to 
locate himself and adherents at North Bend ; and the party return- 



12 EARLY ANNALS. 

ing measured the distance between the two Miamis, following the 
meanders of the Ohio, and then returned to Maysville. On this 
trip Filson became separated from his party while in the rear of 
North Bend, and was never more heard of, having, doubtless, been 
killed by the Indians, a fate of which he always seemed to have 
entertained a presentiment. Israel Ludlow, who had intended to 
act as surveyor to Symmes, now accepted Filson's interest, and 
assumed his duties in laying out the proposed town. 

On the 17th of November, 1788, Benjamin Stites left Maysville 
with a party of twenty-six persons, mostly emigrants, from Browns- 
ville — then Redstone — Pennsylvania, and landing on the 18th, not 
far below the mouth of the Little Miami, where he had made a 
purchase often thousand acres of land from Symmes, commenced 
the settlement of a town which was named Columbia. Patterson, 
with a party of twenty-six persons, who had agreed to assemble at 
Maysville, followed on the 24th of December, the river Ohio being 
filled with drift ice, from shore to shore. No record has been kept 
of the day of their landing, although the 26th had been once or 
twice traditionally kept as its anniversary, upon no other grounds, 
apparently, than that two days ought to take a flat-boat down the Ohio 
sixty-five miles. But in the existing condition of the river, covered 
with drift ice, it must be obvious, that nothing reliable can be de- 
duced from such data. 

In the trial of the chancery case, in 1807 — City of Cincinnati 
vs. Joel Williams — the date of the landing was variously given. 
One of the witnesses says it was late in December, 1788. Patter- 
son and Ludlow state it to have been in January, 1789; while Wm. 
M'Millan is the only witness who gives the precise day. He testi- 
fies "that he was one of those who formed the settlement of Cincin- 
nati, on the 28th day of December, 1788.'" Mr. M'Millan was an in- 
telligent lawyer, and magistrate here for many years ; a man of 
scrupulously exact habits of business. I have no doubt that he 
has given us the proper date. Judge Burnet, whose professional 
business as a lawyer prompted him to ascertain the fact, assured me 
that he never entertained a doubt that this was the correct date. I 
have other evidence, which, while it does not determine the pre- 
cise day, abundantly satisfies me that December, 1788, was the true 
month and year in issue. 

It is not a little remarkable, in this connection, that the date of 
the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, is involved in the same 



EARLY ANNALS. 13 

condition of conflicting testimony ; and Sherman, in his history of 
the United States, speaking of the Pilgrims, says, "On the tenth 
of November, they floated into a commodious bay, where they af- 
terward landed, and planted there a settlement and called it Ply- 
mouth, that being the name of the port from which they sailed in 
England, having touched there, in their voyage from Holland." He 
then in a note adds, " Historians difi'er so as to the day in which 
they landed, that I have not named it in my text. Some say it was 
on the 17th of November ; others, on the 22d of December ; and 
others on the 3 1st of December. It is generally supposed to have 
been pn the 22d of December." Of the precise spot where our 
Cincinnati founders landed, there is no such doubt. They fastened 
their boat in Yeatman's cove, being an inlet opposite Sycamore St., 
and named so from the late Griffin Yeatman, who resided for many 
years where that street intersects the public-landing. 

The names of those who thus landed as settlers, were, beside 
those of Patterson and Ludlow, the proprietors, William M'Millan, 
Eobert Caldwell, Thaddeus Bruen, William Connell, Francis Har- 

desty, Matthew Fowler, Isaac Tuttle, Henry, Evan Shelby, 

Luther Kitchell, Elijah Martin, James Carpenter, John Vance, 
Sylvester White, Matthew Campbell, Samuel Mooney, Henry Lind- 
say, Joseph Thornton, Noah Badgely, Thomas Gissel, Joel Williams, 
Samuel Blackburn, Scott Traverse, and John Porter; in all twenty- 
six persons. Of these, the last fifteen named remained and drew 
lots among the thirty original grantees, to whom I shall presently 
refer; of the residue, some preferred other employments to clear- 
ing and cultivating the soil. Tuttle, Henry, and, perhaps others, 
attached themselves to Symmes, in the enterprise at North Bend, 
which commenced a few weeks later. 

The article of agreement entered into between the proprietors 
and the original settlers is in these terms: 

"The conditions for settling the town of Losantiburg are as fol- 
lows, viz: that the first thirty in and outAois of said town to as 
many of the most early adventurers shall be given by the proprie- 
tary, Messrs. Denman, Ludlow and Patterson, who for their part 
do agree to make a deed or fee simple, clear of all charge and in- 
cumbrance, except the expense of surveying and deeding the 
same, so soon as Judge Symmes can obtain a deed from congress. 

"The lot-holders, for their part, do agree to become actual set- 
tlers on the premises. They shall plant and attend two crops sue- 



14 EARLY ANNALS. 

cessively, and not less than an acre shall be cultivated for each 
crop. And within two years from the date hereof, each person 
who receives a donation lot or lots shall build a house equal to 
twenty-five feet square, one and a half stories high, with brick, 
stone or clay chimney — which house shall stand on the front of their 
respective lots, and shall be put in tenable repair, all within the 
term of two years. 

^'These requisitions shall be minutely complied with, on the pen- 
alty of forfeiture, unless it be found impracticable on account of 
savage depredations. 

"The following is a list of in and out donation lots, as drawn at 
Losantiville, by lottery, January 7, 1789:" 

Settlers. No. of In-Lot. Out-Lot. 

Samuel Blackburn 1 29 

Sylvester White 2 15 

Joseph Thornton 3 28 

John Vance 4 24 

James Dumont 5 II 

-Fulton 6 23 

Elijah Martin 7 26 

Isaac Vanmeter 8 18 

Thomas Gissel 9 17 

David M'Clever 26 6 

Davidson , 27 19 

Matthew Campbell 28 8 

James Monson 29 14 

James McConnell 30 5 

Noah Badgely .31 22 

James Carpenter 32 1 

Samuel Mooney 33 14 

James Campbell 34 21 

Isaac Freeman 51 29 

Scott Traverse 52 9 

Benjamin Dumont 53 25 

Jesse Stewart 54 30 

Henry Bechtle 56 16 

Richard Stewart 57 12 

Luther Kitchell 58 13 

Ephraim Kibby 59 4 

Henry Lindsay 76 7 

Jolm Porter 77 2 

Daniel Shoemaker 78 27 

Joel Williams 79 3 



EARLY ANNALS. 15 

This agreement and list are taken from a memorandum made at 
the time and found among Colonel Patterson's papers by his heirs. 

I have already given portions of this list as those who accompa- 
nied Colonel Patterson and Ludlow in the first landing at the place 
of settlement. Of the residue, Kibby and Shoemaker will be found 
among those who made the first settlement at Columbia with Stites' 
party, and the names, doubtless, of stragglers, who followed the 
first settlers, will complete the list. 

The open space now constituting the public wharf, extending 
from Eastern Row^ now Broadway, to Main street, was made a 
common or public ground forever, reserving the privilege to the 
proprietors of a ferry, within those limits. 

The thirty in-lots embrace the entire blocks between Front and 
Second, from Main to Broadway; the block from Second to Third, 
between Broadway and Sycamore; and the eastern half of the 
block between Second and Third, and Main and Sycamore, except- 
ing the lot No. 56 on the town plat, at the N. W. corner of Second 
and Sycamore, which was injured in value by a portion of it being 
embraced in a swamp, which for years intersected Sycamore and 
Second, then Columbia street. These lots, facing or being contig- 
uous to the public landing, were naturally the most desirable lots, 
being then as much so for convenience as they now are for busi- 
ness purposes. 

It may serve to show how slowly .city property rose in value, 
that one-half of lot No. 76 was sold to J. & A. Hunt, on the 30th 
of September, 1796, at four dollars. This is the property on Front 
near Main street, now occupied by Luther F.Potter, and Traber & 
Aubery, which, if even stripped of its present improvements, would 
now sell for more than one thousand dollars per front foot, or fifty 
thousand dollars for the half lot. 

I have not been able to learn the price at which the proprietors 
originally held the in and out-lots not comprehended in the thirty 
of each thus made a gratuity to the first thirty settlers. That it 
must have been a low figure may be readily inferred from the fact, 
that in payment of a balance, less than one hundred dollars, due 
by the proprietors to Ludlow for surveying fees, he preferred 
taking one hundred and twenty acres, seven miles from town, to 
four out-lots and an entire square, of which Pearl street is now 
the centre, worth now, as naked ground, more than two million 
dollars. 



16 



EARLY ANNALS. 



The following diagram of one block, will serve to give an idea 
of the shape, size, and locality of the whole : 





Joel Williams. 


Jesse Stewart. 




79 


54 




D. Shoemaker. 


Benj. Dumont. 




78 


53 










CO 






Cfl 






M 


S 




H 1> 




>< 






05 






1— 1 


05 


p^ 








^ 


C/2 






99 ft. 




99 







LANDING. 

The naked ground of the block thus made a gratuity to actual 
settlers, is now worth at least one and a-half million dollars, by 
which, I mean, that any portion of twenty-five feet front, by one 
hundred deep, if divested of its improvements, would sell for cash, 
at sheriff's sale, for an amount bearing the full proportion to that 
sum, which the ground in space bears to the entire square. Tlie 
out-lots, each of which formed one of our present squares, all lay 
north of Seventh street. 

• There has been considerable dispute as to the fact, whether the 
town, as laid out by Ludlow, was actually called Losantiville. The 
article of agreement of the proprietors and settlers would seem to re- 
cognize another name than that of Cincinnati; but, on the other hand, 
the absence of date and of other formalities in the paper, and the 
entire ignorance in which to this day we remain as to the writer of 



EARLY ANNALS. 17 

the document, the carelessness which employs the name Losanti- 
burg in one place and Losantiville in another, forbid laying any 
great stress on what that agreement is supposed thus to prove. It 
is probable that the name, as a practical question, did not come up 
at this period — January 7, 1789, and that it was not until it became 
necessary to make out a regular plat of the whole town for record, 
that the name was affixed or decided on at all. 

A letter in my possession from Dr. Daniel Drake has a stronger 
bearing on the question. It is as follows: 

Cincinnati, January 2, 1841. 

Dear Sir — My brother informs me that you called last evening 
to inquire of me whether I have seen any authentic evidence that 
Cincinnati was originally named Losantiville. As I shall embark 
in the mail-packet this morning, at ten o'clock, for Louisville, you 
cannot have an opportunity of seeing me, and I, therefore, drop 
you a line, to say that I have in my possession more than twenty 
documentary evidences that such was the fact. 

The name was invented by John Filson, one of the original pro- 
prietors, who intended to express by it, the town opposite the mouth 
of Licking river. He resided in Lexington, Ky., where the plan 
of the projected village was formed, and the name imposed in the 
month of August, 1788. 

The settlement did not, however, commence till the 26th of the 
following December. From that time till the 2d of January, 
1790 — this day fifty-one years — the place bore the name of Losan- 
tiville and no other. It was then changed to Cincinnati by Gov- 
ernor St. Clair. Your friend and servant, 

Charles Cist. DAN. DRAKE. 

I must be permitted to remark that, while I consider Dr. Drake's 
statement of the ''more than twenty documentary evidences" explicit 
and reliable, I do not regard it as conclusive, because the writer 
evidently had not time or motive to examine it in the light of the 
difficulty I had presented to him, and which he had perhaps never 
heard of before. He probably had letters, for I have seen such 
of the early dates of Cincinnati addressed to Losantiville, but it is 
obvious that such proof would not determine the fact. The name 
first designed having originated at Lexington would be widely 
known there, and letters thence would naturally bear the intended 
name of the place; and, indeed, where a name is once given, offi- 



18 EARLY ANNALS. 

cially or by custom, it is apt to adhere, long after it has become 
changed by law or otherwise. Thus Maysville and Brownsville 
were known as Limestone and Redstone, and called nothing else, 
long after they had borne their present names in print. Washing- 
ton, Pennsylvania, was called Catfishtown for many years, although 
only a sobriquet or nickname, and it will be many years before our 
north-western section of Cincinnati ceases to be known by any 
other title than Texas, although a mere flash name. 

To these testimonies and to the popular notion that the place 
was given its present name by General St. Clair, on the 2d January, 
1790, I have to oppose the testimony, among others, of Jacob Fow- 
ler and Samuel Newell, highly intelligent men and old settlers — 
Fowler having supplied the garrison at Fort Washington with buf- 
falo meat, from its establishment up to vSt. Clair's arrival and after- 
ward. They both aver that from their earliest knowledge of it they 
never heard it called Losantiville; and Fowler, who was as clear- 
headed in his recollections of the past as any man I have ever 
known, stated to me explicitly that he never heard it called by any 
other name than that of Cincinnati. 

The communication of Judge Burnet, which follows, in my judg- 
ment, is testimony which cannot be disputed and argument which 
must be conclusive: 

Cincinnati, October 5, 1844. 

Dear Sir — At the close of a conversation which passed between 
us a few weeks since, respecting the original plan and name of the 
place, which is now familiarly called the Queen City of the West, you 
requested me to furnish you with such reminiscences in relation to 
that subject as my early residence in the West might enable me 
to give. 

You are aware that I was not among the first adventurers to the 
Miami valley. When the settlement of it began I had not finish- 
ed my education; but I commenced my journey to join the little 
band of adventurers as soon as my professional studies were closed, 
which was in the spring, after the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, 
had terminated the Indian war; of course the town had been laid 
out, and the settlement of it commenced, before my arrival. It 
had, however, made but little progress, either in population or im- 
provement; though it contained a larger number of inhabitants 
than any other American village in the territory, excepting Mariet- 
ta; and if you take into the account the officers and soldiers of the 



EARLY ANNALS. 19 

garrison, and others attached to the army, it very much exceeded 
the population of that place. 

"Most of the persons who saw the town laid out, and put up the 
first cabins erected in it, were here when I came, and were my 
earliest companions and associates. Without professing an un- 
usual share of curiosity, it is natural to suppose, that I learnt from 
them, correctly, the few and simple historical facts of the place, 
which, for good or ill, I had selected for life as my residence. By 
way of comparison, it may be said, that the facts connected with 
the recent location of the Cincinnati Observatory — the donation 
made by our distinguished fellow-citizen, N.- Longworth, Esq. — 
the ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the edifice, by the ven- 
erable sage and patriot of Quincy, and the name of Mount Adams 
then publicly given to it, are not more distinctly known, as matters 
of history, than were the facts of the laying out, establishing and 
naming of the town of Cincinnati, at the time to which I refer. 
They were a subject of inquiry by every stranger who came to the 
place, and every person in the village could recite them. There 
was but one version to the story, which was this: that Mr.Denman, 
of New Jersey, entered into a contract with Col. Robert Patterson, 
of Lexington, and John Filson, a surveyor in the employ of Judge 
Symmes, to lay out the land opposite the mouth of Licking river, 
then the exclusive property of Mr. Denman. A plat of the con- 
templated town was made out, and Losantiville agreed upon as its 
name; but before any step was taken to carry that contract into ef- 
fect, and before a chain had been stretched on the ground, Mr. Fil- 
son was killed by the Indians, not having done anything to fulfill 
his part of the contract; in consequence of which it was forfeited, 
and the projected town fell through. This is all that was ever done 
toward the establishment of a town by the name of Losantiville; 
yet, as was natural, the settlement, then just beginning was for some 
time called by the intended name of the projected town. 

" Early in the next season, Mr. Denman entered into a new con- 
tract with Col. Patterson and Israel Ludlow, to lay out a town on 
the same ground, but on a diflferent plan from the one formerly 
agreed upon. To that town they gave the name of Cincinnati, and 
by that name it was surveyed and known in the fall of 1789. 

"I was informed by Judge Turner, one of the earliest adventurers 
to the West, that he had seen both plats, and that the general out- 
line and plan of division were nearly the same in both, but that 



20 EARLY ANNALS. 

the first or Filson plat, to which the name of Losantiville was to 
have been given, set apart two entire blocks for the use of the 
town, and that it gave as a public common, all the ground between 
Pront street and the river, extending from Eastern Row to West- 
ern Row, then the extreme boundaries of the town plat: and it is 
impressed upon my mind, though I cannot say what caused that 
impression, that on the first or Filson plat. Front street was laid 
down nearer to the river, or made more southing in its course 
westward, than we find it on the plat of Cincinnati. I was also 
informed that some of the names which had been selected for 
streets of the Losantiville plan, were given to streets on the plan 
of Cincinnati, and that others were rejected. This circumstance 
may account for a fact, which is no doubt remembered by many 
now living in the city, that after Joel Williams had become pro- 
prietor, by purchasing the right of Mr. Denrnan, and had deter- 
mined to claim the public common, as private property, an unsuc- 
cessful effort was made to change the names of some of the streets 
on the genuine plat of Cincinnati by substituting others, taken from 
the plat of Filson. That attempt created some temporary difficulty 
in the minds of persons not correctly informed, as to the true his- 
tory of the town, and many took the precaution of inserting both 
the names in their deeds and contracts. 

" But independent of these facts, it must be evident that the name 
of the town could not have been changed after the town had been 
established, named and surveyed. The territorial statute of De- 
cember, 1800, which I advocated and voted for in the Legislative 
Council, made it the duty of the proprietors of every town which 
had been laid out in the territory, before that time, to cause a true 
and correct map, or plat thereof to be recorded in the recorder's 
office of the county in which it lay, within one year after the pas- 
sage of the act, under a heavy penalty. 

" The name of the town constitutes as important a part of the plat of 
it as the names of the streets or the numbers of lots, and the title to 
property acquired in it, is affected as much by error, mistake or un- 
certainty, in the one, as in the other; it was therefore considered im- 
portant for the security of property holders that a true record 
should be made of these matters, and of everything else appertain- 
ing to the plat, precisely as they were when the town was estab- 
lished, and the sale of the lots commenced. Hence, the law re- 



EARLY ANNALS. 21 

quired a true and correct plat — in other words, the original plat, 
without change or variation, to he recorded. 

"When the plan of Cincinnati was recorded by Israel Ludlow in 
1801 — the original proprietors were all living, he being one of 
them. It is therefore impossible to suppose, that he did not know 
what the original plat contained — or that he acted without authori- 
ty — or that he would falsify the plat by placing on it any name 
other than the one originally given to it. I was intimately acquaint- 
ed with Col. Ludlow who recorded the town plat, and was profes- 
sionally consulted by him as to the requirements of the statute. 
He was very much annoyed by interference of Joel Williams, a 
sub-proprietor, who insisted on making innovations, or changes in 
the original plat, calculated to favor a claim he was setting up to 
the public common for landing. I gave it as my opinion that Mr. 
Williams not being an original proprietor, or even a resident of the 
country when the town plat was formed and established, and hav- 
ing had no agency in the formation of the original plan of the 
town, could not be presumed to know what it was: and moreover, 
that the statute did not recognize him as having any other or great- 
er authority to interfere in the matter, than any other individual 
who had become the purchaser of a single lot. 

"The result was, that each of those individuals prepared and 
lodged in the recorder's office, a plat of the town, affirming it to be 
a true copy from the original. Unfortunately, perhaps — certainly 
without legal authority, the recorder placed both plats on the re- 
cord, but the community soon became satisfied, that the plat pre- 
pared and certified by Col. Ludlow, was alone to be relied on. 

"This, however, has no other bearing' on the subject matter of 
our conversation, than arises from the fact, that each of them af- 
firmed Cincinnati to be the true, original name of the town. 

" The controversy between them continued for several months, and 
was marked with great warmth. On one occasion it terminated in 
a violent personal conflict, in which the original plat of the town, 
made and agreed to by the propric4ors at Limestone, in the winter 
of 1788-9, bearing on its face the name of Cincinnati, was torn in 
pieces, each party retaining a part of it. In this altercation Colo- 
nel Ludlow took the ground that Williams was an unauthorized in- 
truder, and that the statute made it his duty, as an original propri 
etor, to record the plat, correctly and faithfully as it came from the 
proprietors; neither adding to, subtracting from or altering anything 



22 EARLY ANNALS. 

which was on it when it was agreed to and signed by the proprie- 
tors. 

"To show how firmly he adhered to that principle I will mention 
one case. The ground bounded by Broadway, Front street, Main 
street and the river, had been publicly given, and set apart by the 
proprietors, with his knowledge and concurrence, as a common, for 
the use of the town forever. This fact he knew and affirmed, but, 
because the word common had not been written on the map within 
the lines inclosing that donation, or elsewhere, he refused to insert 
it on the copy made for the recorder; and yet it is affirmed by im- 
plication that he deliberately made out and placed on record a 
plat of the town, affirming it to be a true copy of the original, know- 
ing that it contained a name altogether different from the one which 
had been in the first instance adopted and entered on the plat. 

"I will state further that, at an early period, professional duty 
made it necessary for me to investigate the facts connected with 
the origin and establishment of Cincinnati, which did not extend to 
to any other individual then or now living, and it so happened that 
the performance of that duty was required at a time when the town 
was almost in its incipient state, and when all the original proprie- 
tors and most of the first adventurers and settlers were living with- 
in the village or in places easily accessible. 

"Without presuming to claim more of tact or industry than be- 
longs to the profession generally, it may be presumed, considering 
the sources of correct information then within my reach, that I 
must, at least, have ascertained the name of the place, the estab- 
lishment and history of which I was investigating. 

"It has been already intimated that Joel Williams, soon after he 
purchased the proprietary right of Mr. Denman, set up a claim to 
the common before described, alleging it to be private property, 
reserved by the proprietors for future disposition. On the strength 
of that pretence he erected a brick house on the northwest corner 
of the tract in question. In consequence of this movement a num- 
ber of the most public-spirited of our citizens — Martin Baum, Jesse 
Hunt and General Findley taking the lead — raised a fund by sub- 
scription, to defend and sustain the right of the town. I was em- 
ployed to collect and perpetuate the testimony applicable to the 
case; and you will not hesitate to believe that, in executing that 
commission, my inquiries were directed to the original proprietors 
and to such other persons as were likely to have any knowledge of 



EARLY ANNALS. 23 

the facts, touching the laying out of the town and the matters con- 
tained on the original plat. I mention this to show that there was 
something more than curiosity prompting me to this investigation 
of the early history of the town, which ought to entitle it to cre- 
dence. 

" Now, let any person ask himself what description of facts were 
likely to be disclosed in the course of such an examination, and 
the answer will be, precisely such as were stated in the preceding 
part of this letter, if they existed, although they could not have any 
bearing on the matter then in controversy. On the supposition 
that they did not exist, was there a sufficient motive to induce any- 
body to fabricate them? It would be difficult to assign a reason in 
favor of an affirmative answer. 

"You will perceive that, to sustain the right of the town to the 
common, it was necessary to prove the correctness of the plat re- 
corded by Ludlow, which affirmed Cincinnati to be the true, origi- 
nal and only name of the town. In pursuing that inquiry the facts 
came out that there had been a previous project for laying out a 
town, the name of which was to have been Losantiville, but that 
that project had fallen through. As that matter had no relation to 
the subject I was specially investigating, it was not noticed in the 
depositions, but omitted as irrelevant. 

" Having said thus much on the subject of our conversation,! will 
state as information which may be interesting, if not useful, that in 
November, 1794, Samuel Freeman purchased the unsold interest 
of Robert Patterson in the tow'n section and fraction — that in March, 
1795, Joel Williams purchased the unsold interest of Mr. Denman, 
and in November, 1803, he also purchased of Samuel Freeman the 
proprietary interest acquired by his purchase from Colonel Patter- 
son, by which he owned and represented two shares, or equal third 
parts of the unsold lots and ground in the section and fraction. 

"You are, no doubt, acquainted with the fact that, by an arrange- 
ment between Judge Symmes and the first proprietors of the town, 
he was to retain the title in trust for them, and to execute deeds 
to the purchasers of lots, on their producing certificates of the re- 
spective purchases, signed by any two of the proprietors. You 
have also, it is presumed, heard that all those certificates, of which 
no record has been preserved, were consumed in the conflagration 
of Judge Symmes' house. These facts, connected with the sale 
of Freeman's entire proprietary right to Joel Williams, may possi- 



24 EARLT ANNALS. 

bly account for the link which is said to be wanting in the chain of 
title to part of the ground., lying west of the town plat, now held 
under Joel Williams. That fatal fire may have consumed the 
documents required to make out a complete paper title. 

"This conjecture is in some measure corroborated by a reference 
to the peculiarities of Mr. Williams, who had an active mind — was 
somewhat eccentric — possessed a vein of humor, and could at 
times be very sarcastic. He was, however, quite illiterate and un- 
usually careless, and, having great confidence in Judge Symmes, 
he generally relied on him as a friend and adviser, though, on one 
or two occasions, there was some serious misunderstanding be- 
tween them. I was frequently engaged for him, in his legal con- 
troversies, and it so happened that a paper required in his cause 
was found in the keeping of Judge Symmes. I have several times, 
when calling on him for papers, seen him open and examine the 
contents of his desk, which gave me an opportunity of knowing 
that even the most valuable of his papers were kept in a very care- 
less and slovenly manner; and I have often thought that it would 
have been better for him if all his papers had been in the safe 
keeping of a guardian or friend; and particularly so, as every per- 
son who had been a purchaser of a town property was exposed 
more or less to the consequence of his carelessness, resulting from 
the peculiar manner in which titles to property, within the town 
section or fraction, though beyond the limits of the town plat, were 
to be obtained. To illustrate my meaning: there have been cases 
in which non-residents have purchased lots, obtained their certifi- 
cates, and left them in the hands of Judge Symmes, without call- 
ing for deeds: after the burning of the Judge's house, and the con- 
sequent destruction of their evidence of title, other persons, by 
a fresh purchase, or otherwise, have become the legal owners 
of the same lots. Very respectfully, 

"Chakles Cist. J. BURNET." 

Three or four cabins were put up by the new colony as speedily 
as possible, the first of which was built upon Front, east of Main st. ; 
and in the course of January following was completed the survey 
and laying off of the town, then covered with sycamore and sugar 
trees in the first or lower table, and beech and oak upon the upper 
or second table. Through this dense forest the streets were laid 
out, their corners being marked upon the trees. This survey ex- 



EARLY ANNALS. 25 

tended from Eastern Row, now Broadway, to Western Row, and 
from the river as far as to Northern Row, now Seventh street. 
The population of the place had become, by May, 1789, eleven 
families-, besides twenty-four unmarried men, dwelling in about 
twenty cabins, principally adjacent to the present landing. The 
larger part of the trees in the bottom between Walnut street and 
Broadway were cut down, but remained on the ground for several 
years. 

At this period an abundant supply of game and fish made good 
the failure of the provisions brought by the settlers. The Indians, 
although unfriendly, had as yet committed no hostilities or even 
depredations. 

About the first of June, 1789, Major Doughty arrived with one 
hundred and forty men from Fort Harmar, on the Muskingum, 
and built four block-houses nearly opposite the mouth of Licking. 
When these were finished, within a lot of fifteen acres reserved 
by the United States, and immediately on the line of Third street, 
between Broadway and Lawrence street, he commenced the con- 
struction of Fort Washington. This building, of a square form, 
was simply a fortification of logs hewed and squared, each side 
about one hundred and eighty feet in length, formed into barracks 
two stories high. It was connected at the corners by high pickets 
with bastions or block-houses, also of hewed logs, and projecting 
about ten feet in front of each side of the fort, so that the cannon 
placed within them could be brought to rake the walls. At the 
centre of the south side or front of the fort was the principal gate- 
way, a passage through this line of barracks about twelve feet 
wide and ten feet high, secured by strong wooden doors of similar 
dimensions. As an appendage to the fort, on its north side, and 
inclosed with high palisades extending from its northeast and 
northwest corners to a block-house, was a small triangular space, 
in which were shops for the accommodation of the artificers. Ex- 
tending along the whole front of the fort was a fine esplanade, 
about eighty feet wide, and inclosed with a handsome paling on 
the brow of the bank, the descent from which to the lower bottom 
was sloping about thirty feet. The exterior of the fort was white- 
washed, and at a short distance presented a handsome and imposing 
appearance. On the eastern side were the officers' gardens, finely 
cultivated, ornamented with handsome summer-houses, and yield- 
ing in their season abundance of vegetables. The site of this 



26 EARLY ANNALS. 

building is that part of Third street opposite the Bazaar, and 
extending an average breadth of about sixty feet beyond the line 
of the street on both sides. 

Fort Washington was completed by November. On the 29th 
of the succeeding month, Greneral Ilarmar arrived with three hun- 
dred men and took possession of it. 

In the course of this year, several log houses, and one frame, 
were built; and some of the out lots, north of Seventh st., cleared. 
The legal title to the ground on which the town was built, being 
still in John Cleves Symmes, the patentee, all the deeds for the 
original in and out lots, were made in his name. In 1790, the lots, 
on fractional section No. 12, were laid out by Symmes as an addi- 
tion to the town plat. General Arthur St. Clair, at this time, was 
the governor of the northwestern territory, and, in January, 1790, 
arrived at the village for the purpose of organizing the county, 
which, at the suggestion of Symmes, was called Hamilton, in com- 
pliment to the then Secretary of the Treasury. This county cov- 
ered the whole territory west of the Muskingum; and Cincinnati 
was then, as it ever since has been, its seat of justice. The town 
had an increase of forty families this year, and about as many 
cabins were erected; two frame buildings were also added, during 
the same time. Fifteen or twenty of the inhabitants and neiglibors 
were killed by the Indians, in the course of 1790. The increase 
at Columbia, near the Little Miami, was rather greater, and a new 
station called Colerain, seventeen miles northwest of Cincinnati, on 
the Great Miami, was laid out. Four or five other stations around 
the village, and generally within five or six miles, were also 
erected. At these places General Harmar stationed a few regu- 
lars for their defense. The Indians were constantly prowling 
around the neighborhood, and those who ventured outside their 
forts, did so at the peril of their lives. 

Let us now leave the settlers at Cincinnati making their improve- 
ments and accompany Judge Symmes, at this period, January, 1789, 
starting out to his domains at North Bend, to lay oif the great city 
of the Miami Purchase. 

Before leaving Limestone for North Bend, Symmes — fol- 
lowing the example of William Penn, who, before leaving Eng- 
land, dispatched a letter of friendship to his new Indian neigh- 
bors — sent the following epistle to his red brethren of the Miami 
country: 



EARLY ANNALS. 27 

"Brothers of the Wyandots and Shawanese! Hearken to your 
brother, who is coming to live at the Great Miami. He was on the 
Great Miami last summer, while the deer was yet red, and met 
with one of your camps; he did no harm to anything which you 
had in your camp; he held back his young men from hurting you 
or your horses, and would not let them take your skins or meat, 
though your brothers were very hungry. All this he did because 
he was your brother, and would live in peace with the Red people. 
If the Red people will live in friendship with him, and his young 
men, who came from the great Salt ocean, to plant corn and build 
cabins on the land between the Great and Little Miami, then the 
White and Red people shall all be brothers and live together, and 
we will buy your furs and skins, and sell you blankets and rifles, 
and powder and lead and rum, and everything that our Red broth- 
ers may want in hunting and in their towns. 

"Brothers! A treaty is holding at Muskingum. Great men from 
the thirteen fires are there, to meet the Chiefs and head men of all 
the nations of the Red people. May the Great Spirit direct all 
their councils for peace! But the great men and the wise men of 
the Red and White people cannot keep peace and friendship long, 
unless we, who are their sons and warriors, will also bury the 
hatchet and live in peace. 

" Brotliers! I send you a string of white beads, and write to you 
with my own hand, that you may believe what I say. I am your 
brother, and will be kind to you while you remain in peace. Fare- 
well! 

"Jan. the 3d, 1789. JNO. C. SYMMES." 

There is this great difference in their letters, although there is 
so much general similarity in almost every respect as to inspire be- 
lief that the one suggested the other — that, in Penn's letter, he 
says: "Nor will 1 ever allow any of my people to sell rwnme, to 
make your people drunk." Symmes, on the contrary, proposes to 
sell them rum, as well as rifles, powder and lead. 

On the 29ih January, 1789, Symmes left Maysville, accompanied 
by Captain Kearsay and thirteen men, detailed for the protection 
of the new settlement. The river was uncommonly high — the 
freshet of that date being higher than any since 1773, and higher 
than any subsequently, until those of 1832 and 1847. On reaching 
Columbia he found the place under water, with the e\(( ption of 



28 EARLY ANNALS. 

one house only, which occupied higher ground. Next day he 
reached Cincinnati, which had suffered nothing from the flood. He 
landed at North Bend on the 2d February. Here he found the 
country so much overflowed as to leave him in doubt where to lo- 
cate the city that was to be. For the present, however, North Bend 
was laid out and settled rapidly. Captain Kearsay, finding prp- 
visions scarce, leaves him with four men, on the 8th March, having 
done nothing toward building even a block-house; but Major Wyl- 
lys, at the Falls of Ohio, upon Symmes' application, dispatched 
Captain Luce with eighteen men to protect the settlement. Luce, 
within a week, had a substantial block-house finished. 

Judge Symmes kept his surveying parties busily employed, and 
on the 9th of April, a party, who were out with John Mills, while 
leaving camp early, were fired on by a party of Indians, three or 
four in number. Messrs. Holman, of Kentucky, and Wells, of 
Delaware, were killed. Mills and three others made their escape. 

On the 25th May, in the vicinity of North Bend, the Indians fired 
on a boat, in which were Captain Luce, Mills, the surveyor, and 
several soldiers and citizens. One of the soldiers, Runyan, from 
New Jersey, was killed, and four others, soldiers, wounded. Mills 
and one of the settlers were also wounded, but with the others re- 
covered. 

It is needless to follow the history of North Bend or Columbia as 
settlements any farther. The superior advantages of Cincinnati, 
safe from innundation, and shortly becoming sheltered from Indian 
depredations and murders, under the protection of Fort Washing- 
ton, became now so apparent that no effort could arrest the progress 
of the place by rival enterprises. Cincinnati, as laid out, was cov- 
ered with sycamore and sugar-trees upon the first or lower table, 
and beech and oak upon the second or upper table. 

There are few events in western history more generally misun- 
derstood, and more inaccurately recorded, than the camj)aign 
against the Indians, waged by Harmar and St. Clair. This was, 
doubtless, incident to the character of the times and of the country. 
That both Harmar and St. Clair should mistake the locations of the 
battles they fought, and that statements connected with these cam- 
paigns, founded on conjectures, should pass current for years in 
the community to such an extent as to confuse the truth of history, 
would not create surprise, if we reflect on the wilderness charac- 
ter of the untrodden west, the scattered state of the settlements 



EARLY ANXALS. 29 

in the Miami country, the failure of communication between the 
respective parts, and the utter absence of mails and newspapers. 

I commence with Harmar's campaign. A page would hardly 
serve to point out the errors in dates, places, and facts generally, 
in print upon this subject. The best mode of correction is to 
compile the narrative anew, availing myself of unpublished man- 
uscript notes of Capt. John Armstrong, who commanded a compa- 
ny of the United States regulars attached to Harmar's array durinor 
tliat campaign, and whose escape with life in the first battle was 
so remarkable. 

The western frontiers had been for some years, say from 1782 
to 1788, in a very disturbed state by reciprocal aggressions of In- 
dians and whites. There does not appear, in the history of those 
days, however, any systematic and general movement of the In- 
dians for the extirpation of the whites, as was alleged to be the 
object of their great confederacy of 1782, which, dividing into two 
parties, broke, one upon the upper Ohio settlements, the other on 
the various Kentucky stations, carrying massacre and captivity so 
extensively along their course. The irregular and precarious 
mode of living among the savages forbade the accomplishment of 
such design, if it had even been their settled purpose; the sub- 
sistence of themselves and families being principally derived from 
the chase, a species of provision which did not permit the laving 
up extensive and permanent stores, if even their improvident mode 
of living had permitted the etlbrt. But when they found the set- 
tlers intrenching themselves in fort after fort, circumscribing their 
range and cutting them entirely otf from their favorite hunting- 
grounds south of the Ohio, there can be no doubt that a deter- 
mined hostility sprung up in the minds of the savage, which all the 
exertions of the American government failed to allay, and soon, 
rendered it apparent that the two races could not live together in 
amity, while it was the policy of the one to reclaim the country 
from the hunter, and of the other to keep it a wilderness. 

After treaty upon treaty had been made and broken — and the 
frontiers had been suffering through this whole period from the 
tomahawk and the scalping-knife — the government, then just going 
into operation, detached a force of three hundred and twenty regu- 
lar troops, enlisted in New Jersey and Pennsylvania for the pro- 
tection of the frontiers, and devolved the command on Josiah Har- 
mar, who had borne arms as a colonel, with credit, during the late 



30 EARLY ANNALS. 

revolutionary struggle. A force of eleven hundred and thirty-three 
drafted militia, from Pennsylvania and Kentucky, was also placed 
under his orders. The regulars consisted of two battalions, com- 
manded respectively by Majors Wyllys and Doughty, and a com- 
pany of artillery under Captain Ferguson with three brass pieces 
of ordnance. Colonel Hardin, of Kentucky, was in command of 
the militia, in which Colonels Trotter and Paul, Majors Hall and 
McMillan, held subordinate commands. The orders to General 
Harmar were to march on to the Indian towns adjacent to the 
lakes, and inflict on them such signal chastisement as should pro- 
tect the settlements from future depredations. 

The whole plan had been devised by Washington himself, who 
well understood the subject, having prior to the revolution, as is 
well known, learned much practically of the Indian character, as 
well as the condition of the west, although it is not easy to con- 
ceive why he should have selected such men as Harmar and St. 
Clair, who were destitute of the training he had himself acquired, 
and which could have been found on the frontiers of Pennsylvania 
and Kentucky, in many distinguished Indian fighters, ready for 
use. The force of circumstances probably biased his judgment, 
as it served to effect appointments equally exceptionable during 
the war of 1812, such as those of Hull, Dearborn, Bloomfield, and 
Chandler, men who had outlived their energies, if ever qualified 
practically for the weighty trust devolving on them. 

On the 29th of December, 1789, General Harmar arrived at Cin- 
cinnati. He had been stationed for some months prior to this at 
the mouth of the Muskingum, waiting at that post for militia force 
and military supplies from the upper country, and the completion 
of Fort Washington, which Major Doughty with one hundred and 
forty-six men from Fort Harmar had been detached to construct. 
From this period to the 30th of September, 1790, he was employed 
in making everything ready for the expedition, and on that day all 
his preparations being made, he started with the regulars, the 
militia under Colonel Hardin having already set out. 

The first day's advance was seven miles, and the encampment 
for the night was on a branch of Mill creek, course northeast. 
Eight miles more were made the second day, on a general course 
of northwest, the army encamping on another branch of Mill creek. 
On the third day a march of fifteen miles was made, the course 
generally north, and the encampment on the waters of Muddy 



EARLY ANNALS. 31 

creek, a tributary of the Little Miami, within one mile of Colonel 
Hardin's command. The next morning, Colonel Hardin, with the 
militia, were overtaken and passed, and halting at Turtle creek, 
one mile further on, the whole army encamped for the night. 

On the 14th of October the army reached and crossed the Little 
Miami, on a northeast course moved up it one mile to a branch 
called Sugar or Caesar's creek, near Waynesville, where they en- 
camped, having accomplished nine miles that day. Next day a 
march of ten miles, still on a northeast course, brought the army 
to Glade creek, near where Xenia now stands. On the 6th it 
reached Chillicothe, an old Indian village, now Oldtown, and 
crossed again the Little Miami, keeping a northeast course, making 
nine miles that day. Next day the troops crossed Mad river, then 
called the Pickaway fork of the Great Miami, and made nine miles; 
their course for the first time becoming west of north. On the 8th, 
pursuing a northwest course, they crossed Honey creek, and made 
seven miles more. On the next day, they followed the same 
course, and marching ten miles, encamped within two miles of the 
Great Miami. Next day the army crossed the Miami, keeping still 
a northwest course, and made ten miles more. On the 11th, by a 
course west of north, it passed the ruins of a French trading sta 
tion, marked on Hutchens' map as the Tawixtwes, Twigtwees 
Encamped after making eleven miles. Next day the army kept a 
course west of northwest, near Loramic's creek, and across the 
head-waters of the Auglaize. Here they found the remains of a 
considerable village, some of the houses being still standing; four- 
teen miles made this day. On the 13th, marched ten miles, keep- 
ing west of northwest, and encamped, being joined by a reinforce- 
ment from Cincinnati, with ammunition. Next day, the 14th, Col. 
Hardin was detached with one company of regulars and six hun- 
dred militia, in advance of the main body, and being charged with 
the destruction of the towns in the forks of the Maumee. On the 
arrival of this advance party they found the towns abandoned by 
the Indians, and the principal one burnt; the main body marching 
on the 14th ten miles, and on the 15th eight more, both days on a 
northwest course. Next day made nine miles same course, and 
on the 17th crossing the Maumee river to the Indian village, 
formed a junction again with Hardin at the Omee village. This 
was the same town burnt and abandoned by the savages. 

At this point of the narrative there is considerable obscurity with 



32 EARLY ANNALS. 

uames and places, which I must explore as I best can. The In- 
dians had seven villages, it seems, clustering about the junction 
of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph rivers, which, as is well known, 
form the river Maumee. These were, first, the Miami village, so 
called after the tribe of that name, corruptly and by contraction 
Omee, from Au Miami, the designation given it by the French 
traders, who were here resident in great force. This lay in the 
fork of the St. Joseph and Maumee. Second, a village of the 
Miamis, of thirty houses, Ke Kiogue, now Fort Wayne, in the 
fork of the St. Mary's and Maumee. Third, Chillicothe, a name 
signifying "town," being a village of the Shawanees, down the 
Maumee, on its north bank, and of fifty-eight houses. Opposite 
this was another of the same tribe of eighteen houses. The Dela- 
wares had their villages, two on the St. Mary's, about three miles 
from its mouth and opposite each other, with forty-five houses to- 
gether, and one other consisting of thirty-six houses, on the east 
side of the St. Joseph's, two or three miles from its mouth. 

The day of Harmar's junction with Hardin, two Indians were 
discovered by a scouting party as they were crossing a prairie. 
The scouts pursued them and shot one; the other made his 
escape. A young man named Johnson, seeing the Indian was 
not dead, attempted to shoot him again, but his pistol not making 
fire, the Indian raised his rifle and shot Johnson through the body, 
which proved fatal. This night the Indians succeeded in driving 
through the lines between fifty and one hundred horses, and bore 
them off, to the no small mortification of the whites. 

The same day, October 17th, was employed in searching in the 
hazel thickets for hidden eflfects. Much corn was found buried in 
the earth. On the evening of this day. Captain McClure and a 
Mr. McClary fell upon a stratagem peculiar to backwoodsmen. 
They conveyed a horse a short distance down the river, undiscov- 
ered, fettered him, unstrapped the bell, and concealed themselves 
with their rifles. An Indian, attracted by the sound of the bell, 
came cautiously up, and began to untie him, when McClure shot 
him. The report of the gun alarmed the camp, and brought many 
of the troops to the place. A young man, taken prisoner at Lora- 
mie's, was brought to see the Indian just killed, and pronounced 
him to be " Captain Punk — great man — Delaware chief." 

The army burned all the houses at the diff'erent villages, and 
destroyed about twenty thousand bushels of corn, which they 



EAKLY ANNALS 33 

discovered in various places where it had been hid by the Indians, 
a large quantity having been found buried in holes dug for that 
purpose. In this destruction a variety of property belonging to 
French traders was involved. On thg. 18th, the main body of the 
troops was moved to Chillicothe, the principal town of the Shawa- 
nese. General Harmar having previously detached a party of one 
hundred and eighty militia, and thirty regulars, in pursuit of the 
Indians, who appeared to have retired westward, across the St. 
Joseph, after the destruction, by themselves, of the Omee town, 
Captain John Armstrong commanding the regulars, and Colonel 
Trotter, of the Kentucky militia, the entire force. They found 
and cut off a few Indian stragglers, but did not overtake the main 
body, being recalled to camp by signal late in the evening. Next 
morning the same detachment was ordered out anew, and being 
placed under the command of Colonel Hardin, pursued the same 
route in search of the savages. Finding himself in their neigh- 
borhood, he detached Capt. Faulkner, of the Pennsylvania militia, 
to form on his left, which he did at such a distance as to render 
his company of no service in the approaching engagement. Har- 
din's command moved forward to what they discovered to be the 
encampment of the enemy, which was flanked by a morass on each 
side, as well as by one in front, which was crossed with great 
promptness by the troops, now reduced to less than two hundred, 
who, before they had time to form, received a galling and unex- 
pected fire from a large body of savages. The militia immediately 
broke and fled, nor could all the exertions of the officers rally them; 
fifty-two of the dispersing being killed in a few minutes. The 
enemy pursued until Major Fountain, who had been sent to hunt 
up Faulkner and his company, returning with them, compelled 
them to retire, and the survivors of the detachment arrived safely 
in camp. 

The regulars under Armstrong bore the brunt of this affair; 
one sergeant and twenty-one privates being killed on the battle- 
ground, and while endeavoring to maintain their position, were 
thrown in disorder by the militia running through their lines, fling- 
ing away their arms without even firing a shot. The Indians killed 
in this affair nearly one hundred men. 

As regards the force of the savages. Captain Armstrong, who 
was under no temptation to underrate their number, speaks of them 
as about one hundred strong. Their strength has been stated, 



34 EARLY ANNALS. 

but, as I think, without any data, by Marshall, in his Life of Wash- 
ington, at seven hundred. The real strength of the Indians was 
in a well-chosen position, and in the cowardice of the militia, who 
formed, numerically, the principal force opposed to them. This 
destructive contest was fought near the spot where the Goshen 
State road now crosses Eel river, about twelve miles west of Fort 
Wayne. Captain Armstrong broke through the pursuing Indians, 
and plunged into the deepest of the morasses referred to, where 
he remained all night in water to his chin, with his head concealed 
by a tussock of high grass. Here he was compelled to listen to 
the nocturnal orgies of the Indians, dancing and yelling around the 
dead bodies of his brave soldiers. As day approached they retired 
to rest, and Armstrong, chilled to the last degree, extricated him- 
self from the swamp, but found himself obliged to kindle a fire in 
a ravine, into which he crawled, having his tinder-box, watch, and 
compass still on his person. By the aid of the fire, he recovered 
his feeling and the use of his limbs, and at last reached the camp 
in safety. 

For some years after, bayonets were found upon this spot in 
numbers, and bullets have been cut out of the neighboring trees 
in such quantities as to attest the desperate character of this en- 
gagement. 

On the morning of the 19th, the main body of the army under 
General Harmar, having destroyed the Miami village, moved about 
two miles to a Shawanee village called Chillicothe, where, on the 
20th, the General published the following order: 

''Camp at Chillicothe, one of the Shawanee towns on } 
the Omee [Maumee] river, Oct. 20, 1790. S 

" The party under the command of Captain Strong is ordered to 
burn and destroy every house and wigwam in this village, together 
with all the corn, etc., which he can collect. A party of one hun- 
dred men (militia), properly oflicered, under command of Colonel 
Hardin, is to burn and destroy effectually, this afternoon, the Picka- 
way town, with all the corn, etc., which he can find in it and its 
vicinity. 

"Tiie cause of the detachment being worsted yesterday, was 
entirely owing to the shameful, cowardly conduct of the militia, 
who ran away and threw down their arms without firing scarcely a 
single gun. 



EARLY ANNALS. 35 

" In returning to Fort Washington, if any officer or men shall 
presume to quit the ranks, or not to march in the form that they 
are ordered, the General will, most assuredly, order the artillery 
to fire on them. He hopes the check they received yesteriiay will 
make them, in future, obedient to orders. 

"JOSIAH HARMAR, Brig. Gen:' 

On the 21st, the army left Chillicothe on their return to Fort 
Washington, marching eight miles, when the scouts, who had been 
scouring the country, came in and reported that the Indians had 
re-occupied the " Omee" village, lying in the junction of the St. 
Joseph and Maumee rivers. Harmar, anxious to efface the stigma 
resting on the American arms in the atfair of the 19th, detached 
Colonel Hardin, with orders to surprise the savages and bring on 
an engagement. The party under his orders consisted of three 
hundred militia, of which three companies were mounted men, 
with sixty regulars under command of Major Wyllys. 

Colonel Hardm arrived at the Omee town early on the morning 
of the 22d. His force had been divided into two parties, the left 
division of which was to have formed down the St. Mary's, and 
cross at the ford, after which they were to rest until daylight, and 
cross the St. Joseph, and commence an attack on the Indians in 
front who had encamped out, near the ruins of their town. The 
right division, under Hardin and Wyllys, were to proceed to "Har- 
mar's" ford, on the Maumee, where they were to remain until 
McMillan's party had reached the river and commenced the attack, 
which was to be the signal for them to cross the Maumee and 
attack the Indians in the rear. Owing to the treachery or igno- 
rance of the guides, however, McMillan's force lost its way in the 
thickets through which they had to pass, and although traveling all 
night, did not reach the ford until daylight. As soon as the In- 
dians, who had been encamped about the ruins of their town, dis- 
covered Hardin's men, they began to rally for the fight,- the alarm 
spreading and the Indians rushing in, Colonel Hardin, discovering 
that unless he crossed immediately he would be compelled to do 
it in the face of superior numbers, and expecting every moment to 
hear the report of McMillan's men in his rear, gave the order to 
cross, and by the time two-thirds of his force had passed over the 
battle began. A severe engagement ensued; the desperation of 
the savages in the contest surpassed anything previously known. 



36 EARLY ANNALS. 

and the greater part throwing down their arms, rushed on the 
bayonets, tomahawk in hand, thus rendering everything useless 
but the rifles of the militia, and carrying rapid destruction every- 
where in their advance. While this attack was going on, the rifles 
of the remaining Indians were fatally employed picking out the 
officers. Majors Fountain and Wyllys, both valuable oflicers, fell 
directly after the battle began, the former pierced with eighteen 
bullets. Fifty-one of Wyllys' regulars shared his fate, and the 
other divisions also sufl^ered severely in both killed and wounded. 

Major McMillan came up with his force while the battle was 
raging, but could not turn its tide, although he succeeded in ena- 
bling the discomfited troops to retire, which they did in compara- 
tively good order. 

The militia behaved well on this memorable day, and received 
the thanks of General Harmar for their good conduct. What the 
carnage in this battle was, may be inferred from the return of one 
hundred and eighty killed and wounded, not more than half of 
those engaged in it escaping unhurt. There is no doubt as re- 
spects the second battle, whatever was the fact in the first, that the 
savages outnumbered as well as overpowered Hardin's forces, and 
the disparity was rendered still greater by the plan of night attack, 
which separated McMillan from the main body when his aid was 
most needed. 

It is alleged in some narratives that the American troops were 
not defeated, as was proven by their regular retreat, a disorderly 
fight being the usual concomitant of defeat. But the fact that our 
troops were obliged to leave the remains of the brave soldiers who 
fell on that occasion, to become scalped and lie unburied and their 
bones bleaching on the ground until Wayne's visit, four years after- 
ward, obtained them decent burial, discards the idea. 

An aff'ecting incident occurred at the place of crossing the river. 
A young Indian w^th his father and brother were crossing, when the 
ball of a white man passed through his body. He fell. The old 
man, seeing his boy fall, dropped his rifle, and attempted to raise 
his fallen son, in order to carry him beyond the reach of the white 
man, when the other son also fell by his side. He drew them both 
to the shore, then sat down between them, and, with fearless, Ro- 
man composure, awaited the approach of the pursuing foe, who 
came up and killed him also. 

If there be any generalship in thus sending out detachment 



EARLY ANNALS, 37 

after detachment to be cut up in detail, then General Harmar de- 
serves that distinction. He put the best face on th.e matter which 
the nature of the case permitted, and issued the following orders 
on the 22d of October, the day of the second battle: 

'^Camjj, eight miles from the ruins of the ^ 
Maumee towns, 1790. ) 
" The General is exceedingly well pleased with the behavior 
of the militia in the action of this morning. They have laid very 
many of the enemy dead upon the spot. Although our loss is 
great, still it is inconsiderable in comparison to the slaughter 
among the savages. Every account agrees that upward of one 
hundred warriors fell in the battle; it is not more than man for 
man, and we can afford them two for one. The resolution and 
firm determined conduct of the militia this morning has effectually 
retrieved their character in the opinion of the General. He knows 
they can and will fight." 

It is easy to judge, by the preceding narrative and orders, what 
kind of fitness Harmar possessed for the service to which he was 
called. A general who encamps in the neighborhood of the 
enemy, with a force large enough to exterminate him, and con- 
tents himself with sending out detachments to be destroyed suc- 
cessively, where no adequate reason exists why the whole force 
should not have been brought into action, deserves not the name 
of a military man. Harmar kept two-thirds or three-fourths of his 
troops eight miles from the battle-ground inactive, and of as little 
service as if he had left them at Fort Washington. He appeared 
to be fully consoled for the loss of the brave oflftcers and soldiers, 
who fell by the savage tomahawk and rifle, by the reflection ex- 
pressed in the general orders, that the American troops could 
aflbrd to lose twice as many men as the Indians. My unfavorable 
judgment on this subject is supported by that of the actors of that 
campaign who still survive. 

The celebrated Indian chief, Meshecanoque, or Little Turtle, 
commanded the savages in both battles with Colonel Hardin and 
his troops, as he did afterward in St. Clair's defeat, besides bearing 
a conspicuous part in the battle with General Wayne at the Fallen 
Timbers. 

Harmar returned by easy marches to Fort Washington, where 
he arrived on the 3d of November, and which he left soon after- 



38 EARLY ANNALS. 

ward for Philadelphia, being succeeded in his military command 
by St. Clair. He resided in comparative obscurity for some years 
on the banks of the Schuylkill, and died about 1803. I was pre- 
sent at the funeral, which was conducted with great military pomp, 
his horse being dressed in mourning, and his sword and pistols 
laid upon his coffin, which was borne on a bier, hearses not being 
in use in those days. 

Various attempts to negotiate with the Indians were resorted to; 
but having all failed, another body of troops, under the command 
of General St. Clair, was raised for the defense of the frontiers. 
St. Clair, after repairing to Lexington to obtain the assistance of 
the Kentucky militia, reached Cincinnati on the 15th May, 1791. 
His expedition against the Indians was protracted till late in the 
season, by the slowness with which recruits were raised; their de- 
lay in descending the Ohio, in consequence of low water; and, as 
it was alleged, an unpardonable negligence of the quarter-master 
and commissary departments. On the 7th of August, all the troops 
which had arrived, except the artificers and a small garrison for 
the fort, moved to Ludlow's station, six miles north of Cincinnati, 
in order to obtain forage from the woods, which was entirely con- 
sumed about Ft. Washington, and to await the arrival of the troops 
which were expected. The army, amounting to two thousand and 
three hundred non-commissioned officers and privates, moved from 
Ludlow's station, on the 17th of September, to the Great Miami, 
where they erected Fort Hamilton. Having placed a small garri- 
son in the fort, the army then proceeded on its march, and, by the 
12th of October, reached the site, where they built Fort Jefferson, 
about forty miles north of Fort Hamilton. These posts were in- 
tended as places of deposit and of security, either for convoys 
of provisions which might follow the army, or for the army itself, 
should any disaster befall it. 

On the 14th, the army, consisting of seventeen hundred non- 
commissioned officers and privates, fit for duty, again commenced 
its march, with not more than three days' supply of flour. Many 
of the horses died for want of forage, and on the 31st, sixty of the 
Kentucky militia deserted in a body. 

On the 3d of November, the army reached a creek fifty miles 
from the Miami villages, and encamped on a commanding piece 
of ground, in two lines, having the creek in front. The right 
wing, composed of Butler's, Clark's, and Patterson's battalions, 



EARLY ANNALS. 39 

commanded by General Butler, formed the first line; the left, con- 
sisting of Bedinger's and Guthrie's battalions; and the second regi- 
ment, commanded by Col. Darke, formed the second line. The 
right flank was supposed to be secured by the creek, by a steep 
bank, and a small corps of troops. Some of their cavalry and their 
pickets covered the left flank. The militia were placed over the 
creek, about a quarter of a mile in advance, and encamped in the 
same order. At this place the General determined to throw up a 
slight work for the security of the baggage, and, when joined by 
Major Hamtramck, who had been detached to protect the convoys 
of provisions and prevent further desertion, to proceed immediately 
to the Miami villages. But both these designs were defeated. For 
the next morning, about half au hour before sunrise, an attack was 
made upon the militia, who very soon gave way, and, rushing into 
the camp through Major Butler's battalion, threw it into great 
confusion. The greatest exertions of the ofiicers were ineflfectual 
to restore order. The Indians pursued the flying militia, and at- 
tacked the right wing with great fury. The fire, however, of the 
first line for a few minutes checked them, but almost instantly a 
much heavier attack began upon that line, and shortly was ex- 
tended to the second. The great weight of it was directed against 
the center of each, where the artillery was placed and from which 
the men were repeatedly driven with great slaughter. Finding no 
great eflfect from the fire, and confusion beginning to spread, from 
the great numbers falling in every quarter, it became necessary to 
try the eff"ect of the bayonet. Accordingly Colonel Darke, with a 
part of the second line, was ordered to charge the left flank of the 
enemy, which he executed with great spirit. The Indians in- 
stantly gave way, and were driven back three or four hundred 
yards; but for want of a sufficient number of riflemen to pursue 
this advantage. Colonel Darke soon returned, and, in turn, was 
obliged to give way. At that moment the enemy entered the 
camp by the left flank, having pushed back the troops that were 
posted there. Several charges were then made with uniform suc- 
cess; but in all of them great numbers were killed, partlcularl)" 
the officers. Major-general Butler was dangerously wounded, and 
every officer of the second regiment, except three, fell. The 
artillery being silenced, and all their officers killed, except Captain 
Ford, who was badly wounded, and half the army fallen, it became 
necessary to retreat, which was done very precipitately. The 



40 EARLY ANNALS. 

camp and artillery were necessarily abandoned. The Indians pur- 
sued the remnant of the army about four miles, whence, fortunately, 
they returned to the field to divide the spoils. The troops con- 
tinued their retreat to Fort Jefferson, where they found Major 
riamtramck with the first regiment. As this regiment was far 
from restoring the strength of the morning, it was determined 
not to attempt to retrieve the fortune of the day. Leaving the 
wounded at Fort Jefferson, the army continued its retreat to Fort 
Washington. 

In this unfortunate battle, which lasted three hours and fourteen 
minutes, thirty-eight commissioned officers were killed upon the 
field, and five hundred and ninety-three non-commissioned officers 
and privates were killed and missing. The wounded amounted to 
two hundred and fourteen. 

General St. Clair, on his arrival at Cincinnati, gave Major Zieg- 
ler the command of Fort Washington, and repaired to Philadelphia. 
Soon after Colonel Wilkinson succeeded Major Ziegler, and, with 
the regulars under his command, and about one hundred and 
seventy militia under Major Gano, marched to the field of battle 
and buried the dead. Great numbers of the slain were found 
upon the road near the battle-ground. After interring the dead 
in the best manner possible. Colonel Wilkinson returned to Cin- 
cinnati, with nearly one thousand stand of arms, and one piece of 
artillery, which the enemy had not taken from the field. 

This year Cincinnati had little increase in its population. About 
one-half of the inhabitants were attached to the army, and many 
of them killed. The unfortunate event of the campaign not only 
alarmed the citizens for their safety, but so discouraged several 
of them from persevering to make their settlements, that they 
removed to Kentucky. No new manufactories were established, 
except a horse-mill for grinding corn. 

On the 5th of March, 1792, Congress passed another law making 
further and more effectual provision for the protection of the fron- 
tiers of the United States. This act directed that the battalion 
of artillery should be completed according to its establishment; 
that both the two regiments of infantry in service should be filled 
up to the number of nine hundred and sixty; and that three addi- 
tional regiments should be raised for a time not exceeding three 
years. A discretion, however, was given the President to raise 
the whole or part of the three regiments, and to discharge them 



EARLY ANNALS. 41 

at pleasure. On the 7th of April, General St. Clair resigned the 
command of the army, and Anthony Wayne was appointed to suc- 
ceed him. 

The recruiting service was commenced and carried on with 
much activity. Commissioners were again sent to treat with the 
Indians, and, if possible, to bring them to an amicable negotiation; 
but they treated every offer with disdain, and cruelly massacred 
all but one of the commissioners. Such a flagrant outrage called 
upon the nation for redress, by the most exemplary exertion of its 
power. 

The enemy frequently attacked convoys of provisions, and killed 
great numbers. The troops at Fort Jefferson, under the command 
of Captain Shaylor, and of Major Adair, who succeeded him, had 
several skirmishes with the enemy, in which many were slain. 

About fifty persons were added, by emigration, this year, to the 
population of Cincinnati. Several cabins, three or four frames, 
and a Presbyterian house of worship were erected. This building 
stood on Main street, near the site of the present First Presbyte- 
rian church, and is still in existence, although removed to the 
northwest part of Cincinnati. 

The troops which had been recruited for Wayne's army, assem- 
bled at Pittsburg during the summer and autumn of 1792, and en- 
camped for the winter, on the Ohio, about twenty miles below that 
place. They descended the river the next spring^l793 — under 
the command of General Wayne, and landed at Cincinnati. Here 
the General made an encampment, where he remained for two or 
three months, and then marched to the spot where he established 
Fort Greenville. The army remained at the fort during the win- 
ter, and until July following. In the fall of this year, soon after 
the army left Cincinnati, the small-pox broke out among the sol- 
diers, in Fort Washington, and spread through the town with such 
malignity, that nearly one-third of the soldiers and citizens fell 
victims to its ravages. 

In July, 1794, the army left Fort Greenville, and built Fort 
Adams, Fort Defiance, and Fort Deposit. At the latter place, the 
heavy baggage of the army was deposited, as a general engage- 
ment with the enemy was shortly expected. Accordingly, on the 
morning of the 20th of August, the army advanced to meet the 
enemy, and, after marching about four miles, the Indians, who 



42 EARLY ANNALS. 

were secreted behind fallen trees and high grass, made a sudden 
attack upon the mounted volunteers under Major Price, who were 
compelled to retreat to the main body. The army was immedi- 
ately formed in order of battle, having the Miami on the right, a 
thick wood on the left, and the fallen timber, among which the 
Indians were secreted, in front. The savages were formed in 
three lines, within supporting distance of each other, and extend- 
ing nearly two miles at right angles with the river. It was soon 
discovered, from the weight of the enemy's fire, and the extent 
of their lines, that they were endeavoring to turn the left flank of 
the American army. The second line, therefore, was ordered to 
advance with trailed arms, and rouse the Indians from their coverts, 
at the point of the bayonet, and as soon as that was effected, to 
deliver a close fire upon their backs, followed by a brisk charge, 
so as not to give them time to load again. Major Campbell was 
ordered to turn the left flank of the enemy near the river. The 
orders of the commander-in-chief were promptly obeyed; and such 
was the impetuosity of the charge of the first line, that the enemy, 
consisting of Indians, Canadian militia, and volunteers, were driven 
from their coverts in so short a time, that notwithstanding every 
exertion was used by the second line, and Generals Scott, Todd, 
and Barbee, of the mounted volunteers, to gain their proper posi- 
tion, only part of each could get up to participate in the action; 
the enemy being driven, in the course of an hour, more than two 
miles. From the best accounts, the enemy amounted to two thou- 
sand, while the American troops actually engaged against them, 
were less than nine hundred. The savages, with their allies, 
abandoned themselves to flight, and left the Americans in quiet 
possession of the field of battle. 

The army remained several days near the battle-ground, during 
which time they destroyed all the houses and corn-fields, for a 
considerable distance above and below Fort Miami. In this deci- 
sive battle, thirty-three American officers and privates were killed, 
and one hundred wounded. On the 28th, the army commenced 
its return to the Auglaize, by easy marches, destroying in its route 
all the villages and corn-fields within fifty miles of the river; from 
thence up the Miami to the junction of the St. Joseph and St. 
Mary's, where they erected Fort Wayne. They then proceeded 
to Loramie Stores, seventy miles southeast from Fort Wayne, and 
erected Fort Loramie, and marched from thence to Greenville, 



EARLY ANNALS. 43 

which Ihcy reached about the 20th of November, and went into 
winter quarters. 

In this battle the Indians received a chastisement so severe, and 
lost so many of their leading warriors, that they began to fear the 
American power, and to exhibit a disposition favorable to peace. 
This disposition was promptly reciprocated by our government, 
and accordingly, on the 3d of August, 1795, a treaty was made by 
General Anthony Wayne, at Fort Greenville, with all the warlike 
tribes, which put an end to their unprovoked, protracted, and san- 
guinary hostilities. 

This event was hailed, by the infant settlements, as the era of 
peace and security. They now looked forward to an exemption 
from ravage, danger, and distress, and all the horrors of savage 
warfare. The return of peace gave them new ambition and new 
hopes. They removed from their forts into the adjacent country, 
selected farms, built cabins, and began to subdue the forest. They 
were soon joined by other emigrants, who, upon the news of peace, 
began to flock across the mountains in great numbers. 

The whole Miami country, with the exception of Cincinnati and 
its vicinity, at the time of Wayne's treaty, was one interminable 
forest. In 1795, the town contained ninety-four cabins, ten frame 
houses, and about five hundred inhabitants. 

Let us now turn from Indian warfare to the civil progress of the 
new settlement. 

On the 2d of January, 1790, General St. Clair arrived at Fort 
Washington, in the purchase of Judge Symmes, and, on the 4th, 
established the county of Hamilton, with the following limits: — 
^'Beginning on the bank of the Ohio river, at the confluence of the 
Little Miami river, and down the said Ohio river to the mouth of 
the Big Miami, and up said Miami to the Standing Stone forks or 
branch of said river; and thence with a line to be drawn due east 
to the Little Miami, and down said Little Miami river to the place 
of beginning." 

On the same day, commissions for the County Courts of Common 
Pleas, and General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, for said county, 
were granted by the Governor. And William Goforth, William 
Wells, and William McMillan, were appointed Judges of the Court 
of Common Pleas, and Justices of the Court of General Quarter Ses- 
sions of the Peace. They were also appointed and commissioned 
as Justices of the Peace, and quorum in said court. Jacob Topping, 
4 



44 EARLY AXNALS. 

Benjamin Stites. and J. Stites Gano, were also appointed Justices 
of the Peace of the county. J. Browne. Gent., was appointed and 
commissioned Sheriff during the Governor's pleasure. Israel Lud- 
low. Esq., Prothonotary to the Court of Common Pleas, and Clerk 
of the Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace of the 
county. 

The Governor also made the following military appointments, 
viz. : Israel Ludlow, James Flinn. John Stites Gano, and Gershom 
Gard. Captains; Francis Kennedy, John Ferris, Luke Foster, and 
Brice Virgin, Lieutenants; Scott Traverse, Ephraim Kibby, Elijah 
Stites. and John Dunlap. Ensigns; all in the first regiment of militia 
of the county of Hamilton. 

The civil and military powers were thus organized, and the gov- 
ernment brought to act for the protection of the people. 

On the Ist of December, Scott Traverse was appointed Lieuten- 
ant in place of Kennedy, resigned, and Robert Benham an Ensign, 
vice Traverse, promoted, both in the company of Capt. Ludlow. 

On the 24th of May, 1791, Wm. Burnet was appointed Register 
of Deeds in said county. 

On the 10th of December, 1791, Oliver Spencer was appointed 
Lieutenant-colonel, Brice Virgin a Captain, Daniel Griffin a Lieu- 
tenant, and John Bowman an Ensign. 

On the 14th of December, George McCullum was appointed a 
Justice of the Peace. 

On the 18th of February, 1792, the Secretary of the Territory, 
then at Cincinnati, and in the absence of Governor St. Clair, acting 
as Governor, issued the following proclamation: 

"2b aU persms to ichorti these preserds shall corae greeting : — 
'•Whereas, It has been represented to me that it is necessary for 
the public interests, and the convenience of the inhabitants 
of the county of Hamilton, that a ferry should be established 
over the river Ohio, nearly opposite the mouth of Licking, in 
the Commonwealth of Virginia, and Mr. Robert Benham having 
requested permission to erect and keep said ferry; 

*• Now Kjqow Ye, That, having duly considered of the said rep-- 
resentation and request, I have thought it proper to grant the same, 
and by these presents do empower the said Robert Benham, of the 
county of Hamilton, to erect and keep a ferry over the Ohio river, 
from the landing place in the vicinity of his house lot, which is 



EARLY A^'NALS. 45 

nearly opposite the mouth of Licking, to both points of said rivulet 
upon the Virginia shore; and to ask, demand, recover, and receive 
as a compensation — 

For every single person that he may transport over the said ferry,. . . .6 cents. 

For a man and horse, 18 " 

For a wagon and team, 100 " 

For horned cattle, per head, 18 " 

For hogs, each 6 " 

until those rates shall be altered by law or future instructions from 
the Governor of this Teritory. 

"And he is hereby required to provide good and sufficient flats 
or boats for the purpose, and to give due attention to the same 
according to right and common usage, and to govern himself in 
the premises by all such laws as hereafter may be adopted for the 
regulation of ferries, as soon as such laws shall be published in 
the Territory. 

" Given under my hand and seal, at Cincinnati, in the county 
of Hamilton, this eighteenth day of February, in the year of our 
Lord, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, and of the in- 
dependence of the United States the sixteenth, and to continue in 
force during the pleasure of the Governor of the Territory. 

" WINTHROP SARGENT." 

Having thus presented an outline history of Cincinnati during 
the first seven years of its existence, I propose to fill up the pic- 
ture it forms by various notes and statements, taken down by my- 
self and others, from the lips of the actors in the scenes they 
describe. I pursue this course as imparting a clearer light to the 
subject, than can be obtained from the continuous narrative just 
brought to its close. In doing this, as far as possible, I shall ob- 
serve the order of time in which the events they refer to occurred. 
In some instances, it will be perceived, I have been obliged to in- 
clude recollections of early events and circumstances which extend 
to a later period than the seven years to which I have limited my 
general narrative. This has been done to avoid impairing the 
entireness of the several statements. 

Incidents Prior to the Settlement of Cincinnati. — In the year 
1773, and about the beginning of June, three brothers, named 
James, George, and Robert McAfee, from Botetourt county, 



46 . EARLY ANNALS. 

Virginia, set out on an exploring tour for the west, with the in- 
tention of settling opposite the mouth of Licking, if they found 
the country such as it was described to them to be; if otherwise, 
they meant to push on for the waters of Salt river, where they 
had acquaintances from their own neighborhood in Virginia. 
They struck the river Ohio at Kanawha, where they procured 
canoes. An unprecedented rise had filled both rivers full to their 
banks, and the Ohio was still rising. 

In this stage of water they made rapid progress, keeping the 
current of the river as a measure of safety from the savages, who, 
watching the approach of boats, frequently lay hid on the northern 
bank; and by the time they reached the mouth of Licking river, 
the Ohio had swelled to such a degree as to spread itself at this 
point — to use their own expression — "full from hill to hill." 
This, in reference to the Cincinnati side, meant the abrupt bank 
which, at the distance of about one hundred feet south of Third 
street, followed the line of that street, nearly, from Broadway to 
John street, and even further west. 

This, no doubt, was the great flood whose extreme height was 
marked at the time on a tree, below Fort Washington, and pointed 
out by the Indians as the greatest height to which the river had 
ever risen. As nearly as could be ascertained, it was twelve feet 
higher than the subsequent rises of 1832 and 1847, the greatest 
known since, on which occasions the Ohio did not overflow Coving- 
ton or Newport. 

The McAfee party, ignorant of the character of the country and 
the extraordinary nature of the freshet, concluded it would not 
answer to settle lands subject to such inundations, and, as they had 
contemplated, went into Kentucky, where, after first re-visiting Vir- 
ginia, they finally settled. One of these brothers was the father 
of General Robert McAfee, author of a history of the war of 1812, 
and afterward Lieutenant-governor of Kentucky, and still later U. 
S. charge to Bogota. 

I have this statement from the late Dr. J. L.Wilson, who, in early 
life, was well acquainted with the parties. 

General Wm. Lytle, who resided for many years in Cincinnati, 
and survived to March 8, 1831, emigrated, with his father, from 
Pennsylvania in 1780. They descended the Ohio with, doubtless, 
the largest fleet of boats and the greatest number of emigrants that 
ever left the upper country at one time — the boats numbering sixty- 



EARLY ANNALS. 47 

three, and the fighting men alone of the party exceeding one thou- 
sand. At Maysville two or three boats, with a few families, landed 
and remained. The residue started off early on the morning of 
the 11th of April, and at 10 o'clock, the next day, two boats, which 
were ahead as pilots, signaled that an encampment of Indians had 
been formed on the northern or Indian side of the river, and oppo- 
site the mouth of Licking, just where Broadway intersects Front 
street. The shore, at that time, was a high bluff, rendering the 
savages clearly visible. Three boats, in a concerted order, landed 
half a mile above. It was arranged that half the fighting men 
should be in readiness to spring to the shore the moment the boats 
should touch it: they were then to form and march down to where 
the Indians were. The number of these hardly exceeded one 
hundred and fifty, while their opponents reached five hundred. 
Discovering a force so greatly superior moving rapidly upon them, 
they fled in so much haste and disorder, as to leave most of their 
movables behind. They followed the bank till they reached what 
is now called Mill creek, up the bottom of which they were pur- 
sued beyond the present site of Cumminsville. Several of the 
Indians were mounted, and they fled faster than their wearied 
pursuers could follow them on foot. The whites then returned to 
the boats and floated, without interruption, to Beargrass creek — 
Louisville. 

John McCaddon, of Newark, 0., in a letter to the editor of the 
American Pioneer, of May 16, 1842, states, that in May, 1780, he 
descended the Ohio. He left Louisville with the expedition of 
Colonel George Rogers Clark, which was raised in Kentucky, to 
chastise the Indians. " On our way up the river to where Cincin- 
nati now stands," he states, " Captain Hugh McGary, a well- 
known Indian hunter and memorable for his participation in the 
unfortunate issue of the battle at the Blue Licks, in 1782, with a 
party had placed himself on the Indian side of the river, alleging 
that they lived better than we did, as they kept their hunters out 
to procure meat. The main body followed the Kentucky shore. 
One day, as we halted for dinner, McGary's men, as usual, 
halted opposite to us. When we were ready to march, they con- 
chided to come over to us, as they discovered fresh Indian tracks. 
They had got but few yards from the shore, when they were fired 
on from the top of the bank. Colonel Clark's barge was instantly 



48 EARLY ANNALS. 

filled with men, but before they were able to cross, they heard the 
Indians give the scalp halloo, and saw them disperse. 

"At the place where Cincinnati now is, it was necessary to build 
a block-house, for the purpose of leaving some stores and some 
wounded men of McGary's company. Although I did not cut a 
tree, or lift a log, I helped to build the jfirst house ever built at 
Cincinnati, for I was at my post guarding the artificers who did the 
building." 

On the return, in 1782, of Logan's second expedition against 
the Indian towns in Ohio, it was suggested by Colonel McCracken, 
of the light horse, and agreed to by the party, that as many as 
should survive that day — November 4 — fifty years, should meet 
and exchange their final greeting and farewell to each other oppo- 
site the mouth of Licking river, that being the point where they 
first struck the Indian territory. 

McCracken, the proposer of it, was the first one disabled from 
keeping the arrangement. He had received a wound in the arm 
from a rifle bullet, which, being neglected, produced mortifictition, 
and terminated his life on the litter which bore him, as the party 
descended Keys' hill, at the head of Main street, just as the 
troops were entering the future Cincinnati. He was buried near 
the block-house, already referred to by John McCaddon, erected 
opposite the mouth of Licking, and breastworks were thrown over 
his grave to conceal the spot and save his scalp from the savages. 

The proposed meeting — November 4, 1832 — would doubtless 
have gathered the survivors of that pledge to the appointed meet- 
ing, but shortly before its arrival our city had been visited with 
that terrible pestilence, the cholera, and its virulence and extent 
magnified at a distance, indefinitely postpqned the meeting of the 
old pioneers, and deprived the community of what would have 
been one of the most interesting incidents in western history. 

The impression that John Cleves Symmes, and those who pur- 
chased from him, were the first settlers on the banks of the Miami, 
has extended so generally as to leave no doubt of the fact in the 
public mind. Yet, as far back as 1785, almost four years prior to 
the landing of Symmes, the whole Miami bottom had been explored 
as far up as Hamilton, and openings made at the best spots for the 
purpose of establishing pre-emption rights, by a party from Wash- 
ington county, Pennsylvania. One of the company, John Hind- 



EARLY ANNALS. 49 

man, was surviving as late as 1845, residing then a few miles from 
Hillsborough, Ohio. I add his narrative as given to me in his 
own words: 

" My father, John Hindman, was a native and resident of Lan- 
caster county, Penn., where 1 was born in 1760, and at the age of 
twenty left that neighborhood for Washington county, where I re- 
mained four years. In the month of March, 1785, I left the State 
of Pennsylvania, taking water at the mouth of Buffalo creek with 
a party, consisting of William West, John Simons, John Seft, and 
old Mr. Carlin, and their families. We reached Limestone point, 
now Maysville, in safety, where we laid by two weeks. The next 
landing we made was at the mouth of the Big Miami. We were 
the first company that landed at that place. The Indians had 
lefl two or three days before we landed. We found two Indians 
buried, as they were laid on the ground, a pen of poles built 
around them, and a new blanket spread over each one. The first 
we found was near the bank of the Ohio, and the second near the 
mouth of White river. Soon after we landed, the Ohio raised so 
as to overflow all the bottoms at the mouth of the Big Miami. We 
went over, therefore, to the Kentucky side, and cleared thirty or 
forty acres on a claim of a man by the name of Tanner, whose son 
was killed by the Indians, some time afterward, on a creek which 
now bears his name. Some time in May or June we started to go 
up the Big Miami, to make what we called improvements, so as to 
secure a portion of the lands, which we selected out of the best 
and broadest bottoms, between the mouth of the river and where 
Hamilton now stands. We started a north course and came to White 
Water, supposing it to be the Miami: we proceeded up the creek, 
but Joseph Robinson, who started from the mouth of the Miami 
with our party, and who knew something of the country from 
having been taken prisoner with Colonel Laughery and carried 
through it, giving it as his opinion that we were not at the main 
river, we made a raft and crossed the stream, having the misfor- 
tune to lose all our guns in the passage. We proceeded up to 
where Hamilton now is, and made improvements wherever we 
found bottoms finer than the rest, all the way down to the mouth 
of the Miami. I then went up the Ohio again to Buffalo, but 
returned the same fall, and found Generals Clark, Butler, and 
Parsons, at the mouth of the Big Miami, as commissioners to treat 
with the Indians. Major Finney was there also. I was in com- 



50 EARLY ANNALS. 

pany with Symmes when he was engaged in taking the meanders 
of the Miami river at the time John Filson was killed by the 
Indians." 

In 1788, just previously to the settlement of Cincinnati, a party 
of hunters, five men in all, from the station near Georgetown, Ky., 
landed at the edge of Deer creek in two canoes. After hiding the 
canoes among the willows and weeds that grew thick and rank 
upon that little stream, they proceeded to ascend the creek along 
the left bank. At the distance of about one hundred and fifty 
yards from the mouth, in the shade of a branching elm, they halted 
for refreshment, and sat down to partake of the rude repast of the 
wilderness. The month was September, the day clear and warm, 
and the hour almost sunset. Having partaken of their evening 
meal, the party, at the suggestion of a man named Hall — one of 
their number — proposed, as a matter of safety and comfort, that 
they should go among the northern hills, and there encamp until 
the morning's dawn. His proposition was acceded to, and the 
party started on their journey. Emerging from a thicket of iron 
weed, through which a deer-path was open, and into which the 
party walked single file, they entered one after another upon a 
grassy, weedless knob, which, being elevated some distance above 
the tops of the blossomed weeds around, had the appearance of a 
green island in the midst of a purple sea. The deer-path crossed 
the knob, and entered the weed thicket again on the northern 
side. The hunters did not pause for a moment, but entered the 
narrow avenue one after another. 

As the last man was about to enter the path, he fell simulta- 
neously with the crack of a rifle, discharged from among the weeds 
on the western slope. The whole party dashed into the thicket 
on either side and "squatted," with rifles cocked, ready for any 
emergency. Quietly in this position they waited until nightfall* 
but everything around being still, and no further hostile demonstra- 
tions being made, one after another, they again ventured out into 
the path and started toward the opening, observing, however, the 
utmost caution. 

Hall, a bold fellow, and connected by ties of kindred with the 
man who had been shot, whose name was Baxter, crawled quietly 
upon his hands and knees to the spot where his comrade had 
fallen, and found him dead, lying with his face downward, a bullet 
having entered his skull forward of the left temple. Baxter had 



EARLY ANNALS. 51 

fallen some ten feet from the thicket's entrance, and Hall, after 
getting out of the thicket, rolled slowly to the side of the dead man, 
lest he should be observed by the skulking enemy, as, in an up- 
right position, notwithstanding the gloom of nightfall, he would 
have been. lie lay for several minutes by the side of the corpse 
analyzing, as it were, the sounds of the night, as if to detect in 
them the decoying tricks so common with the Indian. There was 
nothing, however, that, even to his practiced ear, indicated tiie 
presence of an enemy ; and he ventured at length to stand erect. 
With ritle ready, and, eye-ball strained to penetrate the gloom that 
hung like a marsh-mist upon the purple fields around, he stood for 
several seconds, and then gave a signal lor the approach of his 
companions. The party cautiously approached the spot where 
Hall stood, and, after a moment's consultation in whispers, agreed 
to bury the unfortunate man, and then pursue their journey. Poor 
Baxter was carried to the bank of the river and silently interred 
under a beach, a few feet from the bluff, the grave being dug by 
the tomahawks of his late companions. 

Having performed the last sad duties to the departed, the party 
prepared to leave, and had advanced, silently, a step or two, when 
they were startled by a sound upon the water. "A canoe!" whis- 
pered Hall. A suspicion flashed upon his mind, and he crawled 
to the spot where the canoes had been hidden, and found one of 
them gone. 

Quick to decide, and fired with a spirit of vengeance, he pro- 
posed to his comrades that immediate pursuit be made. The 
])roposition was agreed to, and, in less than five minutes, three ot 
the hunters, armed and determined for their mission, were darting 
silently through the quiet waters in the direction of the sound 
which they had recently heard. About one hundred yards below 
the mouth of Licking, on the Kentucky side, they came within 
rifle-shot of the canoe, fired at the person who was- paddling it, 
scarcely visible in the dim starlight, and a short exclamation ot 
agony evidenced the certainty of the shot. 

Paddling up alongside, the canoe was found to contain but a 
single person, and that an old Indian, writhing in death's agony, 
the blood gushing from his shaven brow. In the bottom of the 
canoe lay a rifle, and near it a pouch of parched corn, and a gourd 
about half filled with whisky. It was this Indian, evidonlly, who 
shot Baxter, and it seemed equally evident that ho was alone upon 



62 EARLY ANNALS. 

the war-path. The savage was scalped, and his body thrown into 
the river. 

Hall and his party returned to the month of the creek, again hid 
the canoes, encamped near Baxter's grave for the night, and with 
the morning's dawn started upon their journey home. 

Forty years afterward, some boys, digging for worms at the mouth 
of Deer creek, just below the bridge, discovered a skeleton with a 
bullet-hole in the skull, and the ball itself inside. It is supposed 
this was the remains of the unfortunate Baxter. 

Difficulties and Cotrffdcts with Indians. — Symmes appears to 
have got on with his Indian neighbors so well as to have had, for 
some time, little or no trouble in his settlement; but the grounds 
of collision, which sprang out of ungenerous advantages taken of 
the Indians by mercenary traders, and reprisals made by them in 
stealing horses, led to hostile demonstrations, more or less exten- 
sive, according to circumstances. 

An instance or two will suliice to show the provocations given on 
this score. A trader, who had stopped at Columbia with his boat, 
sold a party of Indians whisky, which, before they had reached their 
camp, froze in the barrel. He also extorted from the party forty 
buck-skins, worth a dollar each at the time, for a rifle, compelling 
them to give a horse, worth forty more, into the bargain. A worth- 
less gunsmith, who undertook to put a new chop, worth twenty 
cents, for the flint, to the cock of an Indian rifle, made the Indian 
leave two bucks for the work, before he would undertake it, and 
another Indian calling for it, was forced to pay two bucks more 
before the smith would give up the rifle. 

A:S the Indians considered the whites one people, they held 
whoever they met with accountable for the misconduct of those by 
whom they had been injured, and reciprocal injuries soon sepa- 
rated the aborigines and the settlers. 

In the early settlement of Columbia, that fine flat, known by 
the name of Turkey/ Bottom, which had been originally an Indian 
cleai;ing, and planted for many years by the aborigines in corn, 
was leased from Major Stites by several of the settlers. Among 
them was an emigrant from New Jersey, named James Seward, 
who occupied one of the lots into which that bottom was divided. 
His dwelling was on the side of the hill near Columbia, and a 
path of about two miles led to the improvement referred to 



EARLY ANNALS. 63 

Across this path and near the outside of the fence, toward Colum- 
bia, Abel Cook, another of the settlers, in fact, one of the party 
which landed first in that place, had felled a large hickory tree for 
the sake of the nuts. Two of Seward's sons, Obadiah and John, 
one almost twenty-one, and the other aged fifteen, attended to the 
cultivation of this field. One afternoon, in September, 1789, they 
were on their way to their clearing, and had just leaped over the 
hickory tree, when two Indians sprung on them from the tree-top, 
which had served them as a concealment, one sliding along each 
side of the tree, so as to intercept them, either in retreat or ad- 
vance. The boys were unarmed, no danger being apprehended 
from the Indians at that period, Obadiah at once surrendered, and 
was fastened with twigs by his captors; but John, with a desperate 
effort to escape, made circuitously for home. The Indian on his 
side of the tree soon gained on him, however, and when within 
striking distance, hurled his tomahawk after him which brought 
him down, having cloven his skull just behind his right ear. As 
soon as overtaken he was again struck on the head, and scalped. 
He was then left, as supposed, dead, part of his brains oozing 
from his wounds, but was found by some of his neighbors and his 
own family next morning, and being lifted on the back of John 
Clawson, the stoutest of the party, was carried home. 

When found, although thus shockingly mangled, he had pos- 
sessed sufficient vitality and vigor to crawl round in a regular cir- 
cle, although unable to lift his head, making a deep track with his 
hands and knees and feet, doubtless unconscious of what he was 
doing. When taken home, everything which the kindness and 
care of friends could suggest was done for his relief and cure. 
But, after lingering thirty-nine days, he died, mortification having 
taken place. During this interval, he became not only sensible, but 
cheerful even, and, in some measure, able to give an account of 
what had occurred up to the time the fatal blow had been inflicted. 

Of Obadiah nothing was heard for some time, when the follow- 
ing incident was the means of conveying to the unhappy parents 
tidings of his fate: A hired man, belonging to John Phillips, 
named Ned Larkins, had been, on the same day, engaged topping 
and blading corn for fodder, when he felt himself grasped by the 
arm by an Indian, while another, at the opposite side, brandished 
his tomahawk over him. He screamed with affright, but was soon 
awed into silence by threats made from his captors — partly in 



64 EARLY ANNALS. 

signs, and partly in broken English — that they would finish him on 
the spot, if he did not keep quiet. He was then tied and taken 
away. The three pushed forward on an Indian trail till they 
struck a broad road leading from Pittsburg to Detroit, to which 
place they took Larkins, and sold him to a Frenchman — a trader — 
for a trifle. His new master soon got tired of him, and set him at 
liberty to make his way, with a number of whites, who had been 
redeemed from captivity, and were just setting out for Pittsburg, to 
which place he accompanied the party. Once at Pittsburg, he 
made his way down to Columbia, without delay or difficulty. His 
return was the first opportunity of learning what had become of 
the elder Seward. 

Obadiah had been directed to drive the horses that carried the 
plunder of his captors on pack-saddles. He was of course in ad- 
vance of the Indians. After they reached the road from Pittsburg, 
referred to, they had fallen in with another party of Indians from 
that place, and a general carouse of the savages ensued, after 
which they all set forward. A short distance further the road 
forked, and Obadiah having taken the wrong fork, one of his cap- 
tors, doubtless under the influence of whisky, sent a ball after him 
which brought him lifeless to the ground. His head was cut off, 
part of the skin of the breast adhering to it, and placed on a stake, 
which was driven alongside of the road. Here it was seen and 
instantly recognized by Larkins, who was intimate with young 
Seward. The man who killed him alleged that he did not know 
that his gun was loaded, and only fired to frighten him; but the 
subsequent barbarity renders this improbable. 

Obadiah had long felt a presentiment that he would be killed 
by Indians, and said repeatedly, that, as soon as he was his own 
master — meaning when he should become of age — he would re- 
turn to New Jersey. 

Seward, the father, never recovered this blow to his domestic 
happiness. He removed to the neighborhood of Springdale, in 
this county, where he lost another son by the fall of a tree, and 
died only a few years since. 

Thomas Irwin, who resided at Blue Ball, Butler co., 0., in 1845, 
and if yet living, probably still a resident of that jdace, writes me: 
I forward you, as I promised, my recollections of the incidents 
connected with Harmar's campaign, which fell under my observa- 
tion, or in which I bore a part. 



EARLY ANNALS. 55 

•^^ General Harmar marched his arm}^ from Fort Washington, if I 
recollect right, the last week of September, 1790. His expedition 
was designed against the Indian towns on the St. Joseph, or Mau- 
mee, near where Fort Wayne was afterward built. The army fol- 
lowed the trace made by General George Rogers Clark, with the 
Kentucky troops, in October, 1782, as far as the Pickaway. town-s, 
on both sides of the Great Miami, which were destroyed by him on 
that visit. Thence we had a tolerable Indian trace to where there 
had been a large trading establishment, St. 31ary\s, from which we 
had a good Indian trace to our final object, which was sixty-four 
miles from there into the wilderness. 

" There were, perhaps, one hundred and thirty of the Kentucky 
militia mounted and armed: one-third of that force with swords 
and pistols, the balance with rifles. They were remarkably useful 
in that campaign, being found active and efficient in hunting up 
pack-horses or beef cattle, which were apt to stray off after night, 
scouring the woods for the purpose, and sometimes rousing from 
their concealment Indians who were watching our movements. On 
account of these services they were exempt from camp duty at 
night. 

" Wiien the army got within thirty or forty miles of the Indian 
towns for which we were marching, there were ten or twelve of 
these mounted men sent out in search of some pack-horses that had 
been lost over night. They started a smart young Indian, took him 
prisoner, and brought him into camp, where he was examined by 
two of the Kentuckians, who understood the Indian language. He 
spoke freely, and told all he knew respecting the movements of his 
people, saying that they had at first intended to make a stand and 
defend their town; but after holding council, gave up the idea, and 
had moved their families and property down the river, intending to 
burn their wigwams. When the army arrived, they found all his 
statements true. 

" Two days after the army reached the Indian towns, orders 
were given to draft four hundred men from the different com- 
panies, with a view to send them out and see what discoveries 
they could make respecting the enemy. They were to draw two 
days' provisions, and be out over night. 

"About tv/enty of the mounted men, and perhaps half a dozen 
footmen, volunteered to go along. I was one of these last. The 
detachment crossed the St. Joseph where the centre of the town 



56 EARLY ANNALS. 

stood, struck a trace on the west bank that led a west course, 
and followed it within one mile of the river. On the route, the 
mounted men started two Indians, and shot them both; lost one 
man ourselves. Pursued the trace till sunset, and found evident 
signs, though much scattered, of Indians. None of them appeared 
fresh. About sunset the six pounder in camp was fired. Colonel 
Trotter, of Lexington, Ky., who had the command of the detach- 
ment, concluded this was a signal for our recall, and, counter- 
marching, we got into camp a little after dark. The next day's 
tour we were placed under the command of Colonel Hardin. We 
crossed the river where we did the day before, and struck a good 
Indian trace a short distance from the river, directly north; after 
following it four or five miles, we found considerable of fresh signs 
of savages. Two or three Indian dogs got in among the troops, 
which disappeared again shortly, discovering that they were not 
among their masters. 

" The Colonel ordered a halt, directing the different companies 
to station themselves on the right and left of the trace, and keep a 
sharp look-out. Our company went round the point of a brushy 
grove, which threw us out of sight of the trace, though not far 
from it. The Colonel sent Major Fountain, with eight or ten 
mounted men, to reconnoitre. At\er traveling a short distance on 
that trace, they came to where it crossed a small stream of water, 
which, being muddy on each side, pointed out plainly the fresh 
tracks of Indians, who had been making a hasty retreat, with a 
view of drawing the detachment into an ambuscade. The Major 
returned, and reported accordingly. Colonel Hardin was so keen 
for pursuit, that he started off with the principal part of the troops 
in such a hurry, he forgot to give us any orders. After waiting 
aw^hile, we became impatient, struck the trace, and, finding they 
were gone, followed on. We had not gone far, however, until we 
met Major Fountain and Captain Faulkner; having explained that 
we had been directed to halt until we should get orders to march, 
we pressed forward to overtake the main body of our comrades. 

" In a short time we met two of the mounted men at full speed, 
each having a wounded man behind him. ^Retreat!' said they, 
' for God's sake! There are Indians enough to eat us all up.' 
We proceeded on, however, till we had gained a high swell of 
ground, when we saw our troops putting back upon the trace — the 
Indians in pursuit, yelling and shooting. We halted, formed a line 



EARLY ANNALS. 67 

across the trace, and treed, with a view to give them a shot. They 
came within seventy or eighty yards of us, when they halted in- 
stantly. I expect the reason was, Colonel Hardin, Hall, Fountain, 
and four or five others, were on horseback close by where we were. 
We remained there until the retreating troops had all passed by, 
none of whom halted with us except the men on horseback. We 
covered their retreat, and marched into camp a short time after 
dark, under the direction of Colonels Hardin and Hall. The six 
pounder was discharged every hour till daylight, as a signal for the 
benefit of the stragglers, of which several came in that night. 

" Having been acquainted with Colonel Hall in Bourbon county, 
Kentucky, and knowing he was near the front, I went to his tent 
next morning, to learn what had been the movements in front on 
the day before. He stated that the trace passed through a narrow 
prairie, with a heavy growth of timber and underbrush on each 
side. At the far end it entered into a thick growth of timber. At 
this spot, within a few feet of the trace, the enemy had kindled 
up a fire. Here the advance halted as soon as they came up, and 
just at this moment the Indians rose from their coverts on the 
prairie sides, and poured in a deadly fire so suddenly and unex- 
pectedly, that it threw our troops into a confusion, from which they 
could not be rallied, and it was on their retreat, we being within a 
short distance of that prairie path, that we protected their right 
about movement, as I have already stated. 

" The army lay some days encamped, after Hardin's detachment 
had been thus defeated, when preparations were made for our re- 
turn to Fort Washington, after destroying all the property of the 
enemy within reach. The first day the army marched about five 
miles, leaving a party of three or four mounted men, with an oflficer, 
on a commanding piece of ground, to observe if the Indians should 
make their appearance and ofi'er signs of pursuit. About two 
hours after the army had disappeared, the Indians began to como 
in by droves, hunting for hid provisions, as they had large quanti- 
ties put up in that way. On learning this late in the evening, from 
the party left behind to watch their movements. Colonel Hardin 
was keen to have another brush with the savages. A draft of four 
hundred men was accordingly made and placed under his com- 
mand, in the calculation to surprise them before daylight. The 
detachment marched back to the post where this officer, with his 
party, had been stationed, when, taking to the left hand. Colonel 



58 EARLY ANNALS. 

Hardin crossed the St. Mary's near its junction with the St. 
Joseph's, and pushed forward up the west bank of that river to- 
ward the Indian town built there. He was followed by Majors 
Fountain, McMillan, and Wyllys. Harmar's trace crossed the 
Maumee river at Harmar's ford. As soon as the river was passed, 
the town was in sight. The day was just dawning as the troops 
moved on. Major Fountain, with a few mounted men, in front. As 
they turned the point of a hazel thicket, and at a few rods distance, 
fifteen or twenty Indians were discovered around a fire. The 
Major charged right in among them, fired both his pistols, and then 
drew his sword; but ten or twelve of the savages, at the time not 
more than as many feet off, discharged their rifles at him. One 
of the soldiers, George Adams by name, being close by, fired on 
them and received four or five flesh wounds by a volley in re- 
turn. Wyllys and McMillan, with a small party of regulars, finally 
succeeded in drawing them into the river. Fountain, although 
wounded in several places, and surviving but a few minutes, yet 
hung to his saddle. Our men took him off, and buried him under 
the side of a log, or under a bank, and Adams rode the horse in. 
When Wyllys, with the regulars, was driving the savages into the 
river, Hardin met them on the other side, but was compelled, by 
inferiority of force, to retire. 

"There were many Indians killed in the skirmish of the second 
day; and if we had had a few more troops detached from Harmar's 
command, of those who were not wanted in camp, the enemy 
would have received the worst drubbing they ever got from the 
whites; as it was, they lost more than they ever lost before in any 
one of our western battles. Majors Fountain and Wyllys were both 
killed, with other officers of inferior rank. Major McMillan col- 
lected the scattering troops and remained on the ground until all 
the Indians had disappeared, and then marched into camp, which 
he reached before sunset. 

"Next morning General Harmar sent Captains Wells and Gaines, 
both of the Kentucky troops, as an express to Fort Washington. 
When they reached the bottoms of the Great Miami, at a short 
turn of the trace they were following, they met five Indians very 
unexpectedly. On the instant, Gaines wheeled to the left and 
Wells to the right, and by the promptness of the movement saved 
their lives. They both made a wide circuit, — Wells got to the 
mouth of the Miami, and Gaines struck the river where Ripley 



EARLY ANNALS. 59 

now stands. The army, however, reached Fort Washington before 
either Gaines or Wells. ******* 

"The Indian prisoner, to whom I referred in the early part of 
this letter, was taken to Fort Washington, although afterward sent 
home." 

John Bush, who resided in Boone county, Ky., as late as 1845, 
stated to me that he volunteered in the expedition of Gen. Harmar, 
in 1790, crossed the river at Cincinnati, marched to Fort Wayne, 
and went with the troops engaged in both days' battles with the 
Indians. On the first day he commanded an advanced guard of 
twenty men, with orders by Major Fountain to charge any body 
of Indians the spies might discover and fire upon. He asked the 
Major what he was to do if he came upon a large Z>o(Zi/ of Indians? 
Fountain demanded to know if he was afraid? "No, sir, I am not 
afraid; but wish to know my duty," was the reply. "Well, sir, 
if you fall upon ten thousand Indians, it is your duty to charge 
through them and form at their backs." The detachment, as is 
known, were drawn into ambuscade and defeated, and about one- 
third, including many of the best spies and soldiers, were killed. 

After the Indian town had been burned, Harmar's army com- 
menced its usual march for the settlement, and encamped about 
six miles off. Colonel Hardin solicited permission to return to the 
town with another detachment and surprise the Indians, which 
being granted, volunteers were again called for, excusing those 
who had been in the first day's engagement. Major Fountain went 
to Bush and requested him to go. He agreed, provided they would 
get him a very fine horse, belonging to one Nelson, which being 
procured, he marched with Harmar and reached the town just be- 
fore day. The detachment divided into two parties. Bush with that 
of Colonels Hall, McMullen, and Fountain. When it became light 
enough to see, a number of Indians were discovered some fifty or 
a hundred yards in advance. Fountain, as Bush thinks, without 
giving the word charge, in his eagerness, charged alone, and was 
shot, and fell from his horse. The Lieutenant of the troops ad- 
vanced and ordered the charge, but was followed by only four men. 
Bush, Titus Mershon, and two named Moore. When reaching the 
place where Fountain lay, they were fired on by the Indians, and 
all wounded but the Lieutenant. Bush had his sword knocked out 
of his hand, and a ball grazed his cheek and cut off part of liis 
queue. They then returned; but a reinforcement coming up, tiie 



GO EARLY ANNALS 

Indians gave way, and many of them were killed In crossing the 
Sr.. Joseph. They were followed by the horsemen. On reaching 
the opposite bank, Bush saw an Indian leave the rest, which he 
followed and took prisoner: some one of the troop coming up, he 
cut him down beside Bush's horse. Bush cursed the fellow for a 
coward, and turned his horse and rode toward the firing that had 
commenced under Colonels Hardin and Wyllys. Upon coming in 
sight, he found himself in the rear of the Indians, and Hardin's 
troops firing directly toward him. He then tried to turn them on 
the right flank; but, in ascending a small rise, he met fifty or sixty 
Indians, who halted and fired at him, just as he turned his horse, 
the ball passing through his coat. He then attempted to pass on 
the left, but found the Indian flank reached to the river. His next 
eflbrt was to retreat to the rear, where he soon met several horse- 
men, who told him there was a body of Indian horsemen approach- 
ing in that direction; they having, as he since supposed, become 
alarmed at seeing some of their own men. He now determined 
to charge through the Indian lines and join Hardin, which he ac- 
complished in safety, followed by his few associates. On passing 
the Indian town, he saw a very large Indian behind a tree, and 
prepared to strike him with his sword; but the Indian, turning the 
tree just at the moment, saved himself. Hardin's men were be- 
ginning to give way, but seeing the men charge through the In- 
dians, they rallied and fired again, but were soon compelled to 
retreat. During the retreat, the horsemen were directed to ride 
as far as they could with safety to the rear and bring up the men 
that were giving out. 

At one time during this dangerous employment, Bush got mired 
in a swamp, with a man behind him. He made the man get off, 
but not being able to extricate the horse, he got ofi' himself, and 
remained trying to get him out till two Indians came up and took 
the man prisoner. He then sprang out of the swamp and was fired 
at by the Indians, which alarmed the horse so that he cleared the 
swamp and was regained and mounted. 

On his return to Fort Washington, he crossed the river to the 
Kentucky side, now Covington, and passed the night there. In the 
course of the night, his horse was stolen. Next morning he re- 
crossed the river, reported his horse as lost, returned and walked 
to Georgetown the same day. 



EARLY ANNALS. 61 

The statement of John Hindraan — page 49 — brought out Judge 
Matson, of North Bend, who wrote me: Your friend, John Hind- 
man^ is in error, alleging that Tanner's creek, Indiana, derived its 
name from young Tanner being killed by the Indians on its waters. 
Tanner was not killed at all, although doubtless believed to be by 
the neighborhood, at the time Ilindman left the Great Miami, which 
was soon after Tanner had been carried away by the savages. I 
knew the whole family well — the old man Tanner being the first 
clergyman I ever heard preach at North Bend, and for some time 
the only one. 

Tanner, the father, owned the land where Petersburg, Ky., is 
now built, and resided on it, being about three miles below the 
Miami, and opposite the creek which derived its name as the sta- 
tion also did, from Tanner, who was the principal man settled there. 
Hogan, Tanner's son-in-law, who lived with him, and was a first- 
rate hunter, gave name to the creek just above Aurora. 

In May, 1790, John Tanner, the youngest boy, and nine years 
of age, was out in the woods gathering walnuts, which had been 
lying over from the previous season among the leaves, when he 
was made prisoner by a party of Indians, and carried to the Shawa- 
nese towns, in the first place, and afterward taken away 1o the head 
waters of the Mississippi. Nothing was heard of him, by his 
friends, for twenty-four years, except that in 1791, the next year, a 
party of Indians, composed partly of the same individuals, prowling 
in the neighborhood, captured Edward Tanner, a brother of John, 
and nearly fifteen years old. After traveling two days' journey in 
the wilderness, the boy appearing contented, and supposing that 
he would be discouraged from attempting to make his escape, at 
such a distance from home, his captors relaxed their vigilance, 
and the boy, watching his opportunity, regained his liberty, being 
obliged, in the hurry, to leave his hat, which was of undyed wool, 
behind, and which the Indians carried to their home. They had 
told him on the way out, that they had carried a boy off from the 
same place the year before. John Tanner recognized the hat, as 
soon as he saw it, as his brother's. 

Nothing was known of John, as already stated, for many years, 
although Edward attended the various treaties for successive years, 
and traveled to distant points, even West of the Mississippi. The 
Indians with whom John w^as domesticated, had been for years 
settled on the Upper Mississippi, and traded with the Hudson Bay 



G2 EARLY ANNALS. 

Company, which of course baffled the search" thus made. In 1798, 
the Tanner family left Kentucky for New Madrid, where old Tan- 
ner died, after marrying, in the mean time, a third wife. 

In 1817, after the close of the war, John Tanner, who by this 
time had married an Indian wife, and had six children by her, with 
a view of learning something about his relations, and expecting to 
receive a share of the family property, came down the chain of 
lakes to Detroit, and there reported himself to Governor Cass, as 
an Indian captive, taken from opposite the mouth of Big Miami, in 
Kentucky, in 1790. He gave the family name as Taylor, which 
was as near as he could recollect or probably articulate it. Cass 
gave notice of the fact through the medium of the press, adding 
that the individual would be present at a treaty to be held with the 
Indians at St. Mary's, formerly Girty^s town, and now the county- 
seat of Mercer county, O. The Tanner family had removed years 
since to New Madrid, and, with the exception of Edward Tanner, 
was composed of the widow and children, born of the later mar- 
riages, since John's capture. But a nephew by marriage of the 
young men, named Merritt, who lived where Rising Sun has since 
been built, having seen the notice, was firmly persuaded that the 
individual, although improperly named, was his long lost and long 
sought uncle Tanner, and under that conviction went to the treaty 
ground, and found the case as he supposed it to be. The two 
started off" for the Miami region together. Tanner, although in 
feeble health, having fever and ague at the time, was with difficulty 
persuaded to sleep in the cabins which they found on the route, 
preferring to camp out; and to gratify him one fine night, Merritt, 
having selected a suitable spot for repose, went to a neighboring 
house, got coals, and attempted to kindle a fire, which, as the 
leaves and brush were wet, burned with difficulty. Tanner, who 
had become thoroughly Indian during his long residence among 
them, now got up in a pet, kicked the fire to pieces, and, flashing 
powder from his rifle, made his own fire, remarking," White man's 
fire, no good. Indian fire, goodl^'' 

They stopped all night at my house, on their way to the lower 
country, and there I obtained these particulars. When they 
reached New Madrid, it so happened that Edward was out on one 
of his excursions to hunt up his brother, and John, after waiting a 
few days, became impatient to get back, and left for home, without 
even seeing his brother, who had sought him so anxiously for years. 



EARLY ANNALS. C3 

Soon after reaching his home, Tanner had a quarrel with an 
Indian, and was badly shot, but, after lingering a great while, re- 
covered so far as to set out with Colonel Long and a party who 
were on their way to Detroit. His strength gave way on the jour- 
ney, and they were obliged to leave him on the road. He finally 
recovered, and was employed by the United States authorities as 
interpreter among the Indians at Sault St. Marie, at the outlet of 
Lake Superior, which is the last I heard of him. 

Tanner's life was published years ago, but I never saw a copy 
of it, and do not know whether it is now extant. 

Early in the month of January, 1791, Colonel John S. Wallace, 
one of our early settlers, accompanied Ahner Hunt, who was a 
surveyor, with two other persons, Sloan and Cunningham, on sur- 
veys on the west bank of the Great Miami. On the night of the 
7th, they encamped there. Next morning, after they had been 
roasting venison, on which they breakfasted, they set out to ex- 
plore the Miami bottoms above, where the Colerain settlement, or 
station, was located. They had hardly left their camp seventy 
yards behind, when they were beset by the savages on their rear, 
who fired a volley of eight or ten guns. Cunningham was killed 
on the spot. Hunt, having been thrown from his horse, was made 
a prisoner before he could recover, and Sloan, although shot 
through the body, kept his seat and made his escape, accompanied 
by Hunt's loose horse. Two of the Indians pursued Wallace more 
than a mile and a half, but, owing to his uncommon activity, 
he made out to overtake Sloan with the spare horse, which he 
mounted, and succeeded in crossing the Miami in Sloan's com- 
pany. In his flight on foot, he was twice shot at, but without 
effect. His leggings had been getting loose, and at the moment 
of the first shot, he tripped and fell. Supposing him struck by the 
bullet, the Indians raised a shout, Wah! hoo! calculating to a cer- 
tainty on his scalp; but, hastily tying his leggings, he resumed his 
flight and effected his escape. After crossing the Miami, Sloan 
complained of faintness from his wound, when Wallace advised 
him to thrust part of his shirt into the bullet hole to stop the flow 
of blood. Leaving the river, they directed their course to Cincin- 
nati, which they reached in safety the same evening. 

In the month of May, 1791, Wallace, with his father and a lad, 
were hoeing corn in a lot immediately north of where the Cincin- 
nati Hospital now titands; and at the same time two men, named 



64 EARLY ANNALS. 

Scott and Shepherd, were engaged plowing corn near what is now 
the corner of Western Row and Clinton streets. They had drawn 
a few furrows across the lot, when five or six Indians jumped the 
fence, raised the yell, and gave chase to the plowmen, but to no 
effect. On hearing the, yell, Wallace snatched up his rifle, which 
lay in the row before him, directing those with him to make their 
escape to town as fast- as possible. On stepping cautiously into 
the adjacent lot, he discovered an Indian, about eighty yards from 
him, about to enter the bushes. He shot at him, probably without 
effect, as he left the ground in haste. At the same instant he saw 
two Indians riding the plow-horses away at full speed. The party 
of savages left eight blankets and blanket capots behind, together 
with a leg of bear meat, a horn full of powder, and some trifling 
articles. The alarm^ was given, and eleven of the best woodsmen 
and hunters were started on. foot in pursuit, followed by eleven 
others on horse, having all the horses in the place, each man sup- 
plied with some pone and venison wrapped in his blanket for both 
horsemen and footmen. . About sunset they encountered a severe 
thunder-storm, accompanied with heavy rain. By the time it be- 
came dark, the rear party overtook the advance on foot, and, 
making their horses fast to the trees, encamped for the night. In 
the morning they took the trail, and found that the Indians had 
lain all night in a prickly-ash thicket, a short distance in advance, 
where they had eaten a part of a fawn raw, and left the rest. The 
enemy was pursued to the river, at a point where the Indians had 
crossed, just above where the town of Hamilton now stands. 
Owing to the tremendous rains which had fallen, the river was 
bank full, and the pursuing party were obliged to return home. 

Shepherd and Scott were chased into Cincinnati as far as the 
present corner of Fifth and Race streets. 

Colonel John Riddle, also an old pioneer, gave me in relation to 
some incidents connected with these occurrences, this statement: 
In the spring of 1791, William Harris, who was my wife's father, 
went, in company with me, to clear ground for a cornfield. It 
comprehended in its bounds the ground where now stands Bying- 
ton's rolling mill, on Plum street, south of the corporation line. 
We had a small dog with us. One day, the 21st of May, we had 
been to work as usual, and had sat down to rest at the foot of a 
large tree, when, hearing a slight rustling through the spice-wood 



EARLY ANNALS. 65 

bushes, I told Harris there were Indians at hand. He laughed at 
the idea. I hissed the dog on, who bounded into the bushes, 
barking at a great rate, and returned in a short time with his tail 
and ears down, and manifesting other symptoms of fear. We then 
sprung up and made a circuit through the bushes, so as to get be- 
tween the Indians, if there were such there, and the town. In this 
way we had just regained the path, several rods below where we 
were, when we heard them crossing it near the spot we had left. 
We hurried into Cincinnati as fast as possible, and found soon after 
that Benjamin Van Cleve had been shot at, and Joseph Cutter, who 
was at work with him, clearing an out-lot, captured and carried 
off by the Indians. Cutter was never more heard of. The lot 
ihey were working in cornered with mine near a spot in the Miami 
canal, which is crossed by a high bridge, opposite Mason street. 

A party from Cincinnati made immediate pursuit, with a dog, 
which made out the trace. Cutter had lost one of his shoes, so 
that his tracks could be readily observed in the marshy bottoms 
along the watercourse. The Indians were followed upon full run 
until dark, when the pursuit was given up. It was afterward ascer- 
tained that the savages had halted two miles further out, and en- 
camped for the night. The pursuit was resumed next day, but to 
no purpose. 

On the 1st June, of the same year, Van Cleve, having returned 
to the occupation of his out-lot, and working there, in company 
with two others, the Indians again made their appearance. The 
party took to flight, making their way to the settled parts of Cin- 
cinnati. Two of them made their escape, but Van Cleve, who had 
passed them in the race, and at the time was three hundred yards or 
more in advance, was intercepted at a fallen tree top, by an Indian, 
who sprung on him from behind the ambuscade. Van Cleve was 
seen to throw the savage, and the Indian to plunge a knife twice or 
thrice into the side of his antagonist, but, perceiving the approach 
of the whites, he hastily stript off the scalp and made his escape to 
his party in the rear. When the two fugitives got up, Van Cleve 
was entirely lifeless. 

The same day, a party from the garrison, consisting of Sergeant 
Hahn, a Corporal, and a young man who lived in Colerain, started 
to Dunlap's station on the Miami. They were engaged in driving 
a cow out to that post, and had imprudently fastened a bell to her 



66 EARLY ANNALS. 

neck. On his way the Sergeant called on me and paid me three 
dollars, on account of a blacksmithing bill he owed for some time. 
I said, "You had better pay me more: the Indians will get the 
rest." "Never fear," was his careless reply. In the course of 
two hours afterward, he had a bullet put through him, his scalp 
taken, and the residue of his money carried off. 

These were the last instances in which a savage rifle was fired 
within the present limits of Cincinnati, later depredations being 
connected with the bow and arrow, which enabled them to destroy 
cattle, while prowling through our streets by night, without creating 
an alarm. On one of these visits they shot an arrow, with a stone 
head, into an ox with such force that it went entirely through the 
carcase. Stealing horses from this time until Wayne arrived, in 
1793, constituted the principal injury inflicted by our red brethren 
upon their white neighbors in Cincinnati. 

In the month of August, 1791, a man named Fuller, with his son 
William, a lad of sixteen years of age, or thereabouts, was in the 
employ of John Matson, sr., and in that capacity the Fullers ac- 
companied Matson, a brother of his, and a neighbor, Geo. Cullum, 
to the Big Miami, to build a fish-dam in its waters, at a place about 
two miles from North Bend. Old Fuller sent his son, toward night, 
to take the cows home, and for several days the neighborhood 
turned out to hunt him up, suspecting that he had been taken by 
the Indftins. No trace of him was however obtained, nor anything 
heard of him for nearly four years, when Wayne's treaty afforded 
an opportunity for those who had relatives captured by the Indians, 
to ascertain their fate. Old Fuller, under the hope of learning 
something respecting his son, accompanied a party to Fort Green- 
ville, and spent a week making inquiry among the Indians present, 
but to no purpose. One day, being in conversation with Christo- 
pher Miller, one of Wayne's spies, and who had been taken cap- 
tive himself, in early years, and brought up among the Indians, he 
was describing his son's personal appearance, as being heavy built, 
cross-eyed, and a little lame, when Miller exclaimed, " I can tell 
you where he is." He then went on to say that he had himself 
made him a prisoner, that he knew where he was, and if he would 
come back in three weeks, he would produce him there. Fuller 
returned accordingly, and obtained his son, who accompanied him 
home. 



EARLY ANNALS. 67 

The statement of Miller was, that he was out as a scout on the 
Miami, with two Indians, and the youth, being intent on hunting 
the cows, had got quite near before he observed Miller. When he 
saw him, he attempted to run, fearing that Miller might be an In- 
dian. Miller called out, " Don't run." The boy spoke up and 
said, "Who are you?" "My name is Miller." Young Fuller 
supposed it to be a Thomas Miller, at North Bend, and stood still, 
waiting the other's approach. As it was now dusk, it was not until 
Miller had got nearly up to him, that he perceived his mistake, and 
endeavored to make his escape. Being somewhat lame, he was, 
however, soon overtaken and captured. Miller then gave a whistle 
on his powder charger, when two Indians appeared. They hurried 
the boy across the Miami, the waters of which were quite low at 
the time. After traveling some distance, they encamped for the 
rest of the night. In the morning, the Indians discovering that 
Fuller was lame, and defective in his eyes, were for tomahawking 
him, alleging they could never make a good Indian of him; but 
Miller objected, saying he was his captive. He was taken to one 
of the Indian towns, where he remained until the treaty of 1795. 

He had been a bad boy hitherto, and his residence among the 
savages made no improvement in him. He did no good after get- 
ting home, and, associating with a gang of horse thieves, lost his 
life, not long after, in a marauding expedition made by a party 
into Kentucky. 

I take the following memoranda from a book of field-notes, kept 
by John Dunlop, who appears to have been engaged in the surveys 
of Symmes' purchase, as early as January 8, 1789: 

"Memorandums of sundry circumstances in the Miami purchase, from the 
1st day of May, 1789. 

"May 21st. — Ensign Luse, w'lih. eight soldiers, and some citi- 
zens, going up from North Bend to a place called South Bend, was 
fired on by a party of Indians, the tribe they belonged to we never 
could learn. There were six soldiers killed and wounded, of 
which one died on the spot; another died of his wound, after going 
to the falls of the Ohio for the doctor. There was a young man, 
named John Mills, in the boat, who was shot through the shoulder, 
but by management and care of some squaws, he recovered and 
got perfectly well. 



68 EARLY ANNALS. 

"A copy of the speech brought in by Isaac Freeman, from the Chiefs and 
Warriors of the Mawne towns, to Judge Symmes. 

"'Mawme, July 7, 1789. 

^' 'Brothers! Americans! at the Miami. — Warrioi's! listen to 
us warriors what we have to say. 

" ' Now, Americans! Brothers! — We have heard from you, and 
are glad to hear the good speech you sent us. You have got our 
flesh and blood among you, and we have got yours among us, and 
we are glad to hear that you wish to exchange; we really think 
you want to exchange, and that is the reason we listen to you. 

" *As the Great Spirit has put your flesh and blood into our 
hands, we now deliver them up. 

"*We Warriors, if we can, wish to make peace, and our chiefs 
and yours will then listen to one another. As we warriors speak 
from our hearts, we hope you do so too, and wish you may be of 
one mind, as we are. 

" 'Brothers, Warriors, — When we heard from you that you 
wished to exchange prisoners, we listened attentively, and now 
we send some, as all are not here, nor can be procured at present, 
and, therefore, we hope you will send all ours home, and when we 
see them, it will make us strong to send all yours, which cannot 
now all be got together. 

" 'Brothers, Warriors, — When we say this, it is from our hearts, 
and we hope you do the same; but if our young men should do 
anything wrong before we all meet together, we beg you to over- 
look it. This is the mind of us warriors, and our chiefs are glad 
there is hopes of peace. We hope, therefore, that you are of the 
same mind. 

" 'Brothers, Wari'iors, — It is the warriors who have shut the 
path which your chiefs and ours formerly laid open, but there is 
hopes that the path will soon be cleared, that our wom.en and chil- 
dren may go where they wish in peace, and that yours may do the 
same. 

"'Now, Brothers, Warriors, — You have heard from us; we 
hope you will be strong like us, and we hope there will be nothing 
but peace and friendship between you and us.' 

"The following prisoners came in with Isaac Freeman, viz: 

"John White, taken from Nelson county, Ky. ; Elizabeth Bryant 
and her child, and a child named Ashhy, who were taken from a 



EARLY ANNALS. 69 

boat at the mouth of the Kentucky river — all its friends said to have 
been killed at the time. Two others, who were intended to be 
sent in, ran off" the night before Freeman left their towns, to avoid 
returning to the whites. 

" Of those who would be sent in hereafter, was a 3Trs. Bilder- 
back, whose husband was killed at Mingo Bottom, at the time she 
was made prisoner; also, a soldier in Captain McCurdy's company, 
named Brady. He was with a party guarding a surveyor, when 
made captive. Seven soldiers and several of the inhabitants were 
killed in the attack." 

I find, in reference to my notes on Symmes' settlement at North 
Bend, that he had ten Indian women and children, who, having 
been made prisoners in an expedition from Kentucky to the Indian 
towns, had been placed in his hands by Colonel Robert Patterson, 
for the purpose of exchanging them for white prisoners among the 
savages, as soon as an opportunity would admit. Symmes, who 
had always maintained toward the Indians a pacific policy, sent 
Freeman with a friendly Indian, then on business to North Bend, 
and one of the prisoners, a boy of fifteen, who, speaking English, 
could enable Freeman and the Indian to communicate with each 
other, and Freeman with the Shawanese to whom he was sent. 

Freeman lost his life on a later mission to the Indians, being 
fired on while bearing a flag of truce. 

" September 20th. — The Indians visiting Columbia, at the con- 
fluence of the Little Miami, they tomahawked one boy and took 
another prisoner. They were sons of a 31?'. Seivard, lately from 
New Jersey. On the 30th of the same month, they took another 
prisoner from the same place. 

" On the 12th of December following, a young man, son of John 
Hilliei's, of North Bend, going out in the morning to bring home 
the cows, about half a mile from the garrison, the Indians came 
upon him. They tomahawked and scalped him in a most sur- 
prising manner, took away his gun and hat, and left him lying on 
his back. 

^' On the 17th inst. following, two young men, one named An- 
drew Vaneman, the other, James Lafferty, went on a hunting ex- 
cursion across the river. When they encamped at night, and had 
made a fire, they were surprised by Indians, and fell a sacrifice 
into the hands of the savages, being killed by their first fire. 
They were both shot through the back, between their shoulders, 



70 EARLY ANNALR. 

the bullets coming out under their right arms. The Indians toma- 
hawked and scalped them in a most barbarous manner, stripped 
them of their clothes, and left them lying on their backs quite 
naked, without as much as one thread on them. Next day, my- 
self and six others went over and buried them together in one 
grave. 

" December 29th. — General Harmar arrived at Cincinnati, and 
was received with joy. They fired fourteen cannon at the garri- 
son on his landing. 

"January 1, 1790. — Governor St. Clair arrived. On his arrival, 
they fired fourteen guns; and while he was marching to the garri- 
son, they fired fourteen guns more. As soon as he landed, they 
sent an express for Judge Symmes, who went the next day to see 
him, and appoint civil and military officers for the service and pro- 
tection of the settlement. 

"April 25, 1792. — As Martin Burkhardt, Michael Hahn, and 
Michael Lutz, were viewing some lots at the Blue Bank, they were 
fired on by Indians. Lutz was killed and scalped on the spot, be- 
sides being afterward stabbed in different parts of the body. They 
shot Hahn through the body, and followed him in sight of the gar- 
rison, but, finding they could not get his scalp, they fired at him 
a second time and killed him. Burkhardt was shot through the 
shoulder, and, in an effort to clear himself, took to the river to 
swim, but drowned, and was found at North Bend six weeks after- 
ward". 

"August 14, 1792. — John Macnamara, Isaac Gibson, jr., Samiiel 
Carswell, and James Barrett, were bringing up a hand millstone, 
in a canoe, and at the riffie^ below the station, they were fired at 
by the Indians. Macnamara was killed, Gibson wounded in the 
knee, and Carswell in the shoulder; Barrett being the only one 
escaping without injury." 

I have been furnished the following narrative by the late Judge 
Matson, of North Bend. In the month of January, 1792, General 
Wilkinson being about to set out to St. Clair's battle-ground to bury 
the dead, who had been left there in the disastrous action of the 
4th of November preceding, and bring off valuable public prop- 
erty reported to be still on the spot, made a call for volunteers to 
strengthen his force, which amounted to merely two hundred regu- 
lars. Some one hundred and fifty men, or more, from various 
parts of the county, rendezvoused in Cincinnati. The volunteers 



EAULY ANNALS. 71 

fiom North Bend, of which I was one, were under the command 
of Captain Brice Virgin; and we left that place, some mounted, but 
principally on foot, being promised horses from among those be- 
longing to the United States, which were kept across the river, in 
Kentucky, where Newport now is. There was the heaviest snow 
on the ground ever known within the memory of the whites, which, 
on the day before we started, was increased to two feet in depth. 
The Ohio had been frozen, and so thick was the ice at Cincinnati, 
that all our efforts to open a channel for the flats to bring over the 
horses proved abortive, and they had to be taken up and crossed 
above the mouth of the Little Miami, where the ice was found 
strong enough to bear their weight. As soon as we could be made 
ready, which was on the 25th, the regulars and volunteers set out, 
the late General Harrison, then an Ensign, and lately arrived, being 
one of the officers. We took the old trace, opened by General St. 
Clair. The first night we encamped on the hill, near what is now 
Gary's Academy, this side of Mount Pleasant, and the next arrived 
at Fort Hamilton. Left Hamilton pretty late in the day, and en- 
camped that night at Seven Mile creek, and next day reached Ft. 
Jefferson, then the outside post. Captain Shaylor was in command 
there. 

Here General Wilkinson issued a general order to the effect that 
the severity of the season had compelled him to abandon one object 
of the expedition, the destruction of an Indian town fifteen miles 
below, on a branch of the Wabash, that he would send back the 
regulars to Fort Washington, and that the mounted men would pro- 
ceed to the battle-ground, with the public sled, to bring off such 
of the artillery and other property as might be recovered. We 
encamped next night eight miles this side of the field of battle, 
which last spot we reached the succeeding morning at 11 o'clock. 

On this day's march, and when we were about halfway to the 
battle-field, we arrived where the pursuit had ceased, and on 
counting the number of dead bodies which appeared to have been 
dragged and mutilated by wild beasts, I made it seventy-eight, be- 
tween that spot and the battle-ground. No doubt there were many 
more who, finding themselves disabled, crawled into the woods and 
perished there. 

We were ordered to encamp directly where the artillery, etc., 
had been left, I suppose with the view of beating down the snow 
to facilitate finding what we were in search of. Here we found 



EARLY ANNALS. 



the artillery dismounted, except one piece, a six pounder. Some 
of the carriages had been destroyed, as far as they could be, with 
lire. We brought off that piece and two carriages, with the irons 
of the rest, together with several muskets. We previously buried 
the dead by the fatigue parties digging a large pit, into which as 
many of the dead were thrown as it would contain. We had not 
a sufficiency of spades, etc., to do justice to the undertaking, and 
left great numbers unburied, as we worked little more than the 
residue of that day. The men had been all scalped, and so far as 
their clothing was of much value, all stripped. Hardly one could 
be identified, the bodies being blackened by frost and exposure, 
although there did not appear any signs of decay, the winter having 
set in early, and proving very severe. One corpse was judged, by 
Gen. Gano and others, to have been that of Gen. Richard Butler. 
They had noticed the spot where he fell during the action, and 
entertained little doubt as to his identity. He lay in the thickest 
of the carnage, the bodies on one side actually lying across each 
other in some instances. The pile in the pit was so numerous that 
it raised quite a mound of earth above the surface of the ground 
when we covered it up. The main body had been encamped on a 
large open flat, and the advanced corps of Kentuckians occupied 
timbered ground in front, from which they were driven in by a 
general assault of the savages, who then occupied sheltered ground, 
to pour in a destructive fire on the Americans. Two ravines, one 
on each side of the main encampment, put down to the creek, 
which were also occupied by the Indians, who were thus enabled 
to creep under shelter of the edges to attack their enemies. 

We then traveled to Cincinnati, where the public horses were 
given up, and the troops dispersed home, many of the volunteers 
being frost bitten on the route. 

Most of the pieces of artillery had been carried off, and of course 
escaped our search at the time. Several were afterward found in 
the bed of the creek. One piece, a six pounder, was plowed up 
a number of years after, on the battle-ground, by some person who 
occupied the field, and taken down to Cincinnati and sold for sixty 
dollars to a Captain Joseph Jenkinson, who commanded a volunteer 
artillery corps in the place. 

Most of my readers, are familiar with the narrative of the late 
Oliver M. Spencer, and have read, in various shapes, the account 
of his capture by the Indians, between Cincinnati and Columbia, 



EARLY ANNALS. 73 

while on his way home to the latter settlement, in July, 1792. 
There is a legend connected with that event very current among 
early settlers, which refers to an incident connected with that nar- 
rative, to wit: the escape from those Indians of Mrs. Coleman, by 
her floating down to Cincinnati, supported by her clothes, which 
are stated to have buoyed her up all the way from the scene of 
those events, a distance of four miles. 

A visit to Montgomery, in this county, has given me an oppor- 
tunity to inquire of Mr. Jesse Coleman, son of the lady named, and 
who, at the period referred to, was a boy old enough to know some- 
thing of the circumstances. He is now considerably over seventy, 
and his intellect is clear and strong. lie gave me the following 
statement, which he has repeatedly heard made by his mother, by 
which it appears that the distance she thus floated was not more 
than a mile, and affords some interesting particulars I had never 
known. 

The scenery of the Ohio, between Columbia and Cincinnati, 
was, in those days, truly romantic; scarcely a tree had been cut 
on either side, between the mouth of Crawfish and that of Deer 
creek, a distance of more than four miles. The sand-bar, now ex- 
tending from its left bank, opposite to Sportsman's Hall, was then 
a small island, between which and the Kentucky shore was a nar- 
row channel, with sufficient depth of water for the passage of boats. 
The upper and lower points of this island were bare, but its centre, 
embracing about four acres, was covered with small cotton-wood, 
and surrounded by willows extending along its sides almost down 
to the water's edge. The right bank of the river, crowned with 
its lofty hills, now gradually ascending, and now rising abruptly 
to their summits, and forming a vast amphitheatre, was from Co- 
lumbia, extending down about two miles, very steep, and covered 
with trees quite down to the beach. From thence, nearly opposite 
the foot of the island, its ascent became more gradual, and for two 
miles farther down, bordering the tall trees with which It was cov- 
ered, was a thick growth of willows, through which, in many places, 
it was difficult to penetrate. Below this, the beach was wide and 
stony, with only here and there a small tuft of willows, while the 
wood on the side and top of the bank was more open. Not far 
from this bank and near the line of the present turnpike, was a 
narrow road leading from Columbia to Cincinnati, just wide enough 
for the passage of a wagon, which, winding round the point of the 



74 EARLY ANNALS. 

hill above Deer creek, descended northwardly about four hundred 
feet, and crossing that creek, and in a southerly direction ascend- 
ing gradually its western bank, led along the ground, now Symmes 
street, directly toward Fort Washington, and diverging at the inter- 
section of Lawrence street to the right and left of the fort, entered 
the town. 

The river between Columbia and Cincinnati is thus minutely de- 
scribed, not only to give an idea of its former appearance to those 
who have become residents here since, but also to explain the state- 
ment which Mr. C. gave me. 

Spencer, as he tells us in his own narrative, had got on board a 
canoe at the bank in front of Fort Washington, which was just ready 
to put off from the shore on the afternoon of the 7th of July. It 
was a small craft, and hardly fit to accommodate the party, which 
thus consisted of a Mr. Jacob Light, a Mr. Clayton, Mrs. Coleman, 
young Spencer, a boy of thirteen, and one of the garrison soldiers, 
which last individual, being much intoxicated, lurched from one 
side of the canoe to the other, and finally by the time they had got 
up a short distance above Deer creek, tumbled out, nearly overset- 
ling the whole party. lie then reached the shore, the water not 
being very deep at the spot. Spencer did not know how to swim, 
and had become afraid to continue in the canoe, and was therefore 
at his own request put on shore, where they left the soldier, and 
the party in the boat and Spencer on shore proceeded side by side. 
Light propelled the boat forward with a pole, while Clayton sat 
at the stern with a paddle, which he sometimes used as an oar, 
and sometimes as a rudder, and Mrs. Coleman, a woman of fifty 
years, sat in the middle of the boat. One mile above Deer creek, a 
party of market people, with a woman and child, on board a canoe, 
passed them on their way to Cincinnati. Light and the others had 
rounded the point of a small cove, less than a mile below the foot 
of the island, and proceeded a few hundred yards along the close 
willows here bordering the beach, at about two rods distance from 
the water, when Clayton, looking back, discovered the drunken 
man staggering along the shore, and remarked that he would be 
'^hait for Indians.'''' Hardly had he passed the remark, when two 
rifle shots from the rear of the willows struck Light and his com- 
rade, causing the latter to fall toward the shore, and wounding the 
other by the ball glancing from the oar. The two Indians who had 
fired, instantly rushed from their concealment to scalp the dead 



EARLY ANNALS. 75 

and impede the escape of the living. Clayton was scalped, and 
Spencer, in spite of all his efforts to get off, was made prisoner, 
but Light soon swam out of reach of his pursuers, and Mrs. Cole- 
man, who had also jumped out, preferring to be drowned to falling 
into the hands of Indians, had floated some distance off. The In- 
dians would probably have re-loaded and fired, but the report of 
their rifles brought persons to the opposite shore, and, fearing to 
create further alarm, they decamped with their young prisoner in 
haste, saying, '' squaw must drown." Light had first made for the 
Kentucky shore, but, finding himself drifting under all the exer- 
tions he could make in his crippled state, directed his way out on 
the Ohio side. Mrs. Coleman followed as well as she could, by the 
use of her hands as paddles, and they both got to shore some dis- 
tance below the scene of these events. Light had barely got out 
when he fell, so much exhausted that he could not speak, but after 
vomiting blood at length came to. Mrs. Coleman floated nearly a 
mile, and when she reached the shore, walked down the path to 
Cincinnati, crossed Deer creek at its mouth, holding on to the wil- 
lows which overhung its banks; the water there in those days flow- 
ing in a narrow current that might almost be cleared by a spring 
from one bank to the other. She went direct to Captain Thorp, at 
the artificer's yard, with whose lady she was acquainted, and from 
whom she obtained a change of clothes, and rested a day or two 
there to overcome her fatigue. 

The following narrative I obtained from the lips of Major Jacob 
Fowler, the finest specimen of a western pioneer I ever saw, and 
who died but a short time since at the age of eighty-eight years. 
When I saw him last, at the age of eighty-four, he could see to 
read without spectacles, all his teeth were perfect, and not a gray 
hair in his head; his step was still firm, and his form erect: 

In 1789, I engaged in a trading expedition to Marietta and 
Kanawha, with one Benjamin Hulin. We loaded a flatboat with 
whisky, cider, and store goods. These we sold out at Kanawha 
and on Elk river, one of its branches, and leaving Hulin at Point 
Pleasant, I set out for Cincinnati, which had been laid out a few 
months before. Here I found Major Doughty engaged in building 
Fori Washington, after having put up four block houses opposite 
the mouth of Licking river. My motive for stopping* there, was to 
see Matthe\^, a young brother, who had become one of the set- 
tlers under Ludlow, Patterson, and Denman. I found my brother 



76 EARLY ANNALS. 

there, owning an in and out-lot, and entered with him into a con- 
tract to supply the town and garrison with meat. This continued 
for some time, until the contractor fell behind in his payments, and 
the town increasing in population, we found sufficient market there, 
together with what was bought by General Harmar, and a few of 
the officers who knew what good living was, and were fond of it. 
We were paid 2d per pound for buffalo and bear meat, and 2^d for 
venison. This was Pennsylvania currency, seven shillings and 
sixpence to the dollar. The skins and hides we sold to a tanner, 
Archer, I think, by name. His tan-yard was where Jesse Hunt 
afterward followed the business. We got our pay from the con- 
tractor finally, in goods, at a high price; and Captain Pratt, who 
bought on the officers' account, paid us in gold. 

The place was called Cincinnati when I first saw it, although 
the giving of that name is said to have been done by St. Clair after- 
ward. I am positive of the fact. At that time, there appeared 
forty or fifty cabins in the town, and but one or two stone chimneys 
among them all. The timber on the site of the built parts had 
been a heavy growth of sugartree, beech, and oak, with a few 
black walnuts, mostly large, and the cabins were surrounded with 
standing timber, as well as with large butts of logs, considered too 
difficult and unprofitable to split, and which were therefore left to 
decay. The corners of the streets, as far as practicable, were 
blazed on the trees. 

Our hunting-ground was usually some ten or fifteen miles in the 
interior of Kentucky. Occasionally we hunted on Mill creek, four 
or five miles from the town, where there was a good supply of 
game. Our usual crossing-places from Kentucky, were at Yeat- 
man or Sycamore street cove, or at the stone landing, a cove higher 
up, so called because the stone wanted for Fort Washington was 
landed there. 

Next spring I went up the river to collect what money re- 
mained due on my trading adventure to Elk creek, which I failed 
to accomplish that time, and did not get my pay till the succeeding 
year. On my return to Point Pleasant, I found my old partner, 
Hulin, who had made his way, on the day before, from the Upper 
Kanawha, having effected a narrow escape from the savages a few 
miles outside of Point Pleasant. He was making his way toward 
town along the hill which skirts the Kanawha, on the opposite side, 
when he was discovered by a party of five or six Indians. The 



EARLY ANNALS. 77 

path wound down the hill, which is very steep just at that spot, 
nearly doubling the direct distance to Point Pleasant, but finding 
no readier way of escape, and the thicket of the woods hindering 
the view of the whole danger before him, he sprang off a precipice 
and fell through the top of a large buckeye, which grew on the 
side of the bank, so high as to reach the level of the hill top, 
making a plunge of fifty-five feet, four inches, as measured with a 
tape-line by Colonel Thomas Wilson and myself the next day. 
He alighted on a slope of damp ground, which broke his fall, but 
the impulse sent him forward two additional descents, one of 
seventeen feet, and the other of ten feet more. By the time he 
had finished his last jump, he was up to his knees in the soft mud 
of the river bottom, but he contrived to extricate himself, and to 
push on to the crossings, limping very badly for the first quarter 
of a mile. His calls then brought out some of the town^s people to 
his assistance. His clothes were torn, and his limbs were scratched 
by the fall, and it was more than a month before he got over its 
effects. The Indians, warned by his disappearance, crept cau- 
tiously to the edge, and declined following him further. One of 
them had pushed on lower down the hill, and there found a hollow 
taking down in the proper direction for pursuit; but seeing Hulin 
keeping on apparently unhurt, he gave up the chase and returned 
to his companions. Had* the others then followed that route, 
there can be no doubt they would have overtaken him before 
he could have reached the river in the crippled state in which he 
then was. 

When I reached Point Pleasant, I saw Lewis Whetzel ranging 
the town as freely and unconcerned as though he had been on his 
own farm; while at the same time there was a large reward offered 
for his apprehension by General Harmar. AVhile I remained there, 
Lieutenant Kingsbury, in scouting about town, met Whetzel unex- 
pectedly. Lewis halted with great firmness in the path, leaving 
the Lieutenant to choose what course he pleased, feeling himself 
ready and prepared for whatever might be. Kingsbury, a brave 
man himself, had too much good will to such a gallant spirit as 
Whetzel to attempt his injury, if it were safe to do so. He con- 
tented himself with shouting to him, ^^Get out of my sight, you 
Indian killer !'''' and Lewis, who was implacable only to the sav- 
ages, retired slowly and watchfully, as a lion draws off, measuring 
his steps in the presence of the hunters, and as ready to avoid 



78 EARLY ANNALS. 

danger unnecessarily as to seek it when duty called him to act. 
Lewis had made his escape but a short time before from Marietta, 
with handcuffs on, and when he saw an acquaintance of his, Isaac 
Wiseman by name, fishing in a canoe, not daring to swim the river 
in that condition, nor to call to the opposite shore, for fear of being 
within hearing of some of the party in pursuit, waved his hat with 
his hands, until he succeeded in attracting his attention and assist- 
ance to escape. 

Once on the Virginia side, he feared nothing, as he indeed had 
none but well-wishers there, who would have shed their blood, if 
necessary, in his defence. Years, however, had to elapse, and 
Harmar to return to Philadelphia, before Wiseman dared acknowl- 
edge the service, the whole country being under military rule, and 
no civil authority at that time to interfere. 

I returned to Cincinnati in the summer of 1791. Harmar's ex- 
pedition had occurred during my absence up the river, but I found 
General St. Clair just starting off to give the Indians battle, and 
break up their stations. St. Clair was a good tactician of the old 
school, but unfitted for Indian fighting; knowing, indeed, nothing 
of the savages, their character, nor mode of warfare. 

In the summer of 1791, General St. Clair set out on his unfor- 
tunate enterprise. I had accompanied the army with a view of 
supplying game to help out with what I knew would be an inade- 
quate supply, — the public rations; and was engaged in dressing 
deer skins, at Fort Hamilton, for moccasins, which were in request 
for the troops, when I received the unsolicited appointment from 
the General of Assistant Surveyor to John S. Gano, then command- 
ing the surveys. St. Clair had about twenty-four hundred men in 
force, the United States regulars being commanded by Major 
Hamtramck, and the residue, who were enlisted for six months in 
this service, were placed under the command of General Richard 
Butler, of Pittsburg. We marched as far as the site of Fort Jefler- 
son, and built the fort. Leaving Major Shaylor in command, we 
marched thence to Greenville, six miles, and encamped at the 
bank of the creek there, and halted three or four days to build a 
bridge over it. On the evening after the bridge was built. General 
St. Clair directed me to meet Captain Lemmon and his company, 
of Kentucky, at the end of the bridge, at daybreak next morning, 
and accompany him on an exploration after the Indians, of some 
twenty miles on a northwest course. It was in my post of surveyor 



EARLY ANNALS. 79 

that I was attached to this corps to direct its route. Accompanied 
by two trusty scouts, I preceded the party. 

After accomplishing nearly the allotted distance, we spied a 
smoke before us, and came, before we were aware, on a party of 
savages. Our route lay through a rich wet land, and the weeds, 
w^hich were breast high, had hid the party from our eyes, and 
served also to conceal our approach as we crept up cautiously to 
reconnoitre. Having previously arranged our mode of proceeding, 
one of the scouts was dispatched back to the Captain, with the un- 
derstanding that as soon as his party heard us fire, they were to 
rush up to our support. The other scout and myself then took a 
tree not forty yards from the Indians. It was a large white-oak, 
live or six feet across, affording us ample room and protection, one 
on each side of it. I had never fired at a man before, and while I 
was steadying my rifle, which shook in my hands from the momen- 
tary excitement of the scene, one of the Kentuckians, in the rear, 
fired into where he must have judged, by the smoke, that they lay, 
but from such a distance as to make it a perfect random shot. The 
Indians sprang to their feet, and disappeared in an instant. We 
followed as far as we could, but as they ran for their lives, unin- 
cumbered by anything, they escaped. 

Returning from the pursuit, we found venison stuck up all 
around the fire, and moccasins, leggings, blankets, and even some 
of their shot pouches, which they had left upon their springing up, 
so effectual had been the surprise. We now heard guns fired in 
front, probably as signals, for they were directly answered in 
greater numbers; and, addressing the Captain, I observed that if 
we meant to find Indians, we need not go a step further, and if we 
valued our lives, we had not a minute to lose in making our escape, 
for I was convinced that the main body of them, several hundreds, 
as I judged by the sound and direction of the firing, were just at 
our elbows. We struck a course due west, so as not to return by 
the track we had made on our way out, which would have beaten 
such a trace as would have enabled them to follow us, even after 
dark. We pursued this course till about 10 o'clock, at which time 
we left six of our party concealed behind a large log to ascertain 
if we were pursued, while we were to move a short distance fur- 
ther on, and encamp for the night. We told them we would finish 
the cooking of the venison, and save their share till they got up, 
which they were instructed to do by midnight, if they saw or heard 



80 EARLY ANNALS. 

nothing to alarm them before. We encamped accordingly, and as 
the Indians had not made their appearance, we were confident 
they were waiting for daylight to find our trail. 

I was so exasperated with the militiaman for his exposing us to 
all this danger and fatigue, that I was for having him punished on 
the spot; but the Captain, whose authority was only nominal, told 
me privately that I might complain of him to the General, but that 
we could do nothing with him there. 

As we approached the encampment of the army, we met a party 
of five Kentuckians, who were on a hunt. We advised them to 
return, alleging that the Indians were in force, and we did not 
know how near us. They paid no attention to the advice, and had 
not gone far before they were fired on, and four out of the five 
were 'dlled by the savages. 

The army marched next day on an Indian trail, which we fol- 
lowed until it bore too far north, when we left it, bearing farther 
west. At the next encampment we made, there were new arrivals 
from Cincinnati, and word was brought us that my brothers, Ed- 
ward and Matthew, had been attacked near Fort Hamilton, by 
Indians, and Matthew killed. They had two horses with them, 
loaded with venison and deer skins. Edward made his escape on 
foot, unwounded, but the horses, with the skins and meat, fell into 
the hands of the Indians. We next encamped at Stillwater creek, 
and thence eight miles further to where the battle was fought. 

It will hardly be believed, although an absolute fact, that St. 
Clair kept out no scouting parties during his march, with the 
single exception of the one on which I was detached, and this, 
too, for the last three days, when he knew we were in the Indian 
country, and ought to have been aware, as well as I was, that they 
were on our skirts all the time, and we should have been com- 
pletely surprised by the attack, when it was made, if it had not 
been that volunteer scouting parties from the militia were out the 
evening before, and the constant discharge of rifles through the 
night, warned us to prepare for the event. The militia were en- 
camped about a quarter of a mile in front of the residue of the 
army, so as to receive, as they did, the first shock of the attack, 
which was made a little after daybreak. 

The camp was on the bank of a small creek, one of the heads 
of the Wabash river; the ground was nearly level, and covered 
with a heavy growth of timber. As surveyor, I drew the rations 



EARLY ANNALS. 81 

and pay of a subaltern, but as an old hunter, was not disposed to 
trust myself among the Indians without my rifle; indeed I found it 
very serviceable on the march in procuring game, the army being 
upon not more than half rations the whole campaign. 

My stock of bullets becoming pretty low from hunting, as soon 
as it was daylight that morning, I had started for the militia-camp 
to get a ladle for running some more, when I found that the battle 
had begun, and met the militia running in to the main body of the 
troops. I hailed one of the Kentuckians, who I found had been 
disabled in the right wrist by a bullet, asking him if he had balls 
to spare. He told me to take out his pouch and divide with him. 
I poured out a double handful, and put back what I supposed to be 
half, and was about to leave him, when he said: "Stop; you had 
better count them." It was no time for laughing, but I could 
hardly resist the impulse to laugh; the idea was so ludicrous, of 
counting a handful of bullets, when they were about to be so 
plenty as to be had for the picking up, by those who should be 
lucky enough to escape with their lives. " If we get through this 
day's scrape, my dear fellow," said I, " I will return you twice as 
many." But I never saw him again, and supposed he shared the 
fate which befel many a gallant spirit on that day. I owe the bul- 
lets, at any rate, at this moment. 

On returning to the lines, I found the engagement begun. One 
of Captain Piatt's men lay near the spot I had left, shot through 
the belly. I saw an Indian behind a small tree, not twenty steps 
off, just outside the regular lines. He was loading his piece, 
squatting down as much as possible to screen himself. I drew 
sight at his butt, and shot him through. He dropped, and as soon 
as I had fired, I retreated into our lines to re-load my rifle. Find- 
ing the fire had nearly ceased, at this point, I ran to the rear line, 
where I met Colonel Darke, leading his men to a charge. These 
were of the six months' levies. I followed with my rifle. The 
Indians were driven by this movement clear out of sight, and the 
Colonel called a halt, and rallied his men, who were about three 
hundred in number. As an experienced woodsman and hunter, I 
claimed the privilege of suggesting to the Colonel, that where we 
then stood, there being a pile of trees blown out of root, would 
form an excellent breastwork, being of sufficient length to protect 
the whole force, and that we might need it. I judged by the 
shouting and firing, that the Indians behind us had closed up the 



82 EARLY ANNALS. 

gap we had made in charging, and told the Colonel so. " Now, if 
we return and charge on the Indians on our rear, we shall have 
them with their backs on us, and will no doubt be able to give a 
good account of them." " Lead the way, then,'' said he, and rode 
to the rear to march the whole body forward. We then charged 
on the Indians, but they were so tbick we could do nothing with 
them. In a few minutes they were around us, and we found our- 
selves alongside of the army baggage and the artillery, which they 
had taken possession of. I then took a tree, and after firing twelve 
or fourteen times, two or three rods being my furthest shot, I dis- 
covered that many of those I had struck were not brought down, 
as I had not sufficient experience to know that I must shoot them 
in the hip to bring them down. As to the regulars with their mus- 
kets, and in their unprotected state, it was little better than firing 
at random. 

By this time there were but about thirty men of Colonel Darke's 
command left standing, the rest being all shot down and lying 
around us, either killed or wounded. I ran to the Colonel, who 
was in the thickest of it, waving his sw^ord to encourage his men, 
and told him we should all be cut down in five minutes more, if we 
did not charge on them. " Charge, then!" said he to the little line 
that remained, and they did so. Fortunately the army had charged 
on the other side at the same time, which put the Indians, for the 
moment, to (light. I had been partially sheltered by a small tree, 
but a couple of Indians, who had taken a larger one, both fired at me 
at once, and feeling the steam of their guns at the belly, I supposed 
myself cut to pieces. But no harm had been done, and I brought 
my piece to my side, and fired, without aiming, at the one that 
stood his ground, the fellow being so close to me that I could 
hardly miss him. I shot him through the hips, and while he was 
crawling away on ail fours. Col. Darke, who had been dismounted, 
and stood close by me, made at him with his sword, and struck his 
head off. By this time the cock of my rifle's lock had worn loose, 
and gave me much trouble, and meeting with an acquaintance from 
Cincinnati, named McClure, who had no gun of his own, but picked 
up one from a militiaman, I told him my difficulty. "There is a 
first-rate rifle," said he, pointing to one at a distance. I ran and 
got it, having ascertained that my bullets would fit it. 

Here I met Captain J. S. Gano, who was unarmed, and handing 
him the rifle I had gone into battle with, observed to him that we 



EARLY ANNALS. 83 

were defeated, and would have to make our own escape as speedily 
as possible; that if we got off we should need the rifles for subsist- 
ence in the woods. The battle still raged, and at one spot might 
be seen a party of the soldiers gathered together, doing nothing, 
and having nothing to do but present mere marks for the enemy; 
they appeared stupified and bewildered with the danger. At an- 
other spot the soldiers had broken into the marquees of the officers, 
eating the breakfast from which these had been called into battle. 
It must be recollected that neither officers nor men had eaten any- 
thing the whole morning. Some of the men were shot down in the 
very act of eating. Just where I stood, there were no Indians 
visible, although their rifle balls were striking all around. At last 
I saw an Indian break for a tree, about forty yards off, behind 
which he loaded and fired four times, managing to bring down his 
man every fire, and with such quickness as to give me no chance 
to take sight in the intervals of his firing. At length I got a range 
of two inches inside his backbone, and blazed away — down he fell, 
and I saw no more of him. 

A short time after, I heard the cry given by St. Clair and his 
Adjutant, Sargent, to charge to the road, which was accordingly 
done. I ran across the army to where I had left my relative, Capt. 
Piatt, and told him that the army was broken up, and in full retreat. 
" Don't say so," he replied, " you will discourage my men, and I 
can't believe it." I persisted a short time, when, finding him ob- 
stinate, I said, " If you will rush on your fate, in God's name do 
it." I then ran off toward the rear of the army, which was making 
off rapidly. Piatt called to me, saying, "Wait for me." It was no 
use to stop, for by this time the savages were in full chase, and 
hardly twenty yards behind me. Being uncommonly active in 
those days, I soon got from the rear to the front of the troops, al- 
though I had great trouble to avoid the bayonets of the guns which 
the men had thrown off in their retreat, with the sharp points toward 
the pursuers. 

The retreat began about 1 o'clock, the battle having lasted about 
three hours and ten minutes. It has been stated that the Indians 
followed us thirty miles, but this is not true. The distance was 
not more than six, and my duty as surveyor having led me to mark 
the miles, every day, as we proceeded on our march out, it was 
easy to ascertain how far we were pursued. The Indians, after 
every other fire, fell back to load their rifles, and regained lost 



34 EARLY ANNALS. 

time by running on afresh. Wearied out at length, and anxious 
for plundering, they returned to the baggage, artillery, camp- 
stores, etc., which had been abandoned on the battle-ground to 
their fate. Here they finished their work by scalping the dead, 
and those of the wounded who had been too much disabled to 
escape. Even during the last charge of Colonel Darke, the bodies 
of the dead and the dying were around us, and the freshly-scalped 
heads were reeking with smoke, and in the heavy morning frost 
looked like so many pumpkins in a cornfield in December. It was 
on the 4th of November, and the day severely cold for the season; 
my fingers became so benumbed, at times, that I had to take the 
bullets into my mouth and load from it, while I had to take the 
wiping-stick in my hand to force them down. 

We came on to Fort Jeflerson, and six miles beyond it we met 
Colonel Hamtrarack, who had been detached to hurry on the pro- 
visions, as well as to escort them in safety, to the camp. He had 
five or six hundred men under his command. Hearing the firing, 
he had abandoned the business he was sent on, and was making a 
forced march to the field of battle, when he was met by the whole 
body in retreat. 

The following narrative was gathered from the lips of several 
individuals concerned in the pioneer struggle to which it relates. 

In the early settlement of Hamilton co., as the settlers advanced 
into the interior, leaving that protection which the garrison of Fort 
Washington afforded the infant town of Cincinnati^ they were com- 
pelled, as a means of safety, to form stations of a few cabins con- 
tiguous to each other, and connected with palisade stakes around 
the inclosed ground, usually a very limited space. One of these 
defences, perhaps the feeblest of all, was White'^s Station, so 
named after Captain Jacob White, the most active member of the 
little settlement. It was located about half a mile southeast of the 
present village of Carthage, and may be described as follows: 

It embraced some half dozen cabins, three of which were on 
each side of Mill creek, and close to the creek banks. One of the 
cabins on the southeast side of the creek was built block-house 
fashion, and was surrounded by a log fence, made rather for the 
purpose of shutting out hogs and cattle, than for defence. This 
was occupied by Captain White himself. The other two on the 
same side of the creek, belonged, one to Andrew Goble, the other 
to old Mr. Flinn and family, two of his sons — stout young men — 



EARLY ANNALS. 85 

Stephen and Benjamin Flinn, forming a part of it. On the oppo- 
site side of the creek, resided Andrew Pryor, John S. Wallace, 
and a man named Winans. Wallace, with his family, was absent 
at Cincinnati on the day the attack was made. 3Irs. 3Ioses Pryor, 
a widow, whose husband had been killed by the Indians, in 1792, 
resided, with her three children, in the family of her brother-in-law, 
Andrew Pryor, already alluded to — the whole male force of the 
station consisting of six men and one boy of twelve years, Provi- 
dence White, the last son of Captain White, yet living and resident 
now in Missouri. 

On the morning of the 19th of October, 1793, an express, dis- 
patched by General Wayne, passed the station on its way to Cin- 
cinnati, with the intelligence of the defeat of Lieutenant Lowry, 
with his command, about thirty miles north of Fort Ilamilton. 

This of course greatly alarmed the inhabitants of the station, and 
put them on their guard. Nothing, however, had any tendency to 
increase that feeling until that night. The dogs belonging to the 
station had been observed barking incessantly for some time before 
night, on a hill about three or four hundred yards out in the woods. 
Half an hour before sundown, probably, Andrew Goble proposed 
to some of the men to go out and see whether the dogs had not 
treed a raccoon. White objected to any persons leaving the sta- 
tion, as he thought it might be Indians at which the dogs were 
barking, and issued his orders accordingly, that no man should 
leave his premises. Goble, however, being rather fool-hardy than 
prudent, put out about sundown, saying that he would have the 
coon, Indians or no Indians. He had hardly left the station more 
than half the distance to the dogs, when he received a volley from 
the rifles of the savages, and fell pierced, as it was afterward dis- 
covered, by a dozen balls. 

The Indians, who, if they had not been disturbed, would doubt- 
less have concealed themselves, according to their usual habit, until 
daybreak, now burst forth from their covert, under cover of the 
banks of the creek, and fired at two little children which belonged 
to the widow Pryor, and had been playing on the north side of the 
creek. One was shot dead on the spot, and the other ran as fast 
as possible to its parent's dwelling. The mother, who had seen 
what was passing, rushed out on the first alarm, seized the dead 
body and returned instantly to aid the other in its flight. Just as 
she overtook and was about to seize it, a rifle ball struck the child, 



86 EARLY ANNALS. 

and it fell mortally wounded. She succeeded, however, in reaching 
her cabin with the children, which, by this time, were both lifeless. 
The Indians were obliged to retreat from the creek bank, as they 
were exposed to the fire of both Winans' and Pryor's cabins, and 
if they had crossed the creek to take shelter under the other bank, 
they would have been exposed to the fire of the block-house: they 
accordingly withdrew for a few minutes to the high ground, and 
then, returning, made an assault on the block-house. 

The savages were led by a very large Indian, who came on in 
advance of his comrades, springing forward and yelling at every 
jump he made. He succeeded in getting inside the log fence, 
when he was shot dead by Captain White. His followers, seeing 
their leader fall, retreated immediately, and kept at a more respect- 
ful distance. This was the only attack on the station itself, al- 
though a fire was kept up by the Indians for two hours or more. 
Of course, even if they had been within striking distance, none of 
the bullets from the settlers could reach them in the dark. While 
on their retreat from the station, several of the savages had been 
seen to fall victims to the rifles of the whites in making the first 
onset, but no dead bodies were found afterward by the whites, 
except that of the leader, who fell within the inclosure, and whose 
body was too heavy to lift over the substantial fence around the 
block-house. The bodies of whoever else might have been killed, 
were carried off and concealed by burial at the first leisure of the 
Indians. 

As soon as it was dark, Andrew Pry or and Winans brought 
their families over the creek to the block-house, and Pryor, mount- 
ing a horse, started oft' to Fort Washington for assistance. Ten 
dragoons, each of whom had an infantryman mounted behind him, 
were dispatched and returned as fast as possible to the station. 
They were accompanied by John S. Wallace, who reproached 
himself for being absent at the attack, although without cause, as 
the assault was entirely unexpected when he left for Cincinnati. 

The party reached the station unmolested; but the Indians, it 
appeared, had finally withdrawn. They were judged by the tracks 
to be forty in number; and had they not been ignorant of the weak- 
ness of the party defending the station, might have easily carried 
their point. 

Capt. White survived to the advanced age of ninety, in compara- 
tive vigor of mind and body — a fine specimen of the early pioneers. 



EARLY ANNALS. 87 

In the spring of 1794, John Ludlow, who, with his brother Israel, 
had been residing in Cincinnati, left that place to take possession 
of his farm, near the junction of the old Hamilton road, and the 
Hill road to Carthage. The inhabitants of Cincinnati were still 
under the apprehension of Indian hostilities, inspired by Loicry\s 
defesit, neRT Eato?i, Preble county, on the 17lh of October, 1793, 
and the attack on White'' s Station, just narrated. As a measure 
of prudence and precaution, Israel Ludlow, with the company of 
militia under his command, accompanied his brother. Jacob White, 
of the station which bore his name, was of the party; the Ludlow 
farm being on the direct route to White's Station, which was half a 
mile from Carthage. The party reached the farm in safety, and com- 
menced unloading the wagon; White, with a sick horse in charge, 
proceeded on alone. When be was within two hundred yards 
of what has since been called Bloody run, he heard the firing of 
rifles, and discovered in a few minutes a party of pack horsemen, 
four in number, who had been waylaid and fired on by the savages. 
One was killed on the spot, being found lying in the run, which 
received its name from this circumstance. He had been toma- 
hawked and scalped. Another had been mortally wounded, who 
made out to reach Abner Boston^s, at Ludlow'' s ford, on Mill creek, 
where he died. A third was slightly wounded, and the fourth 
escaped unhurt. White left the horse, and returned to Ludlow 
and his party. Pursuit by the whole company was immediately 
made, and the Indians, supposed by their trail to be five or six in- 
dividuals, were followed two or three miles, when the chase was 
given up, and the party returned and buried the dead man on the 
road side. 

The remains of this poor fellow were plowed up three or four 
years since by Solomon Burkhalter, while employed in widening 
and improving the public road. The bones were carefully gathered 
and laid aside, and a hole being dug for the purpose, beneath the 
ditch of the road, they were deposited immediately under the spot 
where they originally lay. 

One of the few marble monuments in the Presbyterian burying- 
ground, on Twelfth street, has been erected to the memory of one 
of the early business men of this region, and, in some sense, one 
of the pioneers of the west. I refer to Colonel Robert Elliott, who, 
in connection with Colonel Eli Williams, of Hagerstown, Md., was 
one of the several contractors of supplies for Wayne's army, on his 



88' EARLY ANNALS. 

march to the Indian country. Various incorrect accounts having 
been published of the circumstances attending his death, I put 
upon record the following from an authentic source, and which I 
believe is the truth in the premises. 

Colonel Elliott was a native of Pennsylvania; had settled in 
Hagerstown, and at the period to which I am about to refer, 1794, 
was out west superintending the deliveries of his contracts. He left 
Fort Hamilton, accompanied by a waiter, taking what is now called 
the Winton road, to Cincinnati. On reaching about four miles of 
his journey, he was fired on by savages, in ambush, and killed. 
He fell from his horse, which made his way back to Hamilton, fol- 
lowed by the servant upon the other horse. 

Elliott was an uncommonly large man, being both tall and heavy, 
and weighed nearly three hundred pounds. He wore a wig, which 
of course came off, under the application of the scalping-knife, 
without exhibiting marks of blood, to the great surprise of the In- 
dians, who viewed it as a great imposition, and spoke of it after- 
ward as '^ a d — d lie." 

The horse was a remarkable one, worth one hundred and twenty 
dollars in those days, when it required a good horse to bring seventy- 
five dollars. He was a dark brown, but just where a pillion would 
have been fastened to the saddle, and exactly corresponding with 
it in size and shape, was a space entirely white. 

Elliott's body was boxed up and put into his own wagon, and sent 
the next day to Cincinnati for burial, the waiter accompanying it, 
and riding the Colonel's horse. Nearly, if not exactly, where El- 
liott had been killed the day before, a ball from Indians in ambush 
killed the servant also, the horse escaping, as before, to Hamilton, 
and the wagoner flying for his life. The box was broken open by 
the savages in expectation of it containing something of value. It 
was left, on discovering the contents, only the wagon-horses being 
carried off. 

A party w^as then detached from the fort, which delivered the 
body at Fort Washington, and it was buried in the usual burying- 
ground, at the corner of Main and Fourth streets. 

Many years after, his son. Commodore Jesse D. Elliott, then on a 
visit to this city, having ascertained the place of his interment, re- 
moved the body to the present burial-ground of the First Presby- 
terian Society, erecting, as the tablet itself states, the monument to 
the memory of his father. Colonel Elliott. 



EAHLY ANNALS. 89 

Ellison E. Williams, who wa» yet living in Covington, Ky., as 
late as 1848, gave me his recollections of pioneer events, as fol- 
lows: In 1795, soon after the defeat of the Indians by General 
Wayne, I started for Detroit, where my brother William had been 
working for some time. My main business was to sell a stud 
horse there. I succeeded in obtaining five hundred dollars in 
cash and trade for the beast. A part of the trade was a first-rate 
gelding, the finest brute I ever owned, and for which I got, at 
Dayton, afterward, one hundred and fifty-five dollars, although half 
the money would buy a pretty good horse in those days. 

My brother accompanied me on my way home to Cincinnati. 
At Fort Defiance, we fell in with an old man, a cripple, who also 
kept company with us. When we got within ten or twelve miles 
of Dayton, which had been just laid out, and a few houses built 
there, we encamped, turned our horses loose to graze, and pre- 
pared to cook a meals-victuals, and rest ourselves. While I was 
kindling a fire for this purpose, I heard the old man, who had oc- 
casion to turn aside into the brush, call out that the Indians were 
catching our horses. The horses were in the high weeds and 
brush; the weeds being as high as themselves, we could not see 
them at a short distance. As I ran up, I saw an Indian who had 
caught my gelding, trying to mount him, but to no purpose. I 
stepped forward, laid my hands on the back of Ins shoulders, and 
jerked him heels over head. The villain struck me twice with his 
butcher-knife, and cut me through the arm with great violence. I 
knocked him down with my fist and stamped on him, and but for 
the persuasions of my party, would have killed him. My brother 
was about to interpose in an early period of the scuffle, when the 
other Indian leveled his rifle at him, exclaiming in very good Eng- 
lish, "Zre/ them fight it out^ Our whole party were unarmed, not 
apprehending any trouble; and it was almost a miracle that we all 
got off alive and safe from the Indians, who both had riiles. 

Before this, however, and in the fall of 1790, I had volunteered 
in Harmar's expedition, and was on my road, when my horse, de- 
scending a piece of hill ground, got one foot entangled among the 
roots of a tree, and in his efforts to extricate himself, fell and broke 
his leg. In the fall I was so much hurt as to confine me to bed 
for two weeks, before I could again walk. 

Next year my brother James and myself volunteered with St. 
Clair, among the troops from Kentucky, and continued with him 



90 EARLY ANNALS. 

till the defeat. I assisted in building Forts Hamilton, and Jeffer- 
son, and Greenville. I was not in the battle, being detached, with 
the troops under Maj. Hamtramck, back to Fort Hamilton to escort 
on the provisions, clothing, etc., of which the army stood in want. 
When we had nearly reached, on our return, the place where we 
had left the army, we met the flying stragglers. I then returned 
to Kentucky. 

Wayne sent on troops, in 1792, and came on himself, in 1793, 
and encamped his entire force at "i?o&50ft'5 C'Aoz'ce," a strip of dry 
ground above Mill creek, reaching, at its upper range, somewhere 
about the present gas works, and started thence about the 1st of 
August. James and I were sent for as old Indian fighters, and a 
corps of about sixty-live scouts was formed and put under the com- 
mand of Captain Ephraim Kibby, of Columbia. We moved on the 
line of forts already constructed, built Fort Recovery — St. Clair's 
battle-ground — Fort Wayne, in the forks of the Maumee, and Fort 
Defiance, on the Auglaize. We then went on to the rapids of the 
Maumee, where Wayne defeated the Indians. Here, again, I es- 
caped the battle, although less danger was incurred in it than usual 
in Indian fights, the regulars having driven the enemy with such 
spirit, and at such a rate, that the volunteers, and especially the 
mounted men, who were compelled to take an extensive circuit to 
get round the fallen timbers where the charge was made, were not 
able to overtake either the pursuers or pursued, who were driven 
two miles on a fun at the point of the bayonet. Captain Kibby's 
company had been detached across the river to scour the woods, 
and rouse the Indians, who were supposed to be concealed on that 
side, and likely to endanger the rear of the American troops, as 
they could easily have crossed by wading the ripple above the 
rapids. It appeared, however, that there were none at that place. 

I returned home, being regularly discharged. There was hardly 
any money in circulation. A few of the officers drew enough lo 
pay their expenses home, but the private soldiers and volunteers 
did not get their pay for many months afterward. 

In 1850, I had the pleasure of bringing together, after a separa- 
tion of sixty years, two of the surviving defenders of Dunlap's 
Station, which, it will be remembered, was attacked by the Girtys, 
and a large body of savages, on the 7th February, 1791. These 
were William Wiseman, Orderly-sergeant to Lieutenant Kingsbury, 
who commanded on that occasion, and Samuel Halui, who, with 



EARLY ANNALS. 91 

his father, mother, four brothers, and three sisters, formed one of 
the families which were invested in the fort. Wiseman was nearly 
twenty-one, and Hahn between thirteen and fourteen years of age 
at the time — the first being, in 1850, in his eighty-first year, and 
the other over seventy-three. Both were of uncommon vigor of 
mind and body, for their respective ages. Wiseman is since dead, 
but Hahn still survives, residing at Newtown, in this county. 

The narrative they gave of that interesting scene, differs in many 
particulars from the popular version of the event, and as I had an 
opportunity of conversing with both before they had seen each 
other, I found that they corresponded to a degree which corrobo- 
rated both statements. I give the personal narrative of Wiseman 
as a matter of preference in his own words, proposing to follow it 
with that of Mr. Hahn. 

I was born February 10, 1770, in St. Mary^s county, Md., and 
on the Chesapeake Bay, where I resided for some years of my 
minority. In 1786, I left, in company with my elder brother, 
Robert, to reside in Hagerstown. In the fall of 1790, I enlisted 
in the United States service, in the company of Capt. Alexander 
Truman, who afterward lost his life while bearing a flag of truce 
to the Indians. I had been at the residence o^ Dr. Jacob Schnebly, 
and found Captain Truman enlisting soldiers to go to the west. I 
had long contemplated a visit to that land of promise, and thought 
I could never see it under more favorable circumstances than pre- 
sented themselves at this time. I accosted the Captain, therefore, 
and inquired of him if he did not want another soldier? He re- 
plied that it was out of his power to take me, for he had neither 
arms, ammunition, nor clothing for another recruit. I was about 
withdrawing, when he called me back, and told me that he had a 
great mind to take me any how, in my citizens' clothes, and that I 
should be supplied with rations from his own table. He promised, 
also, that if I would behave myself as I ought, he would be a fathei 
to me. I agreed to this arrangement, and started with the rest, 
reaching Cincinnati \\i December, 1790. We reported ourselves at 
Fort Washington, on our arrival, to General Harmar, who com- 
manded that post. As one of the youngest men in the army, I was 
soon put on active duty. The settlers at Dunlap's Station, on the 
Great Miami, had complained to General Harmar of Indian dep- 
redations, and even massacre, and asked a detachment for their 
protection, being in momentary expectation of an attack from the 



92 EARLY ANNALS. 

savages. David Gibson, one of the settlers, had been taken 
prisoner, and Tfiomas Larrison and William Crum chased at the 
peril of their lives into the fort or station, and the inhabitants hardly 
dared venture out after their cows, as they strayed off into the 
woods. Accordingly, General Harmar dispatched Lieut. Kings- 
bury with a party of thirteen soldiers, of which I was one, acting 
as Orderly-sergeant. A larger body was detached as an escort, to 
see us safe to the station. We all marched on foot and reached 
our post without accident or adventure. Our escort returned, with- 
out loss of time, to Fort Washington. 

The settlement had been made, originally, by John Dunlap, who 
called it Colerain, after the town in Ireland, from which he came. 
He laid it out as a town, into lots, but at the time I refer to, had 
left the place. It appeared, afterward, that he had no title to the 
land, and eventually the settlers lost what they had bought. The 
settlement or station was, however, known by his name, although 
Colerain subsequently became, as it still remains, the name of the 
township in which the ground lies. The fort, or station, consisted 
of a few cabins, lying in a square of perhaps an acre or more. 
These had been built, for convenience sake, facing each other, and 
with the roofs, of course, sloping outward ; the very reverse of what 
they should have been for efficient defence. The outer edges of 
these were so low, that it was not uncommon for the dogs, which 
had been shut out, to spring from adjacent stumps on to the roof, 
and thence, side-ways, into the inclosure. At the corners of the 
square, block-houses had been constructed, and pickets, very weak 
and insufficient for defence against a resolute and active enemy, 
filled up the intervening spaces inclosing the whole. There were 
but eight or ten persons, besides the regulars, capable of bearing 
arms, and the entire number of the fort, exclusive of the soldiers, 
did not exceed thirty souls. 

We reached our destination in the latter part of January, 1791. 
One of the first services at the station we were called on to per- 
form, was to chop down the trees immediately adjacent, which had 
been recently girdled, and which Lieut. Kingsbury judged would 
afford advantage to an enemy in his approaches. The underbrush 
had been already cleared out and burnt. These trees were cut 
down, chopped up, and intended to be rolled or carried into heaps 
and burned; so that we should have ample and open space to watch 
as well as oppose any attack that might be made. But the Indians 



EARLY ANNALS. 93 

did not give us the necessary time to carry our purpose into effect. 
This was our employment up to the beginning of February. 

On Saturday evening, the 5ili of that month, one Sloan, who, 
with his party, had been surveying the neighborhood, was attacked 
by what he called "a scattering party of Indians," who killed one 
of his men, took another prisoner, and wounded Sloan himself; 
who, with the remaining member of his party, sought to make his 
W'ay to Fort Washington. But, wearied and faint with the loss of 
blood, and his wounds beginning to bleed afresh, he concluded to 
seek the nearer shelter to be afforded by our small stockade. He 
had no reason to apprehend the attack that was meditated upon it; 
and so secure was our little garrison, that on the next — Sunday — 
morning, Lieut. Kingsbury sent out four or five of our number to 
bury the dead man. In this feeling of perfect security, and with 
true soldierly hospitality, Kingsbury had yielded the narrow accom- 
modation of his own quarters to Sloan, and having none for him- 
self, passed the night in lively and jocose conversation with us, in 
our quarters. About the day-dawn on Monday, he went out, for a 
moment, and we immediately heard him chipping his hands and 
crying, ^' Indians ! Indians!'''^ We imagined this to be merely a 
ruse of our commander, to put us to the proof, since we supposed 
that the sentinel himself should have given the alarm. Whether 
that vigilant person was asleep, or not, at his post, I had forgotten 
to inquire, and am at present unable to say. Nevertheless, we 
sprang instantly to arms, without waiting, some of us, to put on our 
attire. For myself, I went out with nothing on but my shirt, and 
ran into the mill-house, a small building, in line with and not far 
from the block-house. This had no chinking or daubing. This 
motion of mine was prompted by curiosity entirely; for never having 
hitherto seen an Indian, I was most anxious to look upon the red 
man. To my unaccustomed vision, the whole face of the earth 
appeared, at first, to be covered with them, and their peculiar head- 
gearing of feathers and pigment, and the horrid jingling of the deer- 
hoofs and horns, tied around their knees, presented a spectacle of 
great interest, so much so as to make me forget, for the moment, 
that they were enemies and had invested us with a hostile intent. 
I perceived that they had surrounded our small fortress entirely on 
the land side, their flanks resting on the bank of the stream, on 
either side of us. Resting on my musket, T took a lengthened 
gaze at them, not for a moment thinking of firing at them. I bad 



94 EARLY ANNALS. 

been here but a few minutes, before one of the men, McVicJcar, 
came also into the mill-house. The Indians perceiving him, fired 
at and wounded him in the arm. Until that moment, I suppose, I 
had remained unseen by them; but now I began to receive some 
of their attention. A musket-ball, which came through the inter- 
stices of the logs, and whistling over my head, striking and upset- 
ting a bowl of corn from a shelf above me, made me think it not 
expedient to remain longer there, even to satiate my curiosity. I 
made my way back to the block-house, and put on the remainder 
of my clothes. As soon as this was done, each man was disposed, 
by the commander, to the best advantage. My station was at the 
corner of one of the pickets, quite near the southeast corner of the 
block-house, at a port-hole, where, for all that day and the ensuing 
night, without being once relieved, I was to watch our enemy, and 
do him all the harm in my power. By the time I had taken my 
position, the Indians mostly had made the shelter of the logs we 
had left lying for them, and now commenced a parley. Abner 
Hunt, the member of Sloan's party, who had been taken prisoner 
on Saturday, with his arms pinioned behind him, was placed on a 
log, three or four rods from the pickets, while Simon Girty, who 
held the cord by which he was bound, lay sheltered behind the log. 
Kingsbury was mounted on a stump, and leaned on or over the 
pickets, not more than ten feet from the port-hole where I was 
stationed, and I was thus cognizant of all that passed between 
them. It is not necessary to detail all this. Enough, that no 
promise of quarter could be drawn from the assailing party, at 
least nothing definite, and therefore nothing that could for a mo- 
ment suggest to the commander, or a single individual of the be- 
sieged, the idea of surrender. It was indicated, in the course of 
the parley, that Simon Girty was in command, that his brother 
George was also present, along with Blue Jacket, and some other 
chiefs, that they had present some five hundred Indians, and that 
some three hundred more were in the neighborhood, and that 
scouts were out and guarding all the way between us and Fort 
Washington, cutting oft' all hope of communication or relief from 
that quarter. The parley continued, I suppose, for two hours, at 
least. Each man of our little garrison had been ordered to fire, 
when he could take aim. And in execution of this order, every 
Indian, who, during the parley, incautiously left the shelter he had 
taken, was made to repent it. I know that during that period I 



EARLY ANNALS. 95 

discharged my musket five or six times, and I recollect that we 
were cautioned not to waste ammunition, inasmuch as we had only 
twenty-four rounds per man in the fort. Girty complained of this 
mode of holding a treaty, when Kingsbury, with a big oath, and in 
a loud voice, swore he would punish the first man that fired a gun, 
but immediately added to us in a tall whisper, '^ Kill the rascals, if 
you can!" At the conclusion he told Girty that if they were five 
hundred devils, he would never surrender to them, and jumped 
down from his position. A tremendous volley of musketry from 
our foe immediately involved us all in smoke. This sport con- 
tinued till late in the afternoon, when they informed us, by Hunt, 
that they were only drawing off for awhile for refreshment, but that 
by the time the moon went down, they would return and put every 
one to the tomahawk. We continued at our posts awaiting the 
event. The only refreshment we had during the whole time of the 
siege, was a few haudfuls of parched corn, which the girls, Sarah 
Hahn and her sister, Salome Hahn, Rebecca Crum, and another, 
by name Birket, brought round to us from time to time. We had 
not even a drop of water, none being in the fort, and access to the 
river being deemed hazardous in the presence of so numerous a 
foe. The moon went down about half an hour to an hour afler 
sunset, and our assailants were as good as their word, at least in 
returning to the onset. They gave us several rounds of musketry, 
then setting fire to the brushwood we had so carefully provided, 
when they possessed themselves of firebrands, which, to the num- 
ber, I suppose, of more than five hundred, they projected, by means 
of their bows, into our stockade, and upon the roofs of our build- 
ings, intending to set them on fire. This mode of attack continued 
to be used until midnight, without success, when they drew off to 
a short distance to execute upon their prisoner, Hunt, the ven- 
geance that at parley they had denounced against him in the event 
of our failing to surrender. The scene of this horrid cruelty was 
between the fort and the artificial embankment, still to be seen, 
but which was then covered by the primeval forest trees. Here 
they stripped him naked, pinioning his outstretched hands and feet 
to the earth, kindling a fire on his naked abdomen, and thus, in 
lingering tortures they allowed him to die. His screams of agony 
were ringing in our ears during the remainder of the night, be- 
coming gradually weaker and weaker till toward daylight, when 
they ceased. 



96 EARLY ANNALS. 

At about daybreak, the Indians returned to the fort, and renewed 
their volleys of musketry. A little after sunrise, there was afforded 
to us the only relief we had hitherto experienced. It was merely 
a change of our stations. Those who, up to this time, were in the 
open air, were allowed to change places with those in the block- 
house, to resume our watchful vigilance at port-holes under its 
shelter, and near the remains of a decaying fire, which served to 
warm somewhat our chilled limbs. Into this block-house, the 
largest building within the stockade, were gathered besides, all the 
non-combatants of the garrison, numbering, women and children, 
and all, perhaps twenty-five or thirty. Taking my station at my 
port-hole here, I soon discovered an Indian standing sheltered by 
a small tree, who, at nearly the same time, saw that I had discov- 
ered and was watching him. He made use of various artifices, 
hoping to draw my fire and escape, but I was wary and attentive to 
him, and determined not to be balked. He honored me with five 
or six shots, without success. While my attention was thus en- 
gaged by my man, Lieut. Kingsbury also entered the block-house. 
He was immediately assailed by the cries and screams of the 
women and children, and by the anxious inquiry, "What shall 
we' do? — is there no hope?" His response was, as I recollect, 
"Ladies, we must all suffer and die together. I know of no means 
of relief!" He began to state, in further explanation, that he had 
tried all his men, and tempted them with the offer of a pecuniary 
reward, to go to Ft. Washington to give the alarm and bring relief; 
but all in vain, as none would go. This declaration excited my 
attention, and, as one of the small garrison, I knew that I had not 
before heard of the matter, and I therefore iujmediately subjoined, 
"Why, Mr. Kingsbury, you have not tried me!" "True," said he, 
"I had forgotten you; will you go?" he eagerly inquired. "If you 
will, I will give you two half joes." "Not a cent, sir!" was my 
response; and the only condition I made was, that he should pa- 
rade the rest of the garrison in front of the block-house, to see me 
either safely cross the river, or be killed or wounded in attempting 
it, as fortune or providence would order it. To this he immedi- 
ately assented, and went to make a verbal correction, and to change 
the dale of the letter he had already prepared to dispatch. 

I suppose I was prompted to make the offer of myself, at the 
moment, for this forlorn hope, as it were, by the cries of the 
women and children I had just heard. However, I had no 



EARLY ANNALS. 97 

preparation to make, and the men were drawn up, and I was 
ready. 

This was probably between seven and ten o'clock, in the morn- 
ing. The canoe was drawn up on the beach, so as to require some 
little assistance readily to get it off. I do not recollect who ren- 
dered me this assistance, which was to be done by being somewhat 
exposed to the fire of the besiegers, but Mr. Hahn assures me now 
that it was himself, then a boy of fourteen years, and his father, 
who gave me their aid for this purpose. But at length I was in the 
boat, alone, using my most active exertions in setting myself, by 
means of a pole, across the stream. I had need to be in a hurry, 
for I was in presence of five hundred hostile Indians, who were 
honoring me with their attention in the shape of a leaden shower 
of bullets, some of which whistled by me and spent their force in 
the water, and some struck and shattered, in a small measure, my 
frail " dug out," though, happily, none touched or injured my per- 
son. I reached the opposite shore, where I waited long enough to 
draw the canoe partly on the beach, when I seized my musket and 
put myself, as soon as possible, under the shelter of the underwood, 
and took my course down stream. I had been told that about two 
miles below the station there was a ripple, where I could easily re- 
cross, but if I missed that — since I could not swim — I should be 
obliged to make my way to Symmes'' Station, at the mouth of the 
river, where I would be as far away from Fort Washington as at 
Colerain. 

When I had gone, as I supposed, about two miles, I sat down 
and took a wary and cautious reconnoissance, in every direction, to 
see, if I might, some of the scouts that Girty told us were occupy- 
ing the country between us and Fort Washington. After satisfying 
myself that there were none near me, I stripped myself and at- 
tempted to wade the river. I found the water at neck deep, and 
growing deeper still, when I was obliged to desist. I made a like 
attempt at two other places, but with similar success, in the cold 
water, filled as the river was with mush-ice, when I concluded that 
I had no alternative but to go to Symmes'. But, luckily, about two 
hundred yards from the place where I made my last abortive at- 
tempt to wade, I discovered the ripple, and was enabled to cross 
where the water was not more than knee deep. Without further 
obstruction, or being intercepted by Indians, I reached Fort Wash- 
ington about four o'clock, in the afternoon, where my Captain, 



98 EARLY ANNALS. 

Truman, accompanied me to General Harmar''s quarters, and I 
delivered my letters. Captain Truman responded to the General's 
questions, who I was and to what company I belonged, with pride, 
as his, and that I was the youngest soldier in the army. An exor- 
bitant dram of brandy, which Captain T. forced mc to take, and a 
hearty meal, for which I had an appetite whetted by a long fast, as 
well as great exertion, having refreshed me, the General again 
sent for me, and inquired if I would return with the party to be 
sent to the relief of the station? I assented, on condition of being 
permitted to go mounted. This appeared reasonable, and was 
promised me. But since reinforcements were wanted, of a few 
militia from Columbia, I was permitted to take a night's rest. 

Early in the morning, on a good horse, I accompanied the body, 
under the command of Colonel Strong, which reached Colerain 
between one and two o'clock, in the afternoon. We found that 
Girty and the Indians were in full retreat, having raised the siege 
some hour or two before. Colonel Strong pursued them two or 
three miles up the river, and came up with them, just as the last 
raft of the Indians were crossing the stream. As it was impossi- 
ble to continue the further pursuit, they escaped. 

The remains of the unfortunate Hunt, shockingly mangled and 
charred, had been, meanwhile, buried by the garrison. 

Colonel Strong had been ordered to bring me back, with him, to 
Cincinnati, but in consequence of Lieutenant Kingsbury's remon- 
strances, I was allowed to remain for a few days, when our whole 
party was relieved and marched into Fort Washington. About all 
the promotion I received in the army, was shortly conceded to me, 
in being made Sergeant of our company. 

Soon after this, Captain Truman's company was detached to gar- 
rison Fort Hamilton, under Captain Armstrong. But during the 
year, Truman was put in command of a company of Light Horse, 
and he took me with him as his Orderly. Our duties among the 
various outposts of our northwestern territory were pretty severe. 
When in that same year. General St. Clair marched out to chastise 
the Indians, our company of Light Horse composed part of the 
forces under his command. On the luckless day of St. Clair's de- 
feat, I was present. On the evening previous, although I lay down 
to sleep with the rest of the force, I was from the, to me, unmis- 
takable noise of the Indians in our vicinity, unable to compose 
myself to rest. My acquaintance, during my brief tour of duty at 



EARLY ANNALS. 90 

Dunlap's Station, with the wonderful imitation, by the Indians, of 
the cries of wild beasts and wild fowl, had made me more wary 
than others. But perhaps my apprehensions were still more ex- 
cited by a small amount of knowledge and experience I had gained 
on the day's march. A soldier, who had stepped aside for a mo- 
ment, had been shot and killed, and I was detached, with a small 
party, to reconnoitre in that direction. I was astonished and 
alarmed by the evidence I saw, by their trail in the grass, of the 
immediate proximity of a very large force of the enemy. When, 
therefore, in the evening, at our encampment, Captain Truman 
ordered me to have the horses of our company hoppled and put 
out into the prairie, I ventured to remonstrate, and told him if we 
did so, we should not have an animal left in the morning. Fortu- 
nately he heeded my remonstrance, and each man was ordered, 
instead, to cut sufficient grass for his horse, and tie him up near 
our encampment. The wisdom of this procedure was proved by 
the experience of Captain Snowden's company, on the left wing, 
who put out their horses, and consequently lost them all. 

About an hour before day, while the soldiers were still slumber- 
ing, I perceived from the unusual yell of imitation of bears and 
wolves, and wild turkeys, that the Indians were in motion, and I 
conjectured that the attack was imminent. I therefore roused our 
company, on my own responsibility, and had our horses saddled 
and bridled, and ordered the men to mount. I then led Captain 
Truman's horse into the lines, and arousing him from his tent, ex- 
plained to him my apprehensions. Doubting my information, he 
nevertheless told me, in answer, to have the troop mounted. "It 
is already done, sir." "Go and bring my horse." "It is already 
here, sir." He dressed himself, and coming out, mounted his 
horse and rode toward the tent of General St. Clair, telling me, 
meanwhile, to return to the troop and await him. Before his re- 
turn, and in a very short period, the whole camp was aroused by 
the attack which was already made by the Indians on the militia in 
front, who came running into the camp in great disorder. We soon 
perceived that our encampment was entirely surrounded. As a 
ruse, the enemy beat a retreat. Our company, which was seventy- 
two strong, made at this moment a charge. The tramp of that 
number of horse made a very considerable noise; but perceiving 
an unaccountable degree of quiet to supervene upon this clatter, I 
turned my head to seek an explanation of the phenomenon, when 



100 EARLY ANNALS. 

I could see no one but the Captain and myself: it seemed that we 
were entirely cut olT. At all events, only thirteen men had escaped 
with their lives, as we discovered on our return into the lines. 
Seeing ourselves thus alone, I said to the Captain, "What is the 
use of continuing this charge alone?'' This induced him to turn 
his head to examine the state of affairs in the rear. In doing so, 
he received a wound from a rifle ball in the left wrist, and as he was 
wheeling his horse, another struck him in the hips. Perceiving 
him to reel in his saddle, I seized his horse's reins in my left hand, 
and putting rny right arm round his waist, I thus brought him back 
within the lines. Just as we were entering these, a third ball cut 
off the two middle fingers of his left hand. The only attention paid 
to me, was to cut away the plume from my helmet, and riddle my 
small clothes. As we entered the camp, I perceived some twenty 
or thirty of our horses without their riders, but all bridled and sad- 
dled, had run into the camp, and were congregated under an oak 
tree near the lines. 

Just as I was putting my Captain under charge of a surgeon, 
orders came by an Aide-de-camp for a mounted Orderly to be sent 
to the commanding General. As I was the only mounted Orderly 
on the field, I was immediately dispatched and made my way to the 
presence of Gen. St. Clair. I was now directed to bear his orders 
from one part of the camp to another. While in the execution of 
this duty, I saw Colonel Darke and his horse both fall. I rode up 
to him and inquired if he was wounded? He replied that he had 
received a wound in the thigh, and that his horse was killed. I im- 
mediately dismounted, and assisted him into my saddle, and led 
him into the lines. I then ran to where I had seen the horses 
congregated, and mounted another. The order of which I now 
became the bearer, was that all should retreat to the centre; but 
as, in repeating this order, I was obliged to raise my voice, I found 
that the troops had anticipated my presence and retreated; so that, 
when at length I made my way through the smoke, I found myself 
alone and exposed, which made me hasten my retreat to the centre, 
and, as in duty bound, to the very presence of General St. Clair. 
I there heard Darke remonstrating with the General for "bringing 
us all together thus to be shot down like a flock of partridges. 
Darke soon after exclaimed, "My brave fellows, follow me: we'll 
charge to the road, and make our escape!" No sooner said than 



EARLY ANNALS. 101 

done. The whole army took to their heels, and the best man was 
the one who proved the swiftest. 

I do not narrate many interesting incidents of the retreat. We 
made our way — I was with Captain Truman most of the time — to 
Fort Jefferson, where we arrived about the dusk of evening. 
Finding here no prospect of subsistence, we were forced to con- 
tinue, after a brief delay, our way to Fort Hamilton. Capt. Tru- 
man, Lieut. Suydam, and myself, each mounted, set forth together 
and in advance of the rest. But at what we supposed some ten 
miles distant from Fort Hamilton, ray horse gave out, and I turned 
him loose, hoping to make better speed on foot. Captain Truman 
promised to have a horse sent out after me from the fort. But as I 
found out, the next day, his ovvn horse gave out, and Lieut. Suy- 
dam hastened on and sent the horse which had, at first, been des- 
tined for me, to bring in the wounded Truman. After pushing on 
till nearly given out myself, I betook myself to a log, a little way 
aside from the road, and soon fell into a sound sleep. On awaken- 
ing in the morning, I discovered I had been aroused by the drums 
of the fort, which I joyfully found was close at hand. As I reached 
the opposite bank of the river, I descried my Captain, walking up 
and down, anxiously looking for me. He soon caused me lo he 
ferried across, and, sending me to his quarters, he told me, after 
my long fast, fatigue, and exposure, to be moderate and prudent in 
the use of the refreshments I should find there. It was a saddle 
of venison, ready roasted, to which I was disposed to do ample jus- 
tice, even to the prejudice of my health, had he not soon came in 
and compelled me to moderate, for a while, my appetite. In due 
time, and under his counsel, I made a hearty meal, almost the first 
food I had tasted for forty-eight hours. 

Even at Fort Hamilton provisions were scarce; so much so that 
no rations could be drawn, and consequently from this place we 
were compelled to continue our retreat to Fort Washington. For 
this post, with about half a dozen men under my command, I 
started, after breakfast. We reached that evening a place, about 
six miles from Cincinnati, called Ludlow'^s Station, which we found 
had been deserted by the inhabitants, although the houses were 
already in the possession of some officers of our retreating army. 
Here, supperless, we fired a log heap, and lay down to take our 
rest. As other squads came in, other log heaps were fired, so that 
presently the whole scene was somewhat animated. Lying near 



102 EARLY ANNALS. 

our fire, and courting repose, I presently heard a crackling in the 
bushes, near me, and began to wonder if it was possible, after the 
long distance we had retreated, and almost within call of Ft. Wash- 
ington, that the Indians could be upon us. After a little further 
reconnoissance, I made out that the alarm proceeded from a fine, 
fat heifer, that came smelling its v»'ay toward our party. When it 
was within two o-r three yards, I fired at it, and it fell. Just at tiie 
same moment, it happened that a burning log, from a heap in our 
neighborhood, fell from its place on the foot of a sleeping soldier, 
and awakening him with the cry of pain, "O, Lord! O, Lord!" 
This created a universal panic, and all believed that the Indians 
were upon us, sure enough. The officers from the block-house, 
and the various neighboring parties, could be heard jumping, one 
after another, into the creek, to make their way into Cincinnati. 
My own party shared the panic, till I was able to re-assure them 
and explain matters, when, telling them there were now provisions 
at hand, they fell to and cut and broiled some steaks, and made a 
hearty meal, and then lay down and slept undisturbed, either by 
indigestion or Indians, till morning. 

Fearing, in the morning, that provisions might prove scarce at 
Fort Washington, also, my men, after their breakfast, asked my 
permission to load themselves with as much of the fresh beef as 
they could conveniently carry, and thus ladened, we made our way 
to the fort. Here General Wilkinson^ espying us, eagerly inquired 
of me where we had passed the night? "At Ludlow's Station," 
was the reply. '' Why were you not all massacred by the In- 
dians?" " We are here now, at all events. General." We were 
then told that parties had been arriving, at short intervals, during 
most of the night, each bringing the same report, that the Indians 
were fallen upon Ludlow's Station, and making murderous havoc 
with the retreating forces. 

The General made us relate all the circumstances, at which he 
laughed heartily, and ever after, as long as I remained in the army, 
whenever he saw me, he would recall the circumstances of the 
attack on Ludlow's Station, with great and mirthful gratification. 

Such was the panic among the inhabitants of Cincinnati, that I 
could have bought the best lots in the city at five dollars each, but 
I did not think proper to make the investment. 

I had continued, under a re-enlistment, in the army nearly six 
years in all. Our company was at one time under the command 



EARLY ANNALS. 103 

o^ General Wm. H. Harrison, late President of the United States, 
and I was able to bear testimony, in my old age, as I felt called 
upon one occasion to do, to his bravery, humanity, and kind con- 
descension to the poor soldier, even when yet a subaltern. 

I was present, also, at the victory of General Wayne, at the bat- 
tle of the foot of the rapids of the Maumee. By the kindness of 
General Wilkinson, after the treaty of Greenville, and the pacifica- 
tion of the Northwestern Territory, I obtained my discharge some 
two or three months before the period of my enlistment expired, at 
Fort Wayne, in August, 1795. 

I again moved out to Ohio in 1801, and settled myself on the 
banks of Rush creek, where I have continued to reside ever since. 
In June, of this year, on visiting some relatives in Cincinnati, I 
yielded to their suggestion and re-visited the site of Dunlap's 
Station. No remains of our stockade could be seen, but I could 
identify it amid the cornfields, by the familiar bend of the river, on 
which it was located. 

At the siege of Dunlap's Station, there was no cannon in the 
fort. The contrary I have seen stated, but it was a mistake. A 
small piece was sent to us a few days after the siege was raised, 
but during the attack we had nothing but muskets and rifles. It 
was also stated that a man was killed in the fort, but that, too, was 
an error; for there was none even wounded, save McVickar, in the 
mill-house, in the morning, as I have already related. 

No person but myself was in the canoe crossing the river, on the 
occasion referred. to. The contrary has been several times erro- 
neously stated. Neither did any person leave the fort during the 
siege, either by night or by day, before I thus crossed the river. 

I give Mr. Hahn's narrative in his own words: 

My father's name was Michael Hahn. He was born in York, 
Pennsylvania, and removed to Tygart's Valley, Virginia, where I 
was born, March 1, 1777. My father removed, while I was a small 
boy, to George's creek, near Redstone old Fort, now Brownsville, 
ou which stream he built a grist-n)ill. He afterward emigrated to 
Paris, Kentucky, and finally, in 1789, to Ohio. We first settled at 
Colerain, Hamilton county, on the Big Miami. I was a stripling 
of twelve years when we came to Ohio. 

It was at this period that John Cleves Symmes had issued his 
proposals to settle the country between the two Miamis, but the 
surveys had not been regularly begun. John Dunlap, one of the 



104 EARLY ANNALS. 

surveyors on the Miami, had- laid off a town in what is now the 
northwest corner of Hamilton county, for settlement to all new 
comers, which he called Colerain, naming it after his native place, 
in Ireland, and which he professed to own. To this we c'lme, 
our family consisting of father and mother, four sisters, and three 
brothers; two sisters and one brother being older than myself. 
Every settler located as mucli land as he was prepared to cultivate, 
and lor the sake of guarding against the Indians, whose marauding 
parties led down as far as the Ohio, the families built their cabins 
together, and facing each other with the lower ends to the outside. 
These were connected together wMth pickets eight feet high, com- 
posed of small timber, split in half, sharpened at the ends, and set 
a sufficient depth into the ground. 

Under some apprehensions of an immediate attack from the In- 
dians, a detachment of troops, consisting of twelve or thirteen men, 
under command of Lieut. Kingsbury, had been sent out from Fort 
Washington. Orderly-sergeant Wiseman belonged to the party. 
The settlers, to the number of thirty, men, women, and children, 
all resided within the fort, which went by the name of Dunlap's 
Station. 

Early in February, John S. Wallace, accompanied Abner Hunt, 
who was a surveyor, with two other persons, Sloan and Cunning- 
ham, on surveys on the west bank of the Great Miami. On the night 
of the 6th, they encamped there. Next morning, after they had been 
roasting venison, on which they breakfasted, they set out to explore 
the Miami bottoms above where the Colerain settlement, or station, 
was located. They had hardly left their camp seventy yards be- 
hind, when they were beset by the savages on their rear, who fired 
a volley of eight or ten guns. Cunningham was killed on the spot. 
Hunt, having been thrown from his horse, was made a prisoner be- 
fore he could recover, and Sloan, although shot through his body, 
kept his seat and made his escape, accompanied by Hunt's loose 
horse. Two of the Indians pursued Wallace more than a mile and 
a half, but, owing to his uncommon activity, he made out to over- 
take Sloan, with the spare horse, which he mounted, and succeeded 
in crossing the Miami in Sloan's company. In his flight on foot, 
he was twice shot at, but without effect. His leggings had been 
getting loose, and at the moment of the first shot, he tripped and 
fell. Supposing him struck by the bullet, the Indians raised a 
a shout, Wah! hoo! calculating, to a certainty, on his scalp; but 



EARLY ANNALS. 105 

hastily tying his leggings, he resumed his flight and effected his 
escape. After crossing the Miami, Sloan complained of faintness 
from his wound, when Wallace advised him to thrust a part of his 
shirt into the bullet hole, to stop the flow of blood. Leaving the 
river, they directed their course to Cincinnati. 

On the morning of the 7th of February, 1791, which was either 
Sunday or Monday, and just before daylight, the fort was attacked 
by a party of five hundred Indians, commanded by Simon Girty. 
His brother George was of the party. Our first notice of their 
presence was given by a large black dog, belonging to my father, 
which sprang- from a stump, on the outside, upon the cabin, and 
began barking furiously. Had he not then given the alarm, the 
Indians would have been in at the gates, and every soul in the 
garrison been massacred, so secret and quiet had been their ap- 
proaches. 

The Indians, finding us prepared, as far as possible, commenced 
a parley with us, and for that purpose put forth Abner Hunt, whom 
they compelled to ask its surrender, which, in hope of saving his 
life, he did, in most pressing terms, promising that life and property 
should be held inviolate. But Kingsbury, who was in command, 
had no confidence in their promises. 

Another application was made by the assailants, and the garri- 
son threatened with massacre, if they did not surrender at once; 
but Kingsbury was inflexible, and the savages began their attack 
by a general discharge of rifles at the port-holes of the block-houses, 
which formed the corners of the fort, and where the effective force 
of the garrison was stationed. 

The Indians were hidden behind standing and fallen timber, in 
front of the fort. This fallen timber, consisting of large logs and 
tree tops, had been cut down a short time previous, by the garrison, 
under the notion that it would promote their safety, in hindering a 
too nigh approach, without being seen, of an enemy; and if time 
had been allowed us to heap together the logs and limbs, and burn 
them, no doubt the cutting down of the timber would have been an 
advantage. But the Indians came upon us before we were pre- 
pared in this, as in other respects. 

One of the Indians had got behind a tree, the fork of which was 
as high as his head, from which he fired into the port-hole oppo- 
site, as he had opportunity. At this point my older brother was 
stationed, and it proved a trial of skill and patience which would 



IOC EARLY ANNALS. 

gel, the advantage of the other. At last my brother got a shot at 
him, and broke his back. He fell, and lay there all day; but the 
Indians did not dare to come to his relief, or drag him off. 

The attack on and defence of our fort, by rifle firing, continued 
throughout the whole day. When night came on, and gave tlie 
enemy an opportunity of leaving their hiding-places, burning ar- 
rows were fired upon the roofs. But the rain, which had fallen 
during the day and had frozen into sleet, as it fell after night, pro- 
tected us from the threatened danger. During the night and at a 
late hour, finding that they could do nothing with us, they brought 
up Hunt, within a short distance of the fort, for the purpose of 
burning him alive. Accordingly, having stripped and fastened him 
to a log, they kindled a fire of dead limbs upon his belly, and com- 
menced a horrid dance, whooping and yelling around the wretched 
object of their revenge. The screams of Hunt were plainly heard 
by the garrison, in the midst of these yells, for a long time, grow- 
ing fainter as life expired. Such another night of horrors I had 
never witnessed, and never expect to; and I shall carry to my 
grave the impression it made upon my boyish memory. 

During the night, or rather toward morning, William Wiseman, 
who had volunteered to make his way down to Fort Washington, 
for the purpose of obtaining aid from the garrison there, w^as ac- 
companied to the river by my father and myself, and pushed off", by 
us, in a canoe, which was kept there by our settlers for the purpose 
of crossing the Miami, as they needed to do. 

Wiseman returned, in the course of the next day, with a party 
from Columbia and Fort Washington, but the Indians had de- 
camped, early in the morning, after doing all the mischief they 
could, by shooting all the cattle within their reach. 

John Young, one of the settlers, was the first one of our garri- 
son to leave the inclosurc,to reconnoitre, and found that the enemy 
had actually left. During the siege, the women had been em 
ployed running bullets for the men of our party. To the un- 
common darkness of the night, and the freezing of the rain, we 
no doubt owed our escape from the overpowering force of the 
savages. 

A short time before the attack on Dunlap's Station, John Cjuni^ 
and David Gibson, two of our settlers, were captured by the In- 
dians, who were always lurking about. Crum, who was a boy of 
thirteen, had gone to the woods for grapes, which, having given 



EAULY ANNALS. 1U7 

liis sisters, they returned for home. He left his hat, unfortunately, 
at the foot of the tree he had climbed to get to the grape-vines. A 
party of five Indians passed by, and observing the hat, cast their 
eyes up the tree, and bade him get down. 

David Gibson was captured under my own eyes. He had gone 
out into the woods hunting, and just below the fort, perhaps a mile 
off, in the bend of the river, and clearly visible from the station, had 
shot a deer. This he hung up across the limb of a tree, and re- 
turned to get his horse for the purpose of taking the carcase home. 
The Indians lay concealed, not far otf, behind a large tree that had 
fallen out of root. The horse smelled them, and broke for home, 
although tied to a sapling, which was attributed, by Gibson, to the 
presence of the deer. While he was gone to regain his horse, the 
Indians, knowing now where he would fasten the animal, placed 
themselves in ambush nigher hand, and after Gibson tied his horse 
more carefully, crept up, and surrounding him, made him their 
prisoner. There were eight or ten of them in number. 

Gibson, while in captivity, married a white woman who had been 
made a prisoner by the Indians, and, together with his wife and 
Crum, was released, with various other captives, at the time of 
Wayne's treaty. 

My brother and father both lost their lives afterward, and by In- 
dian rifles. My brother had been taking a cow out from Fort 
Washington to Dunlap's Station. He was in company with a party 
of three from the garrison, and on their way out called upon Col. 
Riddle, of our city, then a blacksmith, and paid him three dollars 
on account of a bill he had owed at the shop for some time. "You 
had better give me more," jocularly observed the Colonel, " the 
Indians will get the rest." "Never fear," was the careless reply. 
In tlie course of two hours afterward, he had a bullet put through 
him, his scalp taken, and the residue of his money carried off. 
The party had imprudently fastened a bell to the cow, which en- 
abled the Indians to surprise and massacre them. 

My father was killed, April 25, 1792. He had been out with 
Martin Burkhardt and Michael Lutz, viewing some lots on what was 
called the Blue Bank, on the Miami, not far from the station, when 
they were fired on by Indians. They were all largo, heavy Penn- 
sylvania Dutchmen, and afforded easy marks to the savages. Lutz 
was killed and scalped on the spot, besides being afterward stab- 
bed in different parts of the body. They shot Hahn through the 



103 KARLY ANNALS. 

body, and followed him in sight of the garrison; but, finding they 
could not get his scalp, they fired at him a second time, and killed 
him. Burkhardt was shot through the right shoulder, and in an 
effort to clear himself, took to the river to swim, but was drowned, 
and was found at North Bend six weeks afterward. 

August 14, 1792, John Macnamara, Isaac Gibson, jr., Samuel 
Carswell, and James Barrett, were bringing up a hand mill-stone, 
in a canoe, and at the riffle below the station, they were fired at by 
the Indians. Macnamara was killed, Gibson wounded in the knee, 
and Carswell in the shoulder; Barrett being the only one escaping 
without injury. 

I close this narrative of Indian warfare with a statement given 
me by Garret Burns, at our last interview, in March, 1850. He is 
now, doubtless, no longer to be numbered among the living. No 
individual of that pioneer band, by whose labors and courage the 
broad and fertile fields of the west have been won from the savage 
beasts and more savage aborigines, the original occupants, has 
passed through a longer series of frontier service than Mr. Burns, 
as his narrative will clearly and fully exhibit. 

I was born in Burroughs^ coimty Carlow, Ireland, on the 24th 
of December, 1770, and am, tlierefore, in the eightieth year of my 
age. My grandfather. Win. Burns, and the grandfather o^ Robert 
Burns, the great poet of Scotland, were brothers. William was a 
family name, and borne by my father, and Robert's father also, I 
believe. My grandfather was out, in 1745, with the Pretender, 
while his brother favored the opposite side. After the battle of 
Culloden had destroyed all hopes for the Jacobite party, my grand- 
father, with many others, was obliged to leave the country. He 
went over to Ireland, and settled in county Tyrone. 

My father removed to county Carlow, after marrying there, and 
emigrated to America, in ,1784, with his family, consisting of wife 
and four children, of whom I was the youngest. The family re- 
mained in Maryland, near Fredericktown. I had learned the hat- 
ting business at Baltimore, and, having a desire to see the west, 
concluded to engage in that business beyond the mountains. I 
left Baltimore in 1788, worked at Caffishtown now Washington ^ 
and Pittsburg, Pa., during the winter and the ensuing spring. I 
came to Bourbon county, Ky., in 1789, and in that and Campbell 
county have now resided more than sixty years. In 1790, I en- 
rolled myself, at Paris, Ky., as a substitute for a man named 



EARLY ANNALS. 109 

Jacohy, who had been drafted, and his mother being a widow, and 
having no other son, could not spare him from the farm. I re- 
ceived twenty dollars as substitute, and was to get three dollars per 
month pay <is militiaman. The Kentucky militia, four hundred 
strong, commanded by MaJ. Hall, marched down to where Coving- 
ton was since built, waiting the arrival of CoL Paull, with the Penn- 
sylvania troops. As soon as these arrived, we crossed the Ohio, 
and the w^hole corps being under the command of Colonel Hardin, 
we started up the Little Miami river, in advance of the regulars, 
four or five hundred strong, and commanded by General Harmar, 
himself. They overtook us the day after leaving Cincinnati. When 
we got within twenty or thirty miles of the Maumee towns, where 
we had just encamped, General Harmar detached five or six hun- 
dred men, under the command of Hardin, Hall being second in 
command, for the purpose of destroying their towns. We started 
off, sun an hour high, perhaps, and reaching the towns, found that 
the Indians had evacuated their cabins, and set them on fire. 
They were still burning when we got there. These towns were 
principally in a great bend of the Maumee, which river is formed 
of a junction of the St. Man/s and St. Josej)h^s, the latter coming 
in from the north. By this bend the Maumee is brought round 
nearly to the St. Joseph's itself. As we crossed the Maumee to- 
ward the St. Joseph's, there were two or three mounted Indians 
visible, at whom we fired, but at too great a distance to be of any 
effect. We then took possession of the gathered corn, which was 
in heaps, the husks left upon the corn, and carefully plaited through 
each other, like onions on a string.* A messenger was dispatched 
to Harmar, with word that we had taken the towns and found pro- 
vision enough to last the whole army for several days. 

On the third day, the residue of the army, with its three or four 
j)ieces of cannon, came up. Harmar then sent out detachments to 
burn and destroy the corn in the neighboring towns. These were 
heset on their return, in the night, by the savages, and nearly one 
hundred killed. Twenty-six out of thirty of the regulars, alone, 
being of that number. This was the affair in which Captain Arm- 
strong lay out all night, in a pond of water, with his head only out. 
We lay there all next day, the cannon firing every fifteen minutes, 



* Tills was done, no doubt, to enable it to be carried, if necessary, across 
the backs of the Indian ponies. 



1 10 EARLY ANNALS. 

to let the stragglers, who had dispersed in the defeat, know the 
direction and proximity of the camp. On the 21st of October, 
being the third day, we marched back eight miles, Hardin had 
left a few scouts at the deserted towns to report to him any signs 
of Indians. These reached camp that night, with word that there 
was a large body of the savages, who had returned to the villages, 
soon after he had left the ground. Harmar then directed Hardin 
to raise a party to attack them. This was made up of fourteen 
men from every company, as an average, and Major Fountain, with 
his cavalry, and Major Wyllys commanding some sixty-five regu- 
lars. Hall and McMullen commanded the Kentucky, and Major 
Truman the Pennsylvania militia. Hardin had, of course, charge 
of the whole detachment. All started together, but when we got 
near the towns, we separated, in order to surround the Indians 
supposed to be there. McMullen, with his party, missed their 
way, and did not get up to participate at all in the fighting that 
took place. As we approached the villages, two or three Indians, 
who had been burying one of their number, killed the day before, 
were seen and fired on. This raised a general alarm among the 
savages, who rallied in great force and gathered in our rear, as we 
were able to see them along the St. Joseph's for more than a mile 
in distance. Some thirty or forty of the Indians had been hid in 
a hazel patch, from which, as we approached it, they fired on us. 
We fired in return, rather at random, having notliing to guide us 
but the smoke of their guns. Major Fountain, who was at the 
head of the column with his cavalry, gave orders to charge, but 
was not obeyed; only two of his troopers following him. He was 
killed, and the men wounded, and all three of the horses shot 
down. The Indians in the hazel patch then broke. By this time, 
the Indians in the rear, supposed to be nine hundred strong, came 
on, whooping and yelling like so many incarnate devils. Wyllys 
formed his regulars in the hazel patch alluded to, although advised 
and even directed, by Hardin, to cross the St. Joseph's, in order to 
obtain an opportunity of treeing. Hardin, with the rest of the com- 
inund, crossed the river, leaving Wyllys to his fate. As soon as 
the Indians came up to the hazel patch, the firing commenced by 
Wyllys, find was kept up, for a few minutes, with great spirit, until 
but eight or ten of the regulars were left alive, who finally made 
their escape. Wyllys was killed early in the engagement. I saw 
him fall from his horse. By this time, Hardin, with his troops. 



EARLY ANNALS. Ill 

were ranged up and down the west bank of the St. Joseph's, every 
man taking a tree that could find one, and firing on the savages 
across the stream, which was but of small breadth, although deep 
to its size. In this way we drove the Indians back three or four 
times. At last they divided, part crossing above and part below us. 
They attacked us with the utmost fury, rushing on the very rifles, 
tomahawk in hand. Our troops stood their ground until Hardin 
gave the word to retreat, saying, ^' Let every man do the best he 
can to escape!" Just before this, my right hand man, Wm. Arnold, 
ensign in Captain CaldwelPs company, received a ball in his thigh, 
and exclaimed, " The Lord have mercy on me!" He fell, and an 
Indian ran up, tomahawk in hand, to brain him. He was within a 
few steps of Arnold, as I fired and shot him through the breast. I 
saw him fall, pitching on his face. Such was the noise of the 
fight, that it was only by the smoke of my rifle that I knew it to 
have been discharged. I assisted Arnold to mount behind a man 
riding off from the battle, and he effected his escape. He had 
been a neighbor of mine in Bourbon county, and remained such to 
the day of his death. 

I also helped another of my neighbors, one George Sutherland, a 
young Scotchman, to a horse, when his right arm had been broken 
in the fight, and he had to be lifted on the saddle. 

By this time the whole body of our troops separated and escaped 
as fast as possible. As to myself, I had run nearly a mile, at full 
speed, and was almost exhausted, when a horseman galloped by. 
On the instant I seized the horse, a fine iron gray, by the tail, and 
held on in spite of the owner's remonstrances and threats, he 
having nothing but a light switch in his hand, and I holding on for 
life or death. When I got into camp, I was so stitf that I had to 
be greased and roasted by the fire for some time, before I could 
stand on my feet. 

Of the four hundred that comprised the detachment, it was 
reported that little more than one-half escaped the battle and the 
pursuit. The carnage, in proportion to their numbers, was prin- 
cipally among the oflicers. 

The stragglers got back that evening, and the next day McMul' 
len and Hall proposed to return and bury the dead, but Harmar 
had no disposition to risk any more Indian battles. 

We returned, without further molestation, to Fort Washington, 
where, with the rest of the Kentucky militia, I was discharged. 



112 EARLY ANNALS. 

In the fall of the ensuing year — 1791 — there was another draft 
made by the United States, on Kentucky, for militia, for the pur- 
pose of enforcing the strength of an expedition of regulars and 
Pennsylvania militia, under the command of General St. Clair, to 
chastise the hostile Indians. At this period I was working at the 
hatter trade — my regular business — near RuddWs Mills, not far 
from Paris, and escaped the draft. The number originally drawn 
fell short of' what had been assigned to the State, and seven less 
than the quota of Bourbon county, and in a second draft made to 
complete the deficiency, I was one of the number drawn. 

The second draft rendezvoused at Craig^s Mills, at the edge of 
Georgetown, Ky., where we waited two or three days until our en- 
tire force, of about seventy men, had collected on the spot. Capt. 
Ellis took command of the detachment, and marched us off to 
Cincinnati. I was directed to act as Sergeant, having had some 
experience, compared with the rest, in Indian warfare. 

We marched by way of i^or^ Hamilton, which St. Clair had but 
recently constructed. We encamped in the woods, and found 
game abundant, such as bear, deer, and turkeys. We followed 
hard after St. Clair, until we reached Fort Jefferson, where we 
found the army employed in building it. Here we staid a week 
or more. Two of the six monthsmen, who were from Pennsylva- 
nia, went out hunting, and on their way back were fired on by In- 
dians. One was killed on the spot, the other survived to get into 
camp, where he died. A party set out to hunt the other, and after 
a tedious search, found him lying in the woods, not merely scalped, 
but the entire skin of the head, down to the ears and the temples, 
and back as far as any hair could be found, was stripped off. I 
also saw tliree men hung here, one an Irishman, named Johnson, 
for shooting his Captain, and the others, Targee, a Frenchman, and 
Simpson, a Virginian. The last two had been caught deserting to 
the Indians. They were all hung on the Sunday evening after we 
reached Fort Jefferson. There had been another fellow engaged 
with the deserters, who turned states' evidence, and was left in 
irons at Fort Jefferson when the army left it. What became of him 
no one could tell, but he was never found after the army returned 
from the battle-field of the 4th of November. 

As soon as the fort was completed, we left a garrison of five- 
and-twenty men, and pushed on into the wilderness. We marched 
ten miles that day, and encamped. A party of two hundred 



EAKLY ANNALS. 1 13 

Pennsylvariiaus were detailed to cut a road a distance of twenty 
miles, and a party of Kentuckians, of equal force, was dispatched 
along to guard the first party. The road was completed on the 
second day, the whole detachment being on half rations the wiiole 
time. On the third day, pack-horses with flour, and more than a 
hundred head of beef cattle, reached camp, but very little to our 
benefit, for next morning the battle took place, and all these sup- 
plies finally became plunder to the savages. On the morning of 
the Sd November, a party of fifty or sixty Kentucky militia started 
off for home, determined no longer to endure the hardships of the 
campaign on scanty food. St. Clair sent a part of his first regi- 
ment of regulars, who not only failed to overtake the Kentuckians, 
but were not able to return in time for the battle. During the 
whole night of the 3d, the Indians and the sentinels kept up a 
scattering firing, and just as day broke, Capt. Lemon, officer of the 
guard, and Lieut. Briggs, his second in command, went out to see 
what had led to the firing. They had hardly got out of sight of the 
sentinels, when they were fired on. Lemon was killed on the spot, 
but Briggs, although mortally wounded, contrived to get into camp. 
The Indians rushed into our lines, the guard having broke on their 
approach. The camp of the militia was on the west side of a creek, 
of which the regulars occupied the other side, and on higher ground. 
The militia made but a feeble resistance, and Colonel Oldham, who 
attempted to rally them, was killed in the eftbrt. The militia broke 
and fled across the creek to a camp of the regulars, and through 
their line, before they could be stopped. General Butler formed 
his troops as promptly as possible. Captain Ford being in charge 
of two or three pieces of artillery. The Indians treed on the banks 
of the creek, under cover of the hill, and of heavy timber between, 
and picked oflf the regulars exposed to their rifles, without any op- 
portunity of these seeing their enemies. Great slaughter in our 
lines was the necessary consequence. The artillery was left with- 
out men to serve it, and the regulars were nearly all cut off. The 
Indians then rushed up and took the cannon. General Butler ral- 
lied about two hundred and fifty regulars and militia, and ordered 
a charge with bayonets and rifles. The Indians then fled, but re- 
turned as soon as they had re-loaded, and drove us off from the 
cannon, which they then threw oflf the carriages. The Indians, by 
this time, had entirely surrounded the camp. Maj. Clark ordered 
a retreat, crying, "Fill up the ranks! fill up the ranks!" until it 



114 EARLY ANNALS. 

was found we had no men to fill the ranks. A general flight 
ensued, the savages following us five or six miles. I was in the 
head of the flying column, and saw nothing more of the Indians 
afterward, although their screaming and yelling might he heard for 
miles. 

We reached Fort Jeff*erson, which we found abandoned by our 
troops, who had heard of our defeat, and fled to escape the pursuit, 
which they expected would follow up to the fort. St. Clair made 
his escape on an old pack-horse which could hardly be pricked out 
of a walk. 

Major Ferguson, Captain Ford, and Colonel Gibson, were all 
killed in the beginning of the battle. General Butler was killed 
in the charge spoken of. Sixty-four commissioned officers were 
killed or badly wounded in this disastrous aftair. 

St. Clair and his ofiicers fought gallantly, but the whole aff'air 
was miserably mismanaged in relying upon musketry and artillery 
against Indians. Another error was in clearing out the brush, 
through the camp-ground, affording the rifles of the Indians full 
aim and unobstructed range. 

That night, myself and two others got lost in the woods, and 
kindled a fire to warm ourselves. We had hardly done this, when 
we heard a great crackling among the dry, frosty timber, and not 
knowing whether it was caused by friends or enemies, we took to 
our heels. We traveled all night through the swamps. I steered 
my course by the Seven Stars till daybreak, when I discovered men 
on the road who had been traveling all night also. On the even- 
ing of next day, we reached Fort Hamilton, and the next day Cin- 
cinnati, where we staid nearly a week to allow the stragglers to 
make their appearance. Here we were honorably discharged, 
and made our way home to Kentucky, at least so many of us as 
belonged there. 

My next experience in Indian warfare, was in 1792. In June 
or July, of that year. General Charles Scott, of Kentucky, made a 
call upon his fellow-citizens for volunteers, to engage in an expe- 
dition, of mounted men, against the hostile Indians, on Eel river, 
who had been recently breaking up the frontier settlements, by 
stealing horses and murdering the inhabitants, as opportunity 
served. The troops rendezvoused at the mouth of the Kentucky 
river, at which point flats were prepared to take the volunteers, 
with their horses, across the Ohio. Nearly one thousand men 



EARLY ANNALS. 415 

assembled for the purpose. We were formed into companies of 
from fifty to ninety men, as neighbors' districts rendered it con- 
venient; Scott being in command of the whole. Major Hall, with 
whom I had been serving in St, Clair''s expedition, was again in 
charge of one of the battalions, and I was again under his orders. 
James Wilson was Captain of our company. Each man took pro- 
visions for thirty days, composed of parched corn, maple sugar, 
bacon, and flour, adding probably fifty or sixty pounds to the bur- 
den of each horse. The men were all armed with a rifle and 
butcher-knife, and a number had tomahawks. We crossed the 
Ohio, and proceeded to White river without accident or adventure. 
The river had been known to be so full as to swim the horses, and 
General Scott detached a party of fifteen or twenty ahead to pre- 
pare bark canoes of hickory, in which to cross the riders, with the 
baggage, while the horses swam over by being held by the bridles. 
Some of the volunteers swam their horses while on their backs. 
Two of the horses and one of the riders were drowned in the pas- 
sage, which cost us a whole day. 

We reached the Indian towns, and were discovered in our ap- 
proach by some of the Indians, on foot, who ran in to give the 
alarm, but being mounted we got in as soon as they did. Most of 
the warriors fled, crossing Eel river, toward another Indian village 
in sight of the first. They fired on us from the tops of their cabins, 
but at too great a distance to do us injury. The fire was returned 
by us, with larger and more eff'ective rifles, which soon dislodged 
them, driving them into the woods. We made more than twenty 
prisoners, old men, women, and children, who we brought in to 
Cincinnati, and left with the garrison there. I saw them prisoners 
still there, in 1793, when Wayne had reached Cincinnati. We 
burnt the cabins and wigwams in their villages, and destroyed the 
corn, which, at this period, had begun to tassel out. The cabins 
were made of small logs, and had been built by the squaws. The 
wigwams had been built by driving two or more stakes, with 
crotches at the upper end, according to the desired length of the 
wigwam. Across these stakes were laid poles and bark, which 
was suspended by the middle on the pole to hang down on each 
side to the ground. Some of this bark was four feet wide. The 
bark is taken oft' in the spring, when the sap rises, with great ease; 
and at oth^r seasons the Indians cut off the bark sufliciently to 
admit boiling water being poured above the course they desire to 
lU 



116 EARLY ANNALS. 

Strip off. Then making an incision lengthwise, they begin peeling 
and again applying boiling water, again peel until the entire bark 
is taken off. The bark, when peeled, is laid open on the ground 
and pressed flat with stones, until it keeps its shape. 

Our troops separated before we reached Cincinnati, those that 
lived in the southern and western parts of Kentucky, crossing at 
the mouth of that river, and those belonging to our neighborhood, 
making our way up Dry Ridge, on the present road from Coving- 
ton lo Lexington, Ky. 

In 1793, 1 was again called into service, as a mounted volunteer, 
at a dollar a day for self and horse, having to find our own arms 
and ammunition.- I was attached to Maj. Notley Conn^s battalion, 
which was raised in the vicinity of Paris, and my Captain was 
Nathan Rollins. The general rendezvous was Neivport, Ky., 
which had just been laid out as a town. Here we met three bat- 
talions more, one under Major Russell, attached with ours to the 
regiment, commanded by Colonel Todd. The other regiment was 
under Colonel Barbee. General Scott was again in command of 
the Kentucky troops. We started about the 1st of October, and 
marched out to Greenville, where we found General Wayne, in an 
encampment of about ten acres. We encamped beyond, at the 
edge of a prairie. 

From a variety of causes, the campaign had been so long de- 
layed, that General Wayne concluded to defer active operations 
against the enemy until next year. He therefore discharged Scott 
with his volunteers. In lieu of going home direct, Scott invited 
six hundred of those who were best equipped for service, to ac- 
company him in an expedition to scour the Indian country, and 
dismissed the residue. Being well mounted, and feeling myself 
capable of going through as much as any other man in the cam- 
paign, I volunteered to make one of the party. We started off from 
Greenville and rode on till we came to White river, and down that 
stream till we reached the V/abash. We had, unfortunately, no 
provision with us at leaving Greenville, and had to resort to hunt- 
ing for subsistence. Our firing at the game served to put the 
Indians on their guard, and they kept out of our way. We found 
several camps, but they had all been deserted by the savages. We 
discovered, afterward, that, instead of our pursuing Indians, they 
were following us; for every night they had endeavored, as we 
were told subsequently, to steal our horses. This they were 



EARLY ANNALS. 117 

unable to effect without giving an alarm, as we tied our horses up 
every night within the camp. In this way we scoured the whole 
country and finally returned without accomplishing anything. 

While we were out, however, a party of these Indians had made 
an excursion on White''s Station, on 3Iill creek, a few miles from 
Cincinnati. Here they killed several persons, but were finally 
driven off by the determination and spirit of Captain Jacob White, 
and others, who defended it. 

We were mustered out of service at Cincinnati, and returned 
home without further loss of time. 

In July, 1794, Gen. Charles Scott issued an address to the Ken- 
tucky volunteers, inviting an enrollment of two thousand mounted 
men, which he had pledged to General Wayne as the contribution 
of that State to the expedition assembling at Cincinnati, and in- 
tended to chastise the savages, whose success in the Harmar and 
St. Clair campaigns, had rendered them more than ever indisposed 
to treat for peace. 

The whole Kentucky quota rendezvoused at Georgetown, and 
were inspected by Captain Edward Butler, a brother to General 
Richard Butler, who had been killed at St. Clair's defeat. We 
assembled again at Newport, the army of Wayne having, as already 
stated, encamped the previous year at Greenville, where it still lay. 
We marched oa to this place, accordingly, and without any adven- 
ture. We found tliat Wayne had already left, and following on, we 
overtook the main body at St. Mary's. We went on thence to the 
Auglaize, where we found the relics of burning cabins, which the 
Indians, who were apprised of Wayne's approach, had abandoned 
and set fire to. We kept on the forks of the Auglaize and Mau- 
mee, where the principal villages were. Here we found the cabins 
also destroyed by the Indians, who had made their escape by water 
in canoes. 

At this point Wayne halted his forces and built Fort Defiance. 
He dispatched a flag of truce to the Indians, by a man named Mil- 
ler, who had been captured by the Indians while a boy, and was 
raised among them, altliough recently captured by a scouting party 
of Wayne's. The Indians returned word that they must assemble 
their chiefs, and would give him an answer in ten days. Wayne, 
however, had pushed on immediately after Miller's departure, and 
about half-^vay between Fort Defiance and the foot of the rapids, 
we met Miller returning. On being asked, "What news?" he 



1 1 8 EARLY ANNALS. 

replied, we might expect a hard fight, for the Indians were gather- 
ing in great force, several parties having come in "during his short 
stay with them, and more were hourly expected. We advanced 
without opposition as far as Rocher au hois, a rocky place in the 
Maumee, covered with cedars, where Wayne halted and encamped, 
fortil'ying his camp with entrenchments of ditches, two feet deep, 
upon the earth thrown out of which, timber had been carried, and 
the loose brush from the inside thrown upon the outside. In the 
morning we moved on to the battle-ground of the 20th of August, 
known by the name of the Fallen Timbers. This was so called 
from the quantity of trees thrown down in a recent hurricane, and 
had therefore been selected by the Indians as a suitable place to 
make a stand against our army. The fallen timbers extended from 
the river, north and south, nearly a mile across our front, how much 
farther I cannot say, nor is it of importance. But for that whole 
distance the Indians were hid behind the trunks of the trees 
wherever they could find hiding-places. In the early part of the 
night before, a party of the Indians had approached the camp to 
reconnoitre, but being discovered by the out-posts, the Indians 
were fired on by the whole line of sentinels and driven oflf. 

I had an adventure of my own, connected with this, which I will 
now relate. When I left Georgetown, I had a conversation with 
John Hinksion, son of the man after whom one of the forks of 
Licking was named. Hinkston and I agreed that we would bring 
back a scalp or lose our own. On the night referred to, Hinkston 
was detailed for guard, and objected to go, alleging that it might 
be the means of his having no share in the battle which no doubt 
would take place in the morning, and which he was resolved to 
have a hand in. He proposed to me to take his place, offering me, 
if I would do so, all the money he had in his purse. I took his 
})ost accordingly. In the morning, Hinkston reminded me of the 
enijaCTement we had made in Georgetown, and said we should soon 
be in circumstances to carry it out. We marched on some four or 
five miles, our front battalion formed the guard of the left wing, the 
army being spread out, almost a miJe in breadth, under the appre- 
hension of being outflanked by the Indians. 

A battalion of spies, under the command of Kihhy and Baler, 
advanced in front, to bring on an engagement, if possible, as we 
expected, what proved to be the fact, that the Indians were hid 
behind the fallen trunks and limbs of trees. Our battalion had 



EARLY ANNALS. 1 1 9 

been pressed so far to the left that we had not much of the timber 
immediately in our front. A portion of the Indians being Wyan- 
dotts, who had attempted to outflank our troops, in the movement, 
found themselves in front of our battalion. As they approached 
us, they raised the yell, which, being a low guttural sound, was 
mistaken, by those of us who had never heard it, for the sound of 
little bells. ^'What's that?" said some of our boys. I replied, 
having heard it in Harmar's and St. Clair's engagements, "You'll 
soon find out." 

The Indians then tired, and we returned the fire, rushing on 
them as they treed to re-load. I singled out one Indian, and, lev- 
eling my rifle, fired. I was behind a tree, as he was, and struck 
him before he had the same chance at me. He ran off", although 
wounded, and I saw him no more. I re-loaded, and, rushing on 
again, I discovered an Indian in a sink-hole, his body, from the 
hips up, being exposed to view. He had fired, and while he was 
loading his gun, I drew up against a hickory sapling, exclaiming, 
"Your life, or mine!" and blazed away. The roar of rifles was 
such -that I did not hear my charge explode, but knew, from the 
blaze that the priming had taken effect. I saw the Indian fall, and 
rushing on, seized him by the hair to take his scalp, but finding 
that I had lost my hunting-knife, I snatched his from his belt. His 
was a bran new scalping-knife, red handled, and the blade was as 
bright as when it came into his hands. He caught the knife by the 
blade, but I wrenched it from him, cutting off" three of his fingers 
as he let it go. I then put my foot on him to pin him down, and 
took the scalp off". He gave but one quiver, and the breath left 
his body. I took his gun, a beautiful rifle, and broke the stock of 
it across a log. I then took up my own rifle, and re-loaded as 
quickly as possible. 

The battle was continued, for a short time, with considerable 
spirit on our right, where the main body, on both sides, were. In 
the meantime, our men at the left were driving the Wyandotts, 
who kept up a retreating fire. Presently the whole line of the 
Indians broke, and they fled at full speed. Our troops pursued 
them a full mile up to the British fort, called Maumee, on the north 
side of the Maumee river, and about a mile below where Fort 
Meigs was afterwerd built, upon the opposite side. They had 
expected admittance into the fort, but Colonel Campbell, the com- 
mander, directed the gates to be kept fast. Had the Indians been 



120 EARLY ANNALS. 

admitted, nothing would have prevented Wayne from storming tho 
fort. So complete was the discomfiture and sudden the dispersion 
of the Indians, that General Barbee, with the second line of our 
army, which was three or four hundred yards behind us, never got 
into the engagement. As for me, I fired but twice. I could have 
got another shot, but one of our men, Frank Smith by name, raised 
up between me and my object, just as I was about to fire, and had 
a narrow escape of it. Carmack and Jackson, two of my Bourbon 
county neighbors, were alongside of me. A bullet struck Jackson, 
and he never again rose from the spot. I left him to the care of 
Carmack, and pursued the flying enemy. My Captain received 
two balls, one in the groin, but recovered after a lingering illness. 

Our army returned to the Fallen Timbers, to attend to the killed 
and wounded, and encamped on the ground, placing sentinels, of 
which I was one, to guard against any surprise by the Indians, 
who, it was supposed, might rally. While thus engaged, I saw two 
of our men driving up before them, to that point of the camp where 
I stood, a Frenchman they had taken prisoner, disguised as an In- 
dian. I could not conceive what was meant by this, and hailed 
him, to which he replied by bowing repeatedly. He finally ac- 
costed me, in pretty good English, begging me not to shoot, as he 
was a prisoner. The men who brought him in, damned me, after- 
ward, for not shooting. I asked them if a prisoner was to be shot, 
why did they not shoot him themselves? It was, however, very 
well we spared his life, for we dispatched one of the prisoners, an 
Indian squaw, with a letter to his brother, at Detroit, which was 
the means of bringing him on, together with three persons who had 
been made captives by the Indians, in some of their excursions, 
and who were given in exchange for this Frenchman. 

During the battle and before the Indians had given way, I saw a 
man lying dead near me, who, I supposed, was one of my com- 
rades, and remarked, " There lies one of our brave fellows." 
"Look at his face," was the reply. I turned him over and found 
that his face was all over painted. In doing this, I noticed his 
breech-clout, which was stuck so thick with silver brooches that 
they touched each other, probably not less than one hundred 
and fifty. I tore it off him, but lost it afterward, my attention 
being engaged in loading and firing; and when I inquired for 
it subsequently, somebody else had picked it up, and wouli not 
surrender it. 



EARLY ANNALS. 121 

After my tour of guard was over, on returning to camp, I saw 
my Captain lying in the hands of the doctor, stretched out on a 
blanket. He grasped my hand and begged me not to forsake him, 
in case of a fresh attack, but to put him on a horse. I promised 
him that I would do so. While we were talking, General Wayne 
himself rode up, and noticing the sword lying by, inquired, "What 
officer is that?" He was told, and dismounting, gave his horse to 
be held by one of the men, and examining the wound, told Capt. 
Rollins that he was a live man yet, as the bullets, although they 
had shattered the hip and back-bone, had missed the vitals. He 
then ordered him to be taken, on a litter, to Camp Deposit, where 
we had left our baggage, pack-horses, etc., in charge of a party of 
the troops. 

We then retraced our steps to Fort Defiance, and halted there a 
few days, when we marched up the Maumee river to the old Mau- 
mee town, at the junction of the St. Mary and St. Joseph. Here 
we commenced building a large fort, on which four or five weeks' 
labor was spent, and which was named after Wayne himself The 
fort was built of the largest kind of oak logs, and as the draft- 
horses had been broke down in the campaign, the wagons on which 
the logs were loaded were hauled in by men — thirty to a wagon — 
with officers as drivers. The walls of the fort were double, the 
space being filled up with earth, afforded by a ditch dug outside, 
which was fourteen feet deep, and as much wide. All this work, 
or nearly all, was done by regulars, the volunteers being employed 
in escorting pack-horses and provisions from Fort Hamilton or Fort 
Recovery. 

After Fort Wayne was completed, our term expired, and we left 
for home, and were read out of service at Cincinnati, on what is 
now the public landing, but which was then the ferry, opposite 
Licking. 

Privations and Sufferings of the Early Settlers. — It is hardly 
possible for those who now reside in Cincinnati, in the enjoyment 
of the comfort and luxury which money can purchase, and the 
plenty which pours in by wagons, steamboats, railways, and canals, 
to realize the destitutions and privations of the first settlers, before 
they had got their farms cleared, and the cleared land under culti- 
vation and fence. 

At that period the condition of the great thoroughfares of the 
west — of the route across the Allegheny mountains, especially — 



122 EARLY ANNALS. 

was such as to forbid the emigrants taking any articles but those 
of indispensable necessity; for a six horse road wagon, at a slow 
gait, could not carry more than what would now be considered, 
over a macadamized road, a load for two horses. When the pio- 
neer westward had reached Redstone or Wheeling, the difficulties 
of transportation were not much lessened. There were no wagon 
roads through the intermediate country, if the hostility of the im- 
placable savage had permitted traversing the route by land in 
safety; and the family boats which carried the settlers down were 
so encumbered with wagons, horses, cows, pigs, etc., as to have 
little room for anything else but a few articles of family house- 
keeping of the first necessity. On reaching their destination, 
cabins had to be erected, the land cleared and cultivated, and the 
crop gathered in, in the presence, as it were, of the relentless 
savage, who watched every opportunity of destroying the lives of 
the settlers, and breaking up the lodgments as fast as made. In 
the meantime, supplies of food, not yet raised on the improvement, 
had to be obtained in the woods from hunting, which, in most 
cases, was a constant exposure of life to Indian enemies. 

Under these circumstances some general idea may be conceived 
of the sufferings and privations which those endured who formed 
the van-guard of civilization, and prepared the way for the present 
generation to enjoy the fruit of past labors and sufferings. But it 
is not so easy, without some specifications such as I shall furnish 
here, to realize the nature and extent of the privations of individ- 
uals who, in many cases, abandoned comfortable homes and the 
enjoyment of civilized life at the call of duty. Especially was this 
the case in respect to several of the pioneer mothers. A few notes 
from the recollections of one of the survivors, probably the only one 
of the party who landed with Major Stites at Columbia, a venerable 
lady recently deceased, whose family has borne a conspicuous part 
in the civil, political, military, and religious history of the Miami 
Valley, will possess my readers of a more distinct idea of these 
sacrifices and privations, than they could otherwise acquire. These 
were given me in 1846. 

My informant was born and brought up in New York, her parents 
being in prosperous circumstances. Her husband, who was a sur- 
veyor, had been for some time in delicate health, and concluded 
to accompany Maj. Stites to his settlement at the mouth of the Little 
Miami. At this place, where they landed on the 18th November, 



EARLT ANNALS. 123 

1788, and to which the settlers gave the name of Columbia, two 
or three block-houses were first erected for the protection of the 
women and children, and log cabins were built, without delay, for 
occupation by the several families. The boats in which they came 
down from Limestone being broken up, served for floors, doors, 
etc., to these rude buildings. Stites and his party had riven out 
clapboards, while they were detained at Maysville, which, being 
taken down to Columbia, enabled the settlers to cover their houses 
without delay. The fact that the Indians were generally gathered 
to Fort Harmar, at the mouth of the Muskingum, for the purpose 
of making a treaty with the whites, contributed also to the tem- 
porary security of the new settlement. Little, however, could be 
done beyond supplying present sustenance for the party from the 
woods. Wild game was abundant, but the breadstuffs they took 
with them soon gave out; and supplies of corn and salt were only 
to be obtained at a distance, and in deficient quantities, and various 
roots, taken from the indigenous plants, the bear-grass especially, 
had frequently to be resorted to as articles of food. When the 
spring of 1789 opened, their situation promised gradually to im- 
prove. The fine bottoms on the Little Miami had been long culti- 
vated by the savages, and were found mellow as ash-heaps. The 
men worked in divisions, one-half keeping guard, with their rifles, 
while the others worked, changing their employments morning and 
afternoon. My informant had brought a looking-glass, boxed up, 
from the east, and the case being mounted on a home-made pair 
of rockers, served for the first cradle in the settlement. It had 
previously been set across a barrel to do duty as a table. Individ- 
uals now living in Cincinnati were actually rocked, during their 
infancy, in sugar-troughs. 

It was with difliculty horses could be preserved from being stolen, 
by all the means of protection to which the settlers could resort. 
In the family to which this lady belonged, the halter-chains of the 
horses were passed through between the logs and fastened to stout 
hooks on the inside. But neither this precaution nor securing 
them with hopples, would always serve to protect horses from the 
savages. On one occasion, a fine mare, with her colt, had been 
left in the rear of the house, in a small inclosure. The mare was 
taken ofl* by Indians, they having secured her by a stout buffalo 
tug. It appears they had not noticed the colt in the darkness of 
the night. As they rode her otf, the colt sprang the fence after 
11 



124 EARLY ANNALS. 

the mare, and made such a noise galloping after, that, supposing 
themselves pursued, they let the mare go, lest she should impede 
their escape, and the family inside of the house knew nothing of 
the danger to which they had been exposed, until the buffalo tug 
told the night's adventure. 

On another occasion, several families, who had settled on the 
face of the hill, near where Colonel Spencer afterward resided, at 
a spot called Morristown, from one Morris, the principal individual 
in the settlement, had hung out clothes to dry. Early in the even- 
ing, a party of Indians, prowling around, made a descent and car- 
ried off every piece of clothing left out, nor was the loss discovered 
until the families were about to retire for the night. Pursuit was 
made, and the trail followed for several miles, when, arriving at the 
place where the savages had encamped, it was found deserted, the 
enemy being panic-struck, and having abandoned all to effect their 
escape. The plunder was recovered, but not until the Indians had 
raveled out the coverlets to make belts for themselves. 

But many of the settlers encountered more serious calamities 
than loss of property. James Seward had two boys massacred by 
the savages, and James Newell, one of the most valuable of the 
settlers at Columbia, shared a similar fate. Hinkle and Covalt, 
two of the settlers on Round Bottom, a few miles up the Miami, 
were shot dead, in front of their own cabins, while engaged hew- 
ing logs. 

In November, 1789, a flood occurred on the Ohio of such mag- 
nitude as to overflow the lower part of Columbia to such a height 
as first to drive the soldiers, at one of the block-houses, up into the 
loft, and then out by the gable to their boat, by which they crossed 
the Ohio to the hills on the opposite side. One house, only, in 
Columbia, remained out of water. The loss of property, valuable 
in proportion to its scarcity and the difficulty of replacing it, may 
be readily conjectured. 

Honor to the memories of those who, at such cost, won as an in- 
heritance for their successors the garden-spot of the whole world! 

The first settlers suffered greatly for provisions, before the crops 
of their second year produced food in abundance, subsisting on 
short allowance of corn, which was pounded or ground into hominy 
in hand-mills. They were thankful, in those days, if they could 
only procure corn enough. Many of the families at Columbia 
subsisted on the roots of the bear-grass. Jesse Coleman, to whom 



EARLY ANNALS. 125 

I have already referred, tells me that he has repeatedly had nothing 
more, for three days'' subsistence, than a ijint of j^cirched corn. 
He was then six years of age. 

Mr. C. says the first mill in Hamilton county was constructed by 
his father, Mr. N. Coleman, at Columbia, who made fast two flat- 
boats, side by side, the water-wheel being put up between both. 
The grindstones, with the grain and flour, were in one boat, and 
the machinery in the other. Up to this time, the grinding through 
the whole country was by hand-mills. Under these circumstances, 
the settlers were obliged to get grinding done by going as far as 
the old settlements in Kentucky for that purpose. Noah Badgley, 
and three others of the first settlers of Cincinnati, started for 
Paris, Ky., for a supply of bread corn at this period, no crop 
of their own having been raised by the settlers till the next year. 
They embarked, with their supplies, in a canoe, up the Licking, 
while the river was high and the weather cold. After proceeding 
down that stream several miles, they came to a place where it 
broke into various channels, very crooked and difficult, and the 
canoe was forced into drift-wood and trees with such violence as 
to overset it. The men saved themselves by climbing a tree. One 
of them swam out and escaped; but Badgley, in the attempt to fol- 
low him, was carried down so rapidly by the current, that he was 
unable to gain the shore, and perished. The other two continued 
on the tree three days and nights, before they could be relieved 
from their perilous and distressing predicament. 

The first improvements made in Columbia were the means of 
supplying Cincinnati and the .garrison, at Fort Washington, with 
sustenance for some time, perhaps for two seasons, 1789 and 1790, 
before crops were raised within the city limits. 

Turkey Bottom, one and a half miles above the mouth of the 
Little Miami, was a clearing of six hundred and forty acres, made 
ready to the hands of the whites when they commenced the settle- 
ment of the country. The Indians had cultivated it for a length 
of years up to the period of Major Slites' settlement, although part 
of this extensive field had been suffered to grow up, by neglect, in 
black and honey locust, which became literally, as well as figura- 
tively, "thorns in the sides" to the early settlers. This ground 
was leased, by Col. Benjamin Stites, to six of the settlers for five 
years, and with a clearing of Elijah Stites, and other settlers, of six 
acres more, furnished the entire supply of corn for that settlement 



126 EARLY ANNALS. 

and Cincinnati for that season. Nothing could surpass the fertility 
of the soil, which was mellow as an ash-heap. Benjamin Ran- 
dolph planted an acre, which he had no time to hoe, being obliged 
to leave the settlement for New Jersey. When he returned, he 
found one hundred bushels of corn ready for husking. 

Seed corn, and even corn for hominy, and in the form of meal, 
were brought out of the Kentucky settlements, down the Licking, 
and occasionally from a distance as great as Lexington. 

While those who were best off were thus straitened, it may 
readily be supposed that others must have suffered still greater 
privations. The women and their children came from Columbia 
to Turkey Bottom to scratch up the bulbous roots of the bear-grass. 
These they boiled, washed, dried on smooth boards, and finally 
pounded into a species of flour, which served as a tolerable sub 
stitute for making various baking preparations. Few families had 
milk, and still fewer bacon, for a season or two. 

In 1789, General Harmar sent Captains Strong and Kearsey to 
Columbia to procure corn for their soldiers. They applied to Jas. 
Flinn, understanding he had five hundred bushels for sale. Flinn 
refused to sell to the army, having the previous year, when he re- 
sided at Belleville, below Marietta, not been able to get his pay for 
a supply he had furnished the troops at Fort Harmar, in conse- 
quence of the removal to some other station of the ofiScer who 
made the purchase. Strong remarked, "If we can't get corn, we 
shall have to retreat on starvation." While they were talking, and 
with great earnestness, Luke Foster, since Judge of the Hamilton 
Court of Common Pleas, came up and inquired the difficulty. 
Captain Strong replied, " The difticulty is, that the troops have 
been, for nine days, on half rations, and the half rations are nearly 
out, and we are starving for corn." Foster agreed then to lend 
the garrison one hundred bushels, to be returned the next season. 
How badly oft' they were the next season, may be judged by the 
fact, that Foster had to ride down to Cincinnati six times to get 
nineteen bushels of it! 

How opportune this offer was, may be judged by the fact that 
the corn in the hands of Flinn and Foster constituted two-thirds of 
the whole supply of Columbia and Cincinnati. 

Judge Foster gave me the following history of the crop, which 
enabled him to supply the wants at Fort Washington. He had run 
out of seed corn, and the only one of the neighbors who could 



EARLY ANNALS. 127 

supply him with the quantity he wanted — less than a peck — hap- 
pened also to be out of corn meal. As Foster had a small quantity of 
this last, an exchange was promptly made of thirteen pint cupfuls, 
pint for pint. The corn was planted, three grains in a hill, this sup- 
ply serving to seed two and a half acres. The crop had not been 
put in early, and it was a dry season, but such was the character of 
the soil, and the condition it was in, that barely turning up the earth 
to the hills served to keep it in moisture. 

An incident or two in the pioneer history of John S. Wallace, 
one of the earliest settlers of Cincinnati, and a resident here until 
his death, which occurred not many years since, are worthy of 
being rescued from the oblivion to which the greater share of the 
events of those days is rapidly hastening. 

Mr. Wallace was, with most of the first settlers of Cincinnati, a 
native of Pennsylvania, and had been engaged in trading voyages 
on the Ohio, at a date even prior to the first settlement of our city. 

On his second visit to Cincinnati, in 1789, he was informed that 
Captain Strong's company of regulars, who had been stationed at 
Ft. Washington to protect the infant settlements in Judge Symmes' 
purchase, were about to abandon the post for want of provisions, 
supplies from stations higher up the Ohio having given out. Wal- 
lace called on the Captain, and suggested to him that he could 
probably buy as much corn at Columbia as would furnish bread- 
stuffs for some time, while he — Wallace — would take the woods, 
with a hunter or two in company, and supply the meat rations. 
The suggestion was well-timed as well as judicious, and readily 
adopted. 

The success of the application to James Flinn and Luke Foster, 
has been already narrated. 

In the meantime Wallace started to the woods, accompanied by 
two of the early settlers, Drennan and Dement. Drennan did not 
understand much of hunting, and Dement had never attempted it; 
but they were both serviceable in the only department in which 
they were needed by Wallace, that is in packing the meat — Indian 
fashion, on their backs — Dement especially. They went down the 
river in a canoe, some ten miles below Cincinnati, on the Ken- 
tucky side, where they secreted their craft in the mouth of a small 
branch, fearing the Indians might be induced to lie in ambush for 
their ret^irn, if it fell under their notice. Here they struck into the 
woods and secured an abundant supply of buffalo, deer, and bear 



128 EARLY ANNALS. 

meat to last the troops, about seventy in number, for six weeks — 
until provisions should arrive from Pittsburg. 

This supply was of great importance. Without provisions the 
military station here must have been relinquished, to the prejudice 
of its speedy re-occupation, and to the necessary discouragement 
of persons settling at the place, as well as tempting the abandon- 
ment of the existing settlements of Cincinnati and Columbia. 

From the statement of the individual I have referred to on page 
122, the following notes have been compiled. ^'I will add to what 
1 have already stated to you, some recollections of the journeys 
which our early settlers were compelled to take through the wil- 
derness, when business or necessity called us to our former homes 
and neighbors." 

The savages were so hostile that such journeys were not often 
undertaken. When they were, the traveler would start to Lime- 
stone by river, in a canoe or pirogue, from Fort Washington or 
Fort Miami, as the case might be. Flatboats were always used to 
descend the Ohio, but were of course not adapted to ascend it. 
The traveler always took provision with him, and kept on what was 
termed the Virginia side, so called from the Virginia land claims. 
From Limestone his route lay to Lexington sixty-four miles, all a 
wilderness, except a station at the Blue Licks, erected by a gentle- 
man named Lyons, who carried on making salt. He had a family 
of colored people, and entertained travelers. As this was the only 
supply of salt to the emigrants at that period, and Mr. L. dealt with 
great fairness with the settlers, he was very popular, and had a 
great run of custom for that day. From Lexington the traveler 
proceeded to the Crab Orchard, leaving written notices at Lexing- 
ton that a party would leave the Crab Orchard at such a date. 
These notices or advertisements were posted at stations, or on 
trees. This was the means of making a party from the various 
stations or settlements of such as were desirous also to journey 
east. At the appointed time, the party would assemble to proceed 
on horseback, with their rifles, to the old settlements from which 
they came. But though traveling in this mode in numbers, and 
with their arms in their hands, they were often attacked by Indians, 
and several, at different times, lost their lives. 

Everything brought by the emigrants to the west was taken out 
on pack-horses; but as the children, both white and black, had to 
be taken this way also, only a few articles of the first necessity 



EARLY ANXALS. 129 

could be added. It is easy to judge the privations and sufferings 
of the early settlers by this circumstance. 

I traveled once, in the way of which I speak, in 1789, from Co- 
lumbia, designing to accompany my husband on his way east as far 
as Lexington, where his father and mother resided, with whom I 
intended to stay until his return. He was on a journey to New 
York and Philadelphia. We left Maysville — then Limestone — 
with the agreement not to speak a word to each other, after leav- 
ing Washington, until we should reach the Blue Licks, twenty-two 
miles. At Washington, four miles on our journey, we learned that 
the Indians had attacked a party, the day before, of movers to Lex- 
ington. This we considered good encouragement to proceed, as 
the Indians would be off as rapidly as possible through fear of pur- 
suit. They are a very cautious people, and will not attack except 
at an advantage. We remained at Lyons' all night; and, after 
reaching Lexington next day, my husband set out for the Crab 
Orchard, on his way over the mountains. In due time I received a 
letter from him, which was taken through the wilderness by a party 
of settlers coming out on their way to the west. The party was 
attacked by Indians, and the man who had the letter killed, and 
the letter, which had been on his person, was very much stained 
with his blood. Others of the same party were killed at the same 
time. 

Occasionally travelers would go up the Ohio, to Wheeling, by 
pirogue or canoe, polling or paddling all the way; but most per- 
sons went the route which I have described. In ascending the 
river, they always kept the Virginia side as the safest. 

When the courts were first established in Cincinnati, the officers 
who lived in Columbia, went down in canoes, or walked the dis- 
tance, but always on the Virginia side, for fear of Indians. They 
were obliged to take their provisions with them, as there were very 
few inhabitants in Cincinnati, and no boarding-houses there at that 
period. 

David McCasli, a native of Scotland, emigrated to this country, 
with his wife and oldest son, William, soon after the acknowledg- 
ment of American Independence, and settled in Mason county, 
Ky., a few miles from Limestone, now Maysville. Here James, a 
second son, was added to the family. 

In 1792, he took down to Cincinnati, in a pirogue, apples, 
peaches, turnips, etc., the products of his farm, to Gen. Wayne^s 



130 EARLY ANNALS. 

encampment, at Hohson's Choice, in the region of which the pre- 
sent gas irorks is the centre. The General assigned him a guard 
to protect his property until he should effect a sale. 

Next year, in April, 1793, the family emigrated to Cincinnati, 
and took out their effects at what was called the Stone Landing, 
above Broadway. They bought out a settler's right to a log cabin, 
on Walnut, north of Third street, being the lot north of that on 
which the Masonic building has been recently built, and purchased 
an out-lot of four acres for as many dollars, being the ground now 
including Miles Greenwood's foundry, the Bavarian brewery, and 
bounded south by the Miami canal, and worth now, without in- 
cluding the improvements, three hundred thousand dollars. 

The oldest brother, William, constructed a water-cart, the frame 
of which was formed of two poles, in the middle of which a cross- 
piece was fastened; pegs to hold the barrel were driven into the 
lower part, and the ends served for shafts. This was the first con- 
venience for supplying the city with water for cooking or drinking 
uses. 

The next step in the progress of vehicles for transportation, in 
this city, was the construction, by McCash, of a wheeled cart. 
This was effected by making a pair of wooden wheels, perhaps 
six inches thick, and two and a half feet in diameter, connected 
with — not running on — an axle, which was held by large staples in 
which it rolled, that secured it to the bed and shafts. McCash 
hauled the first barrel on his car, and the first load of goods on his 
dray or cart, ever transported through the streets of Cincinnati. 

James, the younger brotlier, from whom I have these facts, recol- 
lects, when but five years old, planting the four acre lot alluded to, 
in pumpkins, which he dropped into the hills of corn, prepared by 
the old man, and planted by the elder brother. 

'•Ah!" said Mr. McCash, in narrating these things, "we had 
to stir ourselves in those days. Hands were scarce, and boys 
were expected to do what I cannot get boys now to do for me. 
My father sent me, one day, to Gnmmon^s mill, on Millcreek, a 
few rods above where Ernsfs garden now is, with his mare. I 
was taking a bag of corn to be ground, and was not seven years 
old at the time. On this occasion I first saw Presley Kemper. 
He was at the mill, and when the corn meal was put on the beast, 
and such a bit of a boy riding it, he offered to go with me to the 
town, as Cincinnati was then called, and of as many houses as 



EARLY ANNALS. 131 

could now be put upon a single block or square of the city. But 
1 was too proud to accept his offer, and started alone. Where the 
Brighton House now is, my bag slid off, and I was in a pretty fix. 
There was no human being nearer than an old fellow named 
Harkless, who lived in Wade'^s icoods, and there was no path 
opened to his cabin that I knew of. So I first sat down and cried, 
and then mounted the mare and returned to the mill, and got the 
miller to put the meal on the beast for me. This seems nothing 
now, but you must recollect that whole region was grown up in 
weeds to that degree that a man might be within five rods of a 
hundred head of cattle without suspecting they were there. And 
the stories of Indians, who had visited the neighborhood within 
two or tliree years, stealing cattle and carrying off children, was 
enough to try the spunk of a little fellow like me — yes, and of 
older people, too. 

"Another time, after we had removed to the country, and were 
living fifteen miles from Cincinnati, when I was about nine years 
old, my father sent me to hunt up a stray mare, which was sup- 
posed to be down the Millcreek bottoms. I hunted and hunted, 
and at last found her at Ilobson's Choice. She was too lame to 
travel, so I staid at Cincinnati a week, until she got better, though 
not well, and started home with a man named John Hole. When 
I got where I had to cross Millcreek, there was ice over it so thick 
that it required the mare to rise up and strike the ice with both 
her fore feet to break a passage, and I had hard work to keep my 
seat. The water was full belly deep to a horse. Hole was too 
cowardly to go first, and made me do so. If I had slipped off', it 
would have been a gone case with me." 

Such was the training which has reared up the grown men 
among the farmers of Hamilton county of the present day. 

The year 1792, as has been elsewhere alluded to in this volume, 
was remarkable for a flood of uncommon height and of course 
breadth. John Ludlow, formerly Sheriff of Hamilton county, was 
brother to Israel Ludlow, one of the early proprietors of Cincinnati, 
and followed jiim to the west, from New Jersey, in the spring of 
1792. He left Redstone, now Brownsville, Pa., with his family, 
in company with a trader, named McGowan, on a flatboat loaded, 
among other things, with castings, bar iron, and grindstones. Lud- 
low had two wagons slung on one side of the boat to assist in bal- 



132 EARLY ANNALS. 

ancing the weight of four horses, a yoke of oxen, and two milch 
cows, which he was taking down for farming purposes. Two in- 
dividuals of Ludlow's family, were his son, William D., and his 
daughter, Eliza, of the ages of five and three years respectively. 
They still survive — the daughter being now Mrs. Patton, a married 
lady of Dayton, O., and the son a resident of Carthage, in this 
county. 

The boat reached the lower island of what are now termed the 
Three Sisters, at the termination of which the boat sprung a leak 
by starting a plank. It had struck against a sunken log, and com- 
menced filling with rapidity. In pulling round to make the island, 
the bow of the boat struck a drift-heap, on which the party sprang, 
at least such of them as were conscious of their danger, leaving 
William and Elizabeth on the roof of the boat, whither they had 
clambered as the water began to rise in the boat. One of the 
hands, with great promptitude, made the cable of the boat fast to a 
tree on the island. 

The river being high, the current strong, and the boat unman- 
ageable, she struck with so much force, while swinging round, as 
to throw the weight entirely to one side, and the horses and cattle 
being lifted by the water from the floor in these struggles, disen- 
gaged the roof from the boat, and it floated off with the children on 
it. The result of this was, that the boat was thrown on its beam 
ends, and all the live stock on her, one horse excepted, drowned. 
By an uncommon want of foresight, they had not provided them- 
selves, as usual, with either skiff or canoe, and the distress, amount- 
ing to agony, of the parents, may be readily conceived. McGowan 
ran up the island to discover if any boat was in sight. He saw one 
nearly three miles off, and hoisted a signal of distress. This was 
a fiatboat, on which were Jesse Hunt and Joseph Prince, two well- 
known citizens of this place. Prince recognized the signal, and 
was disposed to land their boat; but Hunt, who was aware that it 
was an Indian practice to decoy the whites ashore by such artifices 
as these, utterly objected to do so. Prince then took the skiff, and, 
with two of the hands, the whole party armed with rifles, rowed 
near enough to hold a conversation with McGowan, who explained 
the difficulty. There was no need of urging the party to push on 
and overtake the children, if possible. They stretched to their 
oars, but did not reach the floating roof until they had rowed 



EARLY ANNALS. 133 

twelve miles. After the children had been taken off, the roof 
floated perhaps eighty rods, when it struck a drift-heap, and was 
carried under by the suction of the current. So narrow was the 
these chilidrcn's escape! One of the men had been sent up by 
land, on the Kentucky side, to relieve the apprehensions of the 
family, which had been taken on board of Mr. Hunt's boat. The 
goods were recovered at ajater date. 

A feather bed had floated ofl" under the roof, which, according 
to the ark fashion of that day, was pitched like the roof of a house, 
but neither roof nor bed were ever seen afterward. 

Mobs and Riots. — ^^Although no police officers existed in Cin- 
cinnati during the past century, and many lawless spirits ex- 
isted in the community, the force of public sentiment, always 
strongest when the population is not so large that individuals can 
hide themselves in a crowd, sufficed, in the early years of Cincin- 
nati, promptly to suppress those popular outbreaks which, in later 
years, have for the moment defied the public authorities. 

The first disturbance of this sort occurred on the 12th of Feb- 
ruary, 1792. Lieut. Thomas Pasteur, belonging to the garrison 
at Fort Washington, having quarreled with John Bartle, who kept 
a store where the Spencer Hotel, at the corner of Broadway and 
Front, now stands, decoyed him, on a pretence of business, to the 
garrison, and, falling on him there in the presence of his myrmi- 
dons, beat him very severely. Bartle prosecuted him for the out- 
rage, and his attorney, Mr. Blanchard, exhibited the Lieutenant, on 
the trial, in a light so contemptible as to draw on himself the indig- 
nation of the latter and a visit of a sergeant and thirty private sol- 
diers, to inflict personal chastisement on the lawyer and all who 
might be disposed to defend him or his cause. An aff'ray took 
place on Main street, in and about McMillan's ofl^ice, where Mills & 
Kline's store stands, between the military and some of the citizens, 
eighteen in number, in which McMillan, who was a magistrate, 
with Colonel John Riddle, were particularly active, and drove the 
soldiers off. 

The interference of the military, naturally created great excite- 
ment, and General Wilkinson, then in command at Ft. Washington, 
reduced the Sergeant to the ranks, and would have inflicted fur- 
ther punishment, had it not clearly appeared that the party acted 
under orders. He also issued the following general order. 



134 EARLY ANNALS. 



HEADaUARTERS, FoRT WASHINGTON, ) 

'2. S 



February 13, 1792. 

The riot in the town of Cincinnati yesterday, and the outrage 
committed, by a party of soldiers, on the person of a magistrate of 
this territory, is a dishonor to the military, and an indignity to the 
National Government, which demands that the most exemplary 
punishment should be inflicted on the perpetrators, although the 
Commandant cannot admit the idea that any gentleman in commis- 
sion, who wears the garb of honor, could be instrumental or acces- 
sory to this flagitious transaction; yet the circumstance of a Ser- 
geant, and twenty or thirty men from the same company, leaving 
the garrison in a body, as has been represented to the Command- 
ant, carries with it an aspect of premeditation, and may subject 
the officer commanding such company to undue suspicions and 
censures. To avert such consequences in future, and to restrain 
the licentious habits of the soldiery, the Commandant calls for the 
firm co-operation and support of his officers, and orders that all 
duties beyond the walls of the garrison, whether for water, wood, 
or provisions, must be done by detachment, under a non-commis- 
sioned officer, who shall be answerable for the conduct of such 
detachment. No private is to pass the gateway on any other pre- 
tence, without a special commission from the commanding officer. 
The Commandant laments that he should be reduced to the neces- 
sity of exerting so rigid a system of police, but he considers it in- 
dispensably necessary, not only to the good of the service, but the 
honor of the corps. 

By order. JOHN WADE, 

Ensign, Fort AdjH. 

Lieut. Pasteur was tried at the General Quarter Sessions, the 
succeeding year, and was sentenced to a fine of three dollars for 
the assault. 

There was only one more disturbance here of the public peace 
during the past century. 

In the spring of 1794, and while General Anthony Wayne was 
marching north to meet and chastise the hostile Indians, and erect- 
ing military forts in his line of advance to protect the country in 
his rear, a detachment of volunteers from Kentucky, accompanied 
by some hundred, more or less, friendly Indians from the Missis- 
sippi region, encamped for a few days in the vicinity of Cincinnati, 



EARLY ANNALS. 135 

preparatory to pushing forward to reinforce tlie arnny of the north. 
These Indians were encamped on Deer creek, on the spot now 
occupied by SamH Berresford. They brought with them a young 
woman who had been taken captive in some border incursion into 
iwestern Pennsylvania. It was supposed she had relatives in Cin- 
cinnati, which did not prove to be the case. But there were two 
or three individuals who knew her friends near Pittsburg, being 
themselves of that neighborhood; and one of them succeeded in 
ransoming her from the Indians by the payment of a barrel of Mo- 
nongaliela whisky. The exchange occurred at a tavern on Broad- 
way, just above BartWs store, and the Indians, who had been 
drinking while the barter was pending, had a thorough frolic of it 
when put in possession of the whisky. Next day, a large share of 
the liquor having been drank, they became dissatisfied with the 
exchange, and were for re-taking the girl by force of arms. This 
was resisted, of course — peaceably, but firmly — by those into whose 
custody she had passed, who were Irishmen, from Pennsylvania, 
with several of their countrymen and other individuals resident 
tliere. The girl had been secreted, so that the Indians could not 
discover her retreat. At this period the east side of Broadway 
commenced at a point about twenty or thirty feet from Bartle's 
corner, opposite it, widening so rapidly that at the distance of half 
way to Cromwell's corner, the street was wider than even at pre- 
sent, its east side being occupied with the various artificer shops 
belonging to the garrison. The Indians came down Broadway to 
the number of perhaps fifty, and at the narrow part of the street 
were met and confronted by their opponents; but after the stones, 
or rocks, as they were called, lying about had been picked up and 
thrown, the Irish contrived to gather up sJnllalas, and although 
greatly inferior in numbers, drove their enemies up Broadway clear 
to the hill. Isaac Anderson^ a well-known citizen of that day, who 
had been taken captive in haugliery's defeat, and always bore a 
'grudge against the whole race of red skins, was in the thickest of 
this fight. Captain Prince, who commanded the garrison at that 
period, sent out a detachment of the troops to quell the disturbance, 
but it was all over by the time they reached the ground. 

The row of log cabins on the east side, in front of which this 
engagement took place, received from the circumstance the name 
of Battle Row, which it retained until 1810, when these houses 



136 EARLY ANNALS. 

were pulled down to make way for the present buildings put up by 
John H. Piatt. 

The girl was afterward restored to her friends, in Pennsylvania, 
and is believed to be still living. 

Pioneer Religious Society. — In laying out the town of Cincin- 
nati, the proprietors dedicated in-lots Nos. 100, 115, 139, and 140, 
to church and school purposes. The succeeding year Rev. David 
Rice, of Kentucky, organized a religious society of the Presbyte- 
rian faith and order, which proceeded to occupy the premises thus 
set apart, but found themselves at that day too feeble, even with 
such aid as they could obtain in the town, to build a church edifice; 
the only use therefore, for some time, made of the premises, was 
that of a grave yard. Meetings for worship were held at a horse 
mill, on Vine St., below where Third st. has since been opened, 
being then the foot of the hill, and also, occasionally, at private 
houses. John Smith, of Columbia, then a Baptist preacher, better 
known since as one of the early Senators, from Ohio, in the United 
States Senate, and implicated in Aaron Burr's memorable project, 
occasionally preached to the society. 

In 1791, a number of the inhabitants formed themselves into a 
company to escort the Rev. James Kemper from beyond the Ken- 
tucky river to Cincinnati. They accompanied him hither, and on 
his arrival, a subscription was set on foot to build a meeting-house. 
Before this time, the trees upon a portion of the lot, at the corner 
of Fourth and Main sts., had been partially cleared, and within a 
small circle, seated upon the logs, the people met for worship, in 
the open air, with their rifles by their sides. In 1792, the meet- 
ing-house was erected, and the whole four lots were inclosed with 
a post and rail fence. The timber for the building was taken 
from the spot upon which it was erected. The subscription-paper 
for the erection of the church is still in existence. It is dated 
January 16, 1792. It is headed as follows; 

We, the subscribers, for the purpose of erecting a house of 
public worship, in the village of Cincinnati, to the use of the 
Presbyterian denomination, do severally bind ourselves and execu- 
tors firmly and by these presents the several sums of money and 
commutations in labor, respectively annexed to our names, to be 
paid to Jno. Ludlow, Jacob Reeder, Jas. Lyon, Moses Miller, Jno. 
Thorpe, and Wm. McMillan, or either of them, their heirs or admin- 
istrators, trustees appointed for the business of superintending the 



EARLY ANNALS. 



137 



building aforesaid, payments to be made as follows: One third 
part of our several subscriptions, to be paid so soon as the timbers 
requisite for the aforesaid building may be collected on the ground 
where the said house is to be built; another third, when the said 
house is framed and raised; and the other third part, when the 
aforesaid house may be under cover and weather-boarded. 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names, on 
the day affixed to our names. 

Here follow the names of the subscribers, which are given that 
we may cherish the memory of the generous dead, and furnish an 
example to the living. 



John Ludlow, 
Moses Miller, 
John B. Smith, 
Joel Williams, 
Jeremiah Ludlow, 
John Cutter, 
Cornelius Miller, 
Samuel Pierson, 
James Kemper, 
Wm. Miner, 
S. Miller, 
William Harrison, 
Asa Peck, 
Samuel Dick, 
Matthias Brant, 
David Logan, 
Alex. McCoy, 
James Blackburn, 
James Wallace, 
Thomas Ellis, 
Benjamin Jennings, 
Reuben Roe, 
Thomas McGrath, 
Henry Taylor, 
James Richards, 
H. Wilson, 
Thomas Brown, 
John Darrah, 
Moses Jones, 



Jacob Reeder, 
John Thorpe, 
David E. Wade, 
Levi Woodward, 
James Dement, 
Joseph Lloyd, 
Abr-am Boston, 
Daniel Bates, 
Isaac Bates, 
James Miller, 
John Lyon, 
Margaret Rusk, 
Robert Hind, 
Joseph Shaw, 
Samuel Williams, 
James Lowry, 
Joseph Spencer, 
James Cunningham, 
Robert Caldwell, 
Dan'l Shoemaker, 
John Gaston, 
John Cummins, 
James Bury, 
Elias Waldron, 
John Bartle, 
William Miller, 
Matthew Deary, 
Samuel Martin, 
Francis Kennedy, 



James Lyon, 
Wm. McMillan, 
James Brady, 
Wm. Woodward, 
Richard Benham, 
Nehemiah Hunt, 
Gabriel Cox, 
Benj. Fitzgerald, 
John Adams, 
Seth Cutter, 
James McKane, 
Benjamin Valentine, 
Robert Benham, 
Samuel Kitchell, 
Jabesh Wilson, 
David Long, 
David Hole, 
Isaac Felty, 
Jona Davies, 
John Blanchard, 
Jonas Seaman, 
Elliott & Williams, 
Thomas Gibson, 
Thomas Cochran, 
J. Mercer, 
James Reynolds, 
James McKnight, 
Daniel C. Cooper, 
Israel Ludlow, 



138 EARLY Al^NALS. 

J. Gilbroath, James Wilkinson, Winthrop Sargent, 

Richard Allison, Mahlon Ford, John Wade, 

M. McDonough, J. Mentzies, Joshua Shaylor, 

William Peters, James Kremer, W. M. Mills, 

H. Marks, Matthew Winton, Ezekiel Sayre, 

Samuel Gilman, W. Elwes, John Dixon, Daniel Hole. 

In 1792, as stated, the first church edifice was built. This was 
a plain frame, about thirty by forty, roofed and weather-boarded 
with clapboards, but neither lathed, plastered, nor ceiled. The 
floor was of boat-plank, laid loosely upon sleepers. The seats 
were formed by rolling in the necessary number of logs, which 
were placed at suitable distances, and covered with boards, whip- 
sawed for the purpose, at proper spaces for seats. There was a 
breast-work of unplaned cherry boards, which served for a pulpit, 
behind which the clergyman stood on a plank supported by blocks. 
The congregation were required to attend with rifles, under pen- 
alty of a fine of seventy-five cents, which was actually inflicted on 
John S. Wallace, formerly auditor of this county, who had left his 
rifle at home through forgetfulness. Others, also, doubtless incur- 
red fines on this account. 

As a specimen of the manner in which the clergymen of that 
day were sustained, I annex an original receipt which I have be- 
fore me: 

Received, February the 14th, 1794, of McMillan, Esq., the sum 
of three dollars, it being for Mr. Kemper's salary for the year '94, 
as an unsubscriber. 

Received by me, Cornelius Van Nuys. 

On the 11th of June, 1794, another subscription was circulated 
for the purpose of further finishing the Presbyterian meeting-house 
iu Cincinnati, and also for paling the door-yard and fencing in the 
burying-ground, to be paid to the same persons named as trustees. 

To this paper, in addition to those who had already subscribed 
to build the meeting-house, and who again contributed to its com- 
pletion, we find the names of — 

Ezra F. Freeman, David Zeigler, C. Avery, 

Oliver Ormsby, Job Gard, Robert Mitchell, 

Martin Baum, G. Yeatman, John Brown, 

Joseph Prince, Andrew Park, John Riddle, 

Patrick Dickey, A. Hunt &. Co. Peter Kemper. 



EARLY ANNALS. 139 

When the property was dedicated by the proprietors, they held 
the equitable title only; the government held the legal estate, but 
had contracted with John Cleves Symmes to convey to him a large 
tract of land, which included the plat of Cincinnati. The proprie- 
tors claimed under Symmes. In 1794, the President of the United 
States issued a patent to Symmes, who was thus invested with the 
legal estate; and afterward, on the 28th of December, 1797, con- 
veyed the lots to Moses Miller, John Thorpe, John Ludlow, James 
Lyon, Wm. McMillan, David E. Wade, and Jacob Reeder, trustees 
for the Presbyterian congregation of Cincinnati. 

The church-building was removed, in 1804, to Vine, below Fifth 
St., and became what was known, for many years here, as Burke's 
church. It was substituted by a large brick building, which stood 
until a few years since, and is now replaced by the splendid edifice 
occupied at this time by the First Presbyterian society. 

Original Timber, Levels, and Surface of the City, etc. — Few 
persons appear familiar with the process by which a settlement 
enlarges to a town first, and subsequently to an important city. 
Those who have not grown up with it, cannot realize the gradual 
and various changes it assumes, and how few of its original fea- 
tures are preserved in that progress. No one who casts his eye 
over the extensive platform of Philadelphia, for example, and sur- 
veys the superb site, swelling regularly but gradually from the Dela- 
ware to Fifth St., and exhibiting a uniform surface, would suppose, 
unless he had previously known the fact, that the city, in its earlier 
condition, abounded with ponds and gullies, and was intersected 
with rivulets and creeks to an extent which gave no promise that 
it would ever reach its present unrivaled regularity and beauty of 
surface. Such, also, was the original configuration of Cincinnati. 
From the hill which skirts the present line of Third street, to the 
river bluffs, lay a broad swamp, which occupied, principally, the 
space from Second to Lower Market sts., although, from its irregular 
shape, parts of it extended even further south. This was originally 
a thicket of beech and sugar-trees, and grape-vines, interspersed 
with a heavy undergrowth of spicewood and papaws. On the 
second table, now lying between Third street and the hills in the 
rear of Cincinnati, the ground was more unbroken in its surface, 
and heavily timbered with beech, sugar-tree, and poplar, some of 
them of immense size. The river bank was a high bluff, extend- 
ing, opposite the present public landing, about one hundred and 
12 



140 EARLY ANNALS. 

fifty feet south of the upper line of Front st., and falling off north 
to the swamp rather rapidly. At Sycamore st. a large cove put in, 
reaching within a foot of what is now the northeast corner of Syc- 
amore and Front streets. Here Griffin Yeatman kept one of our 
earliest public houses. It is difficult now to realize the fact, that 
the north line of the river at this point nearly reached that of Front 
street. At the corner of Ludlow was another of these coves, and 
another still higher up, just below the mouth of Deer creek. The 
first of these was called the Stone landing, and the second Dor- 
sey's cove. The ground fell off all the way from the banks of the 
Ohio to Second, then called Columbia street. The coves referred 
to, in early days, were the usual landing places for emigrants, as 
they probably had been to the various expeditions which the set- 
tlers, in Kentucky, from time to time, sent over to retaliate on the 
Shawanese Indian settlements to our north, their incursions across 
the Ohio. The old Indian war-path from the British garrison, at 
Detroit, crossed the river at this point, which was also the regular 
avenue by which the savages on the northern side of the Ohio ap- 
proached the Kentucky stations. 

The late Judge Matson, of North Bend, in a letter I received 
from him, in 1845, says: 

In reply to your inquiry, what kind of timber first covered the 
site of Cincinnati, I can state my recollections, which are very dis- 
tinct on the subject. The bank of the river had a heavy growth of 
beech trees, many of them very large. At Hohsori^s Choice, on 
the river, west of Western row, the encampment of Gen. Wayne, 
they were cut down, and the stumps dug out, over so much of the 
bank as to make a parade-ground; some of the largest being left 
standing adjacent for purposes of shade. Where the swamp came 
in between the river bank and foot of the hill, was a growth of 
white walnut, soft maple, white elm, shellbark hickory, and white 
ash. On the second table of Cincinnati was spread a variety of 
timber, such as beech, ash, black walnut, hickory, black and red 
oak, generally of vigorous growth. Here and there white oak and 
poplar interspersed the rest. A space of perhaps one hundred and 
fifty acres north and west of Barr's dwelling, down to Stonemetz's 
ford, on Millcreek, was filled with poplar and beech. Of the lat- 
ter there is, as you know, a small grove still standing, and called 
Loring's woods. This is the only relic of the original growth of 
Cincinnati, except scattered trees. An abundant range of spice 



EARLY ANNALS. 141 

wood was the undergrowth. They grew so thick that out at North 
Bend, after cutting off the bush, and digging the roots loose, I 
have not been able, unassisted, to lift the clump out of the ground. 
For three or four years prior to the year 1794, there had been a 
large scope oi out-lots, as they were called, in a worm-fence inclo- 
sure, extending from about Sixth street north to Court street, and 
from Main street west to the section-line, which nearly follows the 
line of what is now John street. There was hardly a building on 
that space. I recollect but one, a small frame building on Main 
street, on the St. Clair square, between Seventh and Eighth. This 
had been put up by Thomas Gowdy, a lawyer of that period, as an 
office, but was not occupied as such, being found too much out of 
town for business purposes. In May of that year, one of the occu- 
pants of the inclosure, being engaged in burning brush at the west 
end of it, the fire accidentally spread over the whole clearing, fast- 
ening on the deadened timber which had been girdled, and was, 
by this time, as dry as timber could become. The wind was from 
the west, and was very high, which was what first caused the con- 
flagration, and the sap-wood, as it burned, peeled off in very large 
flakes, spreading the fire farther and farther east until it reached 
to Main street front. It may easily be imagined what a magnifi- 
cent sight was presented by more than one hundred acres of dry 
timber in flames. The whole population was engaged, as far as 
practicable, in saving the rails, of which, in fact, but few escaped. 
On Gowdy's oflace three or four men were stationed, while buckets 
of water were handed up to them from time to time. 

As this was the first fire in Cincinnati, so it was the most exten- 
sive as respects the space it covered. It compelled the settlers to 
clear the out-lots, much sooner than they would have done, to get 
rid of the partially-burnt timber left standing unsafely, or lying on 
the ground in the way of putting in the corn crop, for which they 
were preparing at the time. 

In the infancy of the city, there was but little communication 
maintained between the hill and bottom, so far as keeping roads 
for wheeled vehicles, and hardly more for horses. Even at a later 
date, wagons could stall going up Walnut street, opposite the N. W. 
corner of Front street. On Main, from Front to Lower Market 
streets, then many feet below its present grade, from Hill's store, 
No. 31, to Lower Market street, boat gunwales were laid as foot- 
ways, part of the distance, and the citizens walked, in very muddy 



142 EARLY ANNALS. 

weather, upon the rails of the post and rail fences, which inclosed 
the lots of that street. When Pearl st. was opened, some twenty- 
eight years ago, and the building extending from the corner to 
Neave & Son's store, was putting up, in digging the foundations, 
a number of pannels of posts and rail fence, the relics of those 
days, and which had been covered up for, probably, thirty years, 
were found and dug up absolutely sound. Causeways of logs, 
generally a foot in diameter, were laid in various parts of Main st., 
and it was but a few years since, in re-grading Main from Eighth 
to Ninth street, that a causeway of such logs were taken up, sound, 
but water-saturated, which extended from near Eighth street to a 
spot above Pfau's tavern, probably one hundred and twenty feet in 
distance. 

As late as the year 1800, Broadway, opposite Columbia street, 
and for one hundred feet north of that point, was the centre of a 
pond, three or four acres in extent, to which the early settlers re- 
sorted to shoot plover. Another pond, of considerable size, spread 
on every side from the northeast corner of Fifth and Main streets, 
over which persons, still living, have crossed on decayed logs. A 
bluff gravel bank occupied the line of Third street, for two or three 
squares east and west of Main street. This overhung the lower 
ground to the south, and was frequently caving in upon it. A faint 
idea only of the elevation of the bluff can be formed by observing 
the ascent of Main street, from Lower Market to Third. The hill, 
at an early date, presented its front below the line of Hopple's 
alley, nearly thirty feet above the present level, while Lower 
Market must have been thirteen or fourteen feet below its present 
grade. A swamp extended through Lower Market street its entire 
distance west of Ludlow street. 

One of the first brick houses put up in this city, was the well- 
known Hopple tobacco establishment on Lower Market street, an.d 
occupied in that line until within a few years, and now displaced by 
the fine large house of Siebern & Co. This building, though of 
brick, and three stories high also, one of those stories being cov- 
ered over in the repeated fillings up of Lower Market street, was 
built upon boat gunnels. It was put up under the superintendence 
of Casper Hopple, still living, and a fine specimen of the early 
pioneers; and a little incident in its history may be worth record- 
ing in illustration of the point I start with — the changes of grades 
and surfaces which city improvements have wrought. Fourteen 



EARLY ANNALS. 143 

feet above what then constituted the sill of his door, he placed the 
joists of the next story, and while that tier was laying, our old 
fellow-citizen, Jonathan Pancoast, passed by, and, after gazing at 
the improvement, without comprehending its design, asked of Mr. 
Hopple what he meant by what he was doing? Mr. H. observed, 
that, as accurately as he could judge, that would be the proper 
range of the floor, when Lower Market street would be filled to its 
proper level, to correspond with what he supposed would prove 
the final grade of Main street opposite. When the first filling of 
Lower Market street took place, Mr. H. was compelled to convert 
some five feet deep of the lower story into a cellar, to which he 
had access by a trap-door; and after the establishment at the pre- 
sent grade, of that street, the level at which he had built his joists, 
corresponded exactly to its purpose, giving him a sill at his door 
and a cellar of the ordinary depth with one, as already described, 
below it. 

Nearly opposite, on the west side of Main street, on the site of 
J. Simpkinson & Co.'s store. Captain Hugh Moore, another of our 
pioneers, had a building occupied by him as a store for the sale 
of such goods as were required by the wants of the early settlers. 
This was an erection of boat-planks for the inside walls, lined with 
poplar boards, with boat gunnels also for foundation. The building 
was perhaps thirty-six feet deep, and twenty in front. A clap- 
board roof sheltered its inmates from the weather. This was tlie 
only building Mr. Moore was able to secure for his purpose, houses 
and stores being as diflScult to obtain in those days as at present. 
When he had bargained for the house, which he rented at one 
hundred dollars per annum, and which, with the lot, one hundred 
feet on Main, by two hundred on Pearl street, he was offered, in 
fee simple, at three hundred and fifty dollars, he brought the flat- 
boat which was loaded with storegoods from the Ohio, via Hobson's 
Choice, not far from Mill street, up Second or Columbia streets, 
and fastened the boat to a stake near the door, as nearly as can be 
judged, the exact spot where the lamp-post now stands, at the 
southwest corner of Main and Pearl streets. 

Mounds, etc. — The principal of these were of a circular form, 
one of them extending from Sycamore to Ludlow, and from Fifth 
to midway between Third and Fourth streets. The other reached 
from the west side of Race, eastwardly, beyond the centre of the 
block between Walnut and Vine streets, and from midway between 



144 EARLY ANNALS. 

Third and Fifth streets. These circles were about in diameter six 
hundred feet each. West of these, and removed only within ten 
or twelve years, was the highest of all, akhough inferior in surface 
to the two referred to, being originally between thirty and forty 
feet high. General Wayne, in 1793, had eight feet cut from the 
summit, and put up a sentry-box with sentinel to command a look 
out over the whole platform of Cincinnati. The last was on the 
upper side of Fifth street, at a point where a street was afterward 
cut through, and, in reference to this local feature, has been 
named Mound street. 

Other mounds, of various sizes but of less consequence — one at 
the corner of Main and Third streets; a large elliptical one, stretch- 
ing obliquely from Vine nearly to Elm street, immediately north of 
the present canal; one on the upper side of Seventh, below Smith 
street; one on the eastern side of Western row, between Ninth 
and Court streets; one west of Plum, near the old corporation line; 
one on Fourth street, occupying the site of Pike's Opera House; 
and one on the lower side of Fifth, west of Walnut street — were 
scattered over the whole city plat. 

I refer my readers for an interesting as well as accurate and 
minute description of these works and the vestiges of antiquity 
found upon leveling them to the general surface, in the progress 
of our city improvements, to Dr. Drake's Picture of Cincinnati, and 
Judge Burnet's letters in the Transactions of the Historical and 
Philosophical Society of Ohio. 

Pioneer Recollections, taken in 1845. — Samuel Stitt, who died 
m 1847, at the advanced age of seventy-eight years, was born in 
the county of Down, Ireland, in 1769. At the age of twenty he 
left his native country, and went to America, landing at New York, 
where he remained until 1796, and in May of that year reached 
Cincinnati, which became his final resting-place. He settled on 
the river bank, upon the spot now occupied with the warehouses 
of Thirkield & Co. and Shoenberger & Co. He bought of John 
Riddle, in 1800, the lot I refer to, sixty feet by two hundred, with 
a double frame, for twelve hundred dollars. After holding it foi 
thirty-three years he leased it, in 183.3, on perpetual lease, at 
tioelve hundred dollars per annum. The property had been bought 
by Colonel Riddle, of Scott Traverse, for sixtij-seven dollars and 
sixty-seven cents, at the close of 1790. The following disjointed 
notes I took down from Mr. Stitt's lips, several years since. 



EARLY ANNALS. 145 

Facing the river, at the time I came, was entirely a bluff bank, 
the surface being cleared, excepting a large elm tree, east of what 
is now Commercial Row, from which, for several years, the martins 
took their departure. It stood many years, until struck by light- 
ning, when it was cut down to keep it from setting on fire the 
adjacent houses. There was a large cove opposite Gritfin Yeat- 
man's, at the mouth of Sycamore street. This cove, and at Joel 
Williams', now Latham's corner, were the principal landings. 
There was another cove at Ludlow street. An old woman, named 
Wright, who did washing for the garrison, had a cabin at this cove, 
and was obliged to remove to the upper bank when the river was 
high. There was a duck and snipe pond, a hundred feet across, 
where Walker kept store, reaching half-way to Sycamore street. 
A post and rail fence extended along Main from Columbia street, 
which, in extremnly wet weather, was our only means of getting 
on foot to the hill. There was no horse-path at this period up the 
Jiill, on Main st., which was a bluff, gravel bank; and it required a 
pretty active man to climb it; but there was a cow-path up Broad- 
way, and a very steep wagon road up Sycamore street. The tim- 
ber was all cut down on the town plat in 1796, when I first saw it. 

Gibson had a frame house at the corner of Main and Front sts., 
in which he kept store. D. C. Cooper, who afterward laid out 
Dayton, had the opposite corner, now Bates', which he rented of 
Israel Ludlow. There were no other houses between Front and 
Columbia sts., except a few one-story frames; at Mitchell's corner 
there was an uninhabited log house. 

Geo. Gordon kept tavern above Resor's, and there was no other 
house on that side toward Second street; all up to the corner was 
a pasture-lot, belonging to and occupied by Israel Ludlow. 

William Ramsay kept store where Kilgour & Taylor have since, 
at the corner of the alley below Main street. Isaac Anderson and 
Samuel Dick owned and occupied the lots, west of Front, as far as 
Walnut street. William McCann kept tavern at Liverpool's corner. 
Freeman, the printer, resided between Walnut and Vine sts. 

Martin Baum, William Ramsay, and myself, clubbed together and 
paid one dollar, per year, to a man for mowing down the gympson 
weeds in front of the houses on the public landing. We all had 
our pasture-lots; mine was on Deercreek, a little north of Fox's 
sawmill. On this lot was a large hollow sycamore tree, which was 
occupied as a dwelling by a woman who washed for the garrison. 



14G EARLY ANNALS. 

A large limb had been broken off, and the stump of it left, served 
for a chimney. It was as much blacked by the smoke as any brick 
chimney I have seen since. 

General Wilkinson commanded the garrison in 1796. He had 
a carriage, with two handsome horses. It was the only carriage 
in the place at that period. 

J. W. Browne kept store where Manser's iron store now is — 
AVilliam and Michael Jones across the alley. Duffy had a store 
next east, and Baum where Shoenberger's iron store has been 
since built. Major Ziegler kept store next to the corner of Syca- 
more, where Yeatman had his tavern. 

The first jail was on "Water street, west of Main. It could be 
readily seen from the river. The debtors and criminals were all 
shut up together; but in daylight the jailor allowed them the lib- 
erty of the neighborhood, they taking care, whenever the sheriff 
was about, to make tracks to the jail as rats to their holes. There 
was a whipping-post, when I came to Cincinnati, about one hun-n 
dred feet west of Main, and fifty feet south of Fifth street, near the 
line of Church alley. Levi McClean, the jailor, did the whipping. 
I saw a woman whipped for stealing. McCIean would get drunk, 
at times, and in these frolics would amuse himself by whipping, 
with a cow-hide, the prisoners in jail, all round, debtors as well as 
criminals. 

The second jail was built at Stagg's, corner of Walnut and Sixth 
streets. It was burnt down, after standing some years. The third 
was built on Church alley, nigher Walnut than Main street. The 
court was held on the Gano property. Main, between Fifth and 
Sixth streets. The Supreme Court, of which Symmes was a judge, 
was held at Yeatman's tavern. 

When I first saw the mound on Fifth street, it had timber on it, 
like Loring's woods. There were poplars growing of immense size 
in the hollows below Hathaway s. 

I never saw Indians but once, in early days, and this was a 
party which came down Main street, in single file — all in a row, 
like wild geese. The squaws came last. They were quartered 
in the artificer's yard, just where Strader & Gorman's warehouse 
now stands. 

Hezekiah Flint, one of the forty-nine who formed the first settle- 
ment of Ohio at Marietta, in 1788, and who afterward resided here 
for the rest of his life, made the following statements for my use. 



EARLY ANNALS. 147 

Emigrants came down in every sort of craft. I came down in a 
flat, loaded with corn, and landed in Cincinnati, April 7, 1794, 
precisely six years from my first landing at Marietta, April 7, 1788, 
having been one of the original forty-nine who m.ude the first set- 
tlement in Ohio. The oldest building now in the city is Liverpool's 
old log cabin, corner of Walnut and Front streets. It was one of 
the original cabins. There was a pond at the corner of Main and 
Fifth sts., which extended into the northeast corner — BurdsaPs — 
of tliat block a considerable distance. This was overgrown with 
alderbushes, and occupied by frogs. Main street, above Fifth, had 
to be causewayed with logs to pass it. 

I bought a lot of James Lyon, in 1794, one hundred by two hun- 
dred feet, on Walnut, below Fourth, for one hundred and fifty dol- 
lars, and the southeast corner of Fourth and Walnut, the same 
size, three years afterward, for a stud horse, valued at four hun- 
dred dollars. I cuUivated the square, opposite the Cincinnati Col- 
lege, from 1795 to 1800, as a cornfield. I was offered the corner 
lot of Main and Fourth, one hundred feet on Main by two hundred 
on Fourth street — the Harrison drug store corner — in 1796, for two 
hundred and fifty dollars. The same year Francis Menessier, of 
Gallipolis, bought the lot, one hundred feet on Main, and two hun- 
dred on Third street — where the Trust Company bank stands — for 
an old saddle, not as good as can now be bought for ten dollars. 
Gov. St. Clair bought sixty acres at fifty dollars per acre. This in- 
cluded that part of the city from the canal to Mrs. Mercer's line, 
and from Main to Plumb streets. The wagons used frequently to 
mire in getting to the hill. I have helped to get them out at Liv- 
erpool's corner, and on Main street, opposite Jonathan Pancoast's, 
where we had to pry them out with rails. 

Corn sold at thirty-seven and a half cents per bushel, pork at fifty 
to seventy-five cents per one hundred pounds. When it rose to 
one dollar, everybody said it could not keep that price. Wheat- 
flour, seventy-five cents to one dollar per one hundred pounds. 
Wild turkeys, twelve and a half to twenty-five cents each, accord- 
ing to quality. I have known \vild turkeys shot that were so fat 
that they would burst in falling. Rifle powder sold at a dollar to a 
dollar and fifty cents per pound. Salt, six to seven dollars per 
bushel. I bought, at those prices, rock salt from McCullngh, who 
kept store on Main st., where Lawson's coppersmith establishment 
now is. I was ofifered Conn's lot, at the corner of Main and 
13 



148 EARLY ANNALS. 

Lower Market streets, one hundred by two hundred feet, for two 
hundred and fifty dollars, payable in carpenter work. St. Clair's 
house, on Main street, is the oldest permanent dwelling, and Hop- 
pie's, on Lower Market street, the oldest building for business 
purposes in Cincinnati. 

Mrs. Rebecca Reeder, now residing at Pleasant Ridge, in this 
county, in a letter to the Pioneer Association of this city, gives 
these particulars of pioneer incident: My father, mother, and 
seven children, landed at Cincinnati on the 8th of February, 1789. 
The first persons we saw, after landing, were Mr. McMillan and 
.Mr. Israel Ludlow, one of the proprietors of the place. There 
were three little cabins here when we landed, where the surveyors 
and chain-carriers lived. They had no floors in these cabins. 
There were three other women here besides my mother. Their 
names were Miss Dement, Mrs. Constance Zenes, (afterward mar- 
ried to Mr. McMillan,) Mrs. Pesthal, a German woman, and my 
mother, Mrs. Rebecca Kennedy, which made four women at that 
time. There were but two families that had small children; they 
were the German family and my father's family. 

Mr. Ludlow came down to our boat, and invited my father and 
family up to stay in their cabin until we could get one built; but 
my mother thought they could remain more comfortably, with their 
small children, in their boat. So we lived in our boat until the 
ice began to run, and then we were forced to contrive some other 
way to live. What few men there were here got together and 
knocked our boats up and built us a camp. We lived in our camp 
six weeks. Then my father built us a large cabin, which was the 
first one large enough for a family to live in. We took the boards 
of our camp and made floors in our house. Father intended to 
have built our house on the corner of Walnut and Water streets, 
but not knowing exactly where the streets were, he built our house 
right in the middle of Water street. The streets were laid out, but 
the woods were so very thick, and the streets were not opened, so 
it was impossible to tell where the streets would be. 

At the time we landed here, the army was stationed at North 
Bend. The army was in a suffering condition from the want of 
bread. They heard that we had landed with a considerable quan- 
tity of flour and corn-meal. There were several soldiers sent up to 
my father to get a few barrels of flour for the benefit of the army. 
Father told them he did not bring flour here to sell, but to save his 



EARLY ANNALS. 149 

children's lives here in this forest. They had their guns with them, 
and said they were sent to take it by force, if he would not give it 
up. My father took down his gun, and told them he would stand 
in defence of his flour. They then went back to North Bend, and 
Judge Symmes, who lived near the fort, then wrote my father a 
letter, and told hira to roll the soldiers out as many barrels of flour 
as they required, and he would see it replaced. My father then 
gave them as much as they wanted, and it was replaced in due 
time. 

My father established the first ferry, and received the first license 
ever granted. He ferried all the militia and cattle over the river. 
Thomas Kennedy kept the ferry on the other side of the river, and 
my father, Francis Kennedy, on this side. Between the two, they 
did all the business during the three campaigns of Gen. Harmar, 
Gen. St. Clair, and Gen. Wayne. My father was drowned at the 
close of the war, while ferrying cattle over the river for the army. 
It has been stated, in the papers, that Joel Williams had the first 
ferry, but he did not; he was here before my father, but he did 
not have the first ferry. 

Shortly after my father's death, Joel Williams applied to court to 
get license to run the ferryboat, but the court would not grant him 
license until they would know whether my mother wished to keep 
it or not. They wrote her a note to know what she wished to do. 
She thought it would be too much trouble for her to attend to it, so 
the court granted him license. 

The names of the persons that kept stores here first, were Smith 
& Findley, afterward General Findley. Colonel Gibson kept his 
store on the corner of Main and Water streets, and Major Ziegler 
kept another. He was a German officer, out of the army. 

Joel Williams and Isaac Felter kept the first taverns. They kept 
on Water street. I heard it announced that Mr. Smith — if I do not 
mistake the name — was the first sheriff",- but he was not. John 
Ludlow was the first sheriflT, and hung the first man that was ever 
hung here. The name of the man that was hung was Mays. The 
blood of Vancleve was the first that was mingled with the soil of 
Cincinnati; and Elliott's was the second. They were killed by the 
Indians. I can remember when no one dared to go to church 
without his gun, where the Presbyterian Church now stands. 
People were liable to a fine if they went without them, for they 
were in so much danger from the Indians. 



150 EARLY ANNALS. 

I will mention a few names of persons that were here at a very 
early period, as I have never heard their names mentioned. They 
were Mr. Blackburn and family; Mr. Garrison and family; Mr. 
McHenry and family; Dr. Morrell and family; Dr. Hoel and fam- 
ily; Stephen Reeder and family; Jacob Ileeder and family; Dan'I 
Kitchel and family; Mrs. Phebe Flint, daughter of Daniel Kitchel; 
Samuel Dick and family; Mrs. McKnight and sons; Isaac Ander- 
son and family. These were all very early settlers. 

The first summer after we came here, which was 1789, the peo- 
ple suffered very much for want of bread; and as for meat, they 
had none at all only as they killed it in the woods. That was all 
they had to eat. 

Mrs. H. Wallace, widow of John S. Wallace, in 1846 stated to 
me that, in 1791, there was but one frame dwelling in Cincinnati, 
which belonged to Israel Ludlow, and stood at the lower end of 
Main street. The room in front was occupied as a store. Matthew 
Winton kept tavern on Front street, nearly opposite to David E. 
Wade, rather to the west. Ezekiel Sayre exactly opposite Wade. 
John Bartle kept the first store in Cincinnati. A German, named 
Bicket, had a dram-shop opposite Plum street, betwe-en Front and 
the river bank. John S. Wallace resided on Front street, below 
Race. Joel Williams kept tavern at Latham's corner. There was 
a great flood in 1792, which flooded the entire bottom to the depth 
of five feet. The original timber on the town plat was beech, 
sugar-tree, and walnut, with poplar on some spots, and many of the 
trees of large growth. The improvements went gradually up Main 
and Sycamore sts., toward the hill, which was so steep the ascent 
was almost too much for a horse. Corn was raised here in 1790 
and 1791. The men worked in companies, and kept a guard on 
the lookout. In a large field up Western row, John S. Wallace, 
and several others, were shot at by Indians. The party fired back, 
and drove ofi' the savages, who left fifteen blankets on the field, 
but succeeded in carrying off the horses belonging to the party, 
which were in the inclosure. The Indians were still more trouble- 
some, in 1792, although their mischief was confined to destroying 
cattle, and conveying off horses. They shot three arrows into a 
large ox with such force as to make marks on the opposite side. 
The arrows had stone heads. Provisions were very scarce and 
dear on the first settlement. I saw ten dollars given for a barrel 
of flour, and eight dollars for a bushel of salt. Our meat was got 



EARLY ANNALS. 151 

principally fiom the woods. A great share of the hunting was 
done in Kentucky, where the game was more abundant, and less 
danger of being surprised by the Indians. My husband killed two 
bears and an elk as late as 1794. The game was so abundant as 
to form the principal support of the army at Fort Washington. 
Turkeys were so plentiful that their breasts were salted down, 
smoked, and chipped for the table, as dried beef in later days. 

Value of Property, Past and Present. — Some sixty years since, 
an emigrant from Pennsylvania, an Irishman by birth, landed at 
Cincinnati, with the design of seeing some old acquaintances who 
had settled a few years before in and adjacent to the then village. 
He had brought with him one hundred dollars in specie, carefully 
put up in a woolen stocking, with a shot-bag for an outside cover- 
ing. Our temperance societies were not then in blast, and if they 

had been, they would probably have failed in proselyting P 

into their ranks; for he was immoderately fond of the " Mononga- 
haleV He found his old associates occupying and cultivating 
lands, a part within our present city limits, the residue dwelling 
some four or five miles from town. 

Both parties invited him to settle, and pressed him to buy along- 
side their respective farms. The outsiders dwelt on the folly of 
giving two dollars an acre for land in the village, when just as good 
could be bought, five miles out, at half the price. The insiders 
urged the convenience of being handy to the river for trading pur- 
poses. "If you go out to the country, every gallon of whisky you 
buy, will cost you a dollar or a dollar and a half." The bottle cir- 
culated briskly, and each party pulled the new settler, that was to 
be, about — pretty much like an undecided voter at the polls, inclin- 
ing always to the last speaker. "Well," says he, finally, "boys, 
we'll take another horn, and then I'll make up my mind." The 
horn was emptied, and the decision made in favor of the town farm. 

Twenty-five acres was bought for the sum of fifty dollars, in what 
is now nearly the centre of Cincinnati, which, after deducting the 
streets laid out on the premises, have left six entire squares or 
blocks, of four hundred feet square. This, if destitute of any por- 
tion of the improvements now on it, would readily command, if laid 
out in lots of the usual depth, two hundred and fifty dollars per 
front foot — being three hundred and fifty thousand dollars per 
square; or more than two million dollars for the entire original 
purchase of fifty dollars. 



152 EARLY ANXALS. 

Ellison E. Williams, to whom I have already referred, was 
originally the owner of that valuable property at the corner of 
Main and Front streets, facing one hundred feet on Front and two 
hundred on Main street, extending from Wilson & Hayden's store 
south to Front, and thence east of Main street as far as to L. F. 
Potter's salt agency warehouse, and became so under these cir- 
cumstances: The lot in question wasrtaken up by Henry Lindsey, 
who, after holding it a year or more, disposed of it, for a job of 
work, to a young man whose name Williams has forgotten. The 
second owner, having a desire to re-visit his former home in New 
Jersey, and being unwilling to trust himself through the wilder- 
ness without a horse, begged Williams, with whom he was ac- 
quainted, the latter then residing at the point of the junction of 
the Licking and the Ohio, to take his lot in payment for a horse, 
saddle and bridle of his, valued at sixty-five dollars. After much 
importunity and principally with the view of accommodating a 
neighbor, Williams consented; and, after holding the property a 
few days, disposed of it again for another horse and equipments, 
by which he supposed he made ten dollars, perhaps. This lot, not 
long afterward, fell into the hands of Colonel Gibson, who oifered 
it for one hundred dollars to Major Bush, of Boone county, in 1793. 
So slight was the advance, for years, in property in Cincinnati, 
This lot, probably at this time the most valuable in the city, esti- 
mating the rent at six per cent, of its value, is now worth six hun- 
dred thousand dollars. Where else in the world is the property 
which, in seventy years, has risen from four dollars to such value? 

Major Ferguson, who fell in St. Clair's defeat, in 1791, a short 
time before bought lot No. 13, on the original town plat, for eleven 
dollars. This is the properly one hundred feet front on Broad- 
way, by two hundred feet on Fourth st., being the southwest corner 
of those streets. The property, if divested of improvements, would 
now command, at sheriff's sale, two hundred thousand dollars. 

Colonel John Riddle, already referred to, came to Cincinnati in 
October, 1790, and not long after bought of Scott Traverse, who 
owned the lot one hundred feet east from the alley on Front st. 
west of Sycamore, and two hundred feet deep, the west half of it 
being the lots now occupied by Messrs. Shoenberger & Co. and 
Thirkield& Co. For this and the entire improvements he paid 
sixty-six dollars and sixty-seven cents: although a very inferior 
building, it was considered of more value than the lot. Traverse, 



EARLY ANNALS. 153 

afterward, laughed at him for not insisting on the whole lot, which 
he said he would have given him for the same sum, if he had asked 
him to do so. Colonel Riddle subsequently sold the lot to Samuel 
Stitt for twelve hundred dollars, and Stitt disposed of it, at per- 
petual lease, in 1832, for twelve hundred dollars per annum. 

A letter from Dr. Wm. Goforth, one of the early settlers, to his 
friends in Philadelphia, under date of Fort Washington, September 
3, 1791, gives the statistics of settlements and population for this 
vicinity to that date, with other incidents, thus: One of the Indian 
captives lately died at this place. His excellency. Gov. St. Clair, 
gave liberty to the rest to bury the corpse according to the custom 
of their nation: the mode is that the body be wrapped in a shroud, 
over which they put a blanket, a pair of moccasins on the feet, a 
seven days' ration by the side of the head, with other necessaries. 
The march from Fort Washington was very solemn. On their ar- 
rival at the grave, the corpse was let down, and the relatives im- 
mediately retired: an aged matron then descended into the grave, 
and placed'the blanket according to rule, and fixed the provisions 
in such a manner as she thought would be handy and convenient 
to her departed friend. Casting her eyes about to see if all was 
right, she found the deceased was barefoot, and inquired why they 
had omitted the moccasins? The white person who superintended 
the whole business, informed her that there were no good mocca- 
sins in the store, but by way of amends they had put a sufficiency 
of leather into the knapsack to make two pairs, at the same time 
showing her the leather. With this she appeared satisfied, saying 
that her friend was well acquainted with making them. 

The county of Hamilton lies between the two Miami rivers. Just 
below the mouth of the Little Miami, is a garrison called Fort Mi- 
ami; at a small distance below this garrison is the town of Colum- 
bia. About six miles from Columbia is the town of Cincinnati, 
which is the county-seat of Hamilton county, and here is erected 
Fort Washington, the headquarters of the Federal army. This fort 
is pleasantly situated on the banks of the Ohio river. Seven miles 
below this is a settlement, of eighteen or twenty families, called 
South Bend. About seven miles from this, also on the Ohio river, 
is the city of Miami, founded by the Hon. John Cleves Symmes. 
Twelve miles up the Great Miami is the settlement called Dunlap's 
Station; and twelve miles up the Little Miami is a settlement called 
Covalt's Station. The number of militia in these places, according 



154 EARLY ANNALS. 

to the best accounts I have received, are, at Columbia, two hun- 
dred; Cincinnati, one hundred and fifty; South Bend, twenty; city 
of Miami, eighty; Dunlap's, fifteen; and at Covak's, twenty. 

The First Currency of the West. — In the early days of Cincin- 
nati, as throughout the whole west, considerable difficulty existed 
in making change. The first currency was raccoon and other 
skins. This lasted but a short time, the establishment of the gar- 
rison and the campaigns against the Indians bringing a fair supply 
of specie into the country. This being, however, either gold or 
Spanish dollars, did not relieve the natural difficulty of making 
change in the same currency. In this perplexity, the early set- 
tlers coined cut money — that is to say, the dollar was cut into four 
equal parts, worth twenty-five cents each, or again divided for 
twelve and a half cent pieces. This was soon superseded by a 
new and more profitable emission, from the same mint, which 
formed an additional quarter, or two additional eighths to pay the 
cxpence of coinage. This last description of change, which was 
nicknamed sharp shins, from its wedge-shape, became speedily as 
redundant as were the dimes of 1841, when they ceased to pass 
eight and nine for a dollar, and of course equally unpopular. I 
remember, as late as 1806, that the business house in Philadelphia 
in v/hich I was apprentice, received over one hundred pounds of 
cut silver, brought on by a Kentucky merchant, which went up on 
a dray, under my care, to the United States mint for re-coinage, 
greatly to the loss and vexation of the western merchant. Smaller 
sums than twelve and a half cents were given out, by the retailers 
of goods, in pins, needles, writing paper, etc. Bartle, who kept 
store on the site of the Cincinnati Hotel, had a barrel of copper 
coins, brought out in 1794, which so exasperated his brother store- 
keepers that they had almost mobbed him; and the same feeling 
of contempt for copper money existed here in those days, which 
even yet exposes a store-keeper to insult in offering them to a cer- 
tain description of customers. 

All kinds of merchandise were high in price, and in demand at 
Fort Washington. The army was cantoned at Hobson's Choice, 
just below where Park street now is. Money plenty; — the cur- 
rency, with the exception of some specie, was all of the paper of 
the old Bank of the United States. A great proportion of the 
circulation was in bills of three dollars, three dollars being then the 
monthly pay of a private soldier. It was a connnon expression, 



R.VRLY ANNALS. 155 

with the troops, to call the bank bills oblouffs. This was more 
especially the case at the gambling tables. Gambling was much 
practiced among the officers and retainers of the army. 

Early Navigation of the Ohio. — Colonel James Ferguson, who 
survived his cotemporary pioneer associates of 1791 and 1792 to a 
recent date, conversing on this subject, observed: In 1790, I was 
trading on the Ohio river, and made several trips, up and down, 
from Pittsburgh to Cincinnati. In 1791, 1792, 1793, and 1794, I 
made two trips each year, being, at these latter periods, keeping 
store in Cincinnati. Produce and goods were brought down from 
Pittsburg and Redstone in Kentucky boats — a small keelboat, with 
sharp roof cover over the principal part, leaving a small section of 
the boat for oars, which were used, as in a skiti', below, the steep- 
ness of the roof not permitting the use of oars above — more gener- 
ally, however, the transportation was in flatboats. We went up in 
a canoe, poling where the water was shallow enough, and bush- 
whacking or poling along the shore by the bushes, as opportunity 
served, and paddling the canoe in the intervals of deep water. 
We usually made thirty miles a day in this mode. As soon as we 
got to Wheeling, we went on foot to Pittsburg, it being less fatiguing 
and costing less time to walk fifty-seven miles, the land distance, 
than to pole and paddle ninety miles, the distance by the river. 

Col. Ferguson re-collected the Wetzels, who, with Jacob Fowler, 
and other pioneers, more than once accompanied him on his river 
passages. Fowler, he remarked, poled his canoe with great vigor 
and skill. 

These voyages, as late as 1793, were attended with considera- 
ble danger from the Indians, who, up to that period, were hostile 
to the whites. Ferguson had repeatedly to camp out on shore, 
building a fire, when the nights were so cold as to render it abso- 
lutely necessary to do so for health, and not daring to stay by it more 
than a few minutes at a time to obtain warmth sufficient, and then 
retreating to the spot selected for sleeping at such a distance off 
as not to expose him to the view of an enemy who might cautiously 
steal up and, directed by the light of the fire, obtain a full and dis- 
tinct view of his person as an aim by which to direct his rifle. 

In 1794, T. Greene, of Marietta, carried the mail between Pitts- 
burg and Cincinnati in a pirogue or large canoe, propelled also by 
poles and paddles. This boat, in her downward passage, carried 
some little freight and occasionally, for a slight compensation, 



1 56 EARLY ANNALS. 

passengers. My informant, a resident of this city, states that he 
has taken passage thus from Marietta to Wheeling. The only use 
of the paddle was to take the boat across the river from deep to 
shoal water, the force of paddling not being sufficient to propel a 
boat up stream with passengers. 

'j'he first regular and periodical line of packets, between these 
named places, was formed January 11, 1794, by the establishment 
of four keelboats, of twenty tuns each, as appears by the following 
advertisement in the " Centinel of the Northwestern Territory," 
printed at Cincinnati, by William Maxwell. Two things, in this 
notice, will strike the reader forcibly. Four boats, which could 
not, in the aggregate, have carried half the load which is now 
taken, in a single trip, on one of our smallest Maysville boats, were 
supposed to suffice for a month^s transportation business for the 
whole country between Pittsburg and Cincinnati, And these boats 
were provided with arms and ammunition to protect the passengers 
from apprehended danger from the savages: 

Ohio Packet Boats. — Two boats, for the present, will start 
from Cincinnati to Pittsburg, and return to Cincinnati, in the fol- 
lowing manner, viz: 

First boat will leave Cincinnati, this morning, at eight o'clock, 
and return to Cincinnati; so as to be ready to sail again in four 
weeks from this date. 

Second boat will leave Cincinnati on Saturday, the 30th instant, 
and return to Cincinnati as above. 

And so, regularly, each boat performing the voyage to and from 
Cincinnati to Pittsburg, once in every four weeks. 
. Two boats, in addition to the above, will shortly be completed 
and regulated in such a manner that one boat of the line will set 
out weekly from Cincinnati to Pittsburg, and return to Cincinnati 
in like manner. 

The proprietor of these boats having maturely considered the 
many inconveniences and dangers incident to the common method 
hitherto adopted of navigating the Ohio, and being influenced by 
a love of philanthropy, and a desire of being serviceable to the 
public, has taken great pains to render the accommodations on 
board the boats as agreeable and convenient as they could possibly 
be made. 

No danger need be apprehended from the enemy, as every per- 
son on board will be under cover, made proof to rifle or musket 



Early axnals. 167 

balls, and convenient port-holes for firing out. Each of the boats 
is armed with six pieces, carrying a pound ball; also a good 
number of muskets, and amply supplied with plenty of ammuni- 
tion, strongly manned with choice hands, and the master of ap- 
proved knowledge. 

A separate cabin, from that designed for the men, is partitioned 
off in each boat for accommodating ladies on their passage. Con- 
veniences are constructed on board each boat so as to render land- 
ing unnecessary, as it might, at times, be attended with danger. 

Rules and regulations for maintaining order on board, and for 
the good management of the boats, and tables accurately calculated 
for the rates o.f freightage for passengers, and carriage of letters 
to and from Cincinnati to Pittsburg; also a table of the exact time 
of the arrival and departure to and from the different places on 
the Ohio, between Cincinnati and Pittsburg, may be seen on board 
each boat, and at the printing office in Cincinnati. 

Passengers will be supplied with provisions and liquors of all 
kinds, of the first quality, at the most reasonable rates possible. 
Persons desirous of working their passage, will be admitted, on 
finding themselves subject, however, to the same order and direc- 
tions, from the master of the boats, as the rest of the working hands 
of the boat's crew. 

An office of insurance will be kept at Cincinnati, Limestone, and 
Pittsburg, where persons, desirous of having their property insured, 
may apply. The rates of insurance will be moderate. 

The Pioneer Periodical Press. — The first newspaper started 
here was " The Centinel of the Northwest Territory." William 
Maxwell, editor and publisher. It bore as a motto, "Free to all 
parties, but influenced by none." The first number was issued 
November 9, 1793. The postoffice having been recently estab- 
lished, Maxwell was commissioned postmaster. The paper was 
in size one-half what would form a sheet of royal, hardly larger 
than one of our modern window panes of glass in first class dwell- 
ings. If the paper was small, it sufficed for the advertisements 
and news. It was nominally a weekly paper, but owing to the dif- 
ficulty of obtaining regular supplies of printing paper, was not re- 
markably regular in its issue. His issue of April 12, 1794, gave 
Marietta dates to the 4th; from Lexington, Ky., to the 22d March; 
from Nashville to the 10th March; from New York to the 15th 
February; and from London to the 25th of November of the 



158 EARLY ANNALS. 

preceding year! Two or three extracts, which follow, may be 
accepted as giving something of the form and pressure of pioneer 
times. 

Lexington, March 22. 

On the 16th instant the Indians stole ten horses on Lecompt's 
run, and on Tuesday night last stole a number more from the same 
neighborhood. 

Last weelc the Indians killed four persons in one family on the 
Rolling Fork of Salt river. 

Extract of a letter from Nashville, dated March 10. 

The Indians are very troublesome in our country; they have 
killed a number of persons, and in the ensuing summer we much 
dread, as they appear to be on all quarters of our frontiers, though 
we have had success with them lately. They killed a man not far 
from this place, and a party pursued them as far as the Tennessee, 
where they came up with them and encamped, and killed eleven 
fellows and took two squaws prisoners, which was the whole of the 
party; since which we have lost eleven men on our frontiers within 
about four weeks. 

Cincinnati, April 12. 

On Tuesday, the 11th instant, the General Court opened at this 
place agreeably to adjournment, from October last, before the Hon. 
Judge Turner. The procession from the Judge's chambers to the 
public ground was in the following order: 

Constables, with Batons, 

Sheritfand Coroner, with White Wands, 

Coaler, 

The Honorable Judge, 

Clerk, with a Green Bag, 

Judges of the Common Pleas, 

Justices of the Peace, 

Attorneys, Messengers, etc* 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 159 



11. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, 



SITE. 

i 

Cincinnati, the largest and most important city in the United 
States west of the Atlantic slope, is nearly central to the popula- 
tion of the Republic, the exact centre being a point in the State 
of Ohio just below Marietta. It is also central to the great valley 
of the Ohio, comprehending 220,000 square miles of area. 

The plain on which the city rests, forms a portion of the Ohio 
valley, about twelve miles in circumference, bisected by the Ohio 
river, which passes through it in a course from northeast to south- 
west. On the right side of the river is Cincinnati, and on the left, 
immediately opposite, are the towns of Brooklyn and Jamestown, 
and the cities of Newport and Covington, the latter two places 
separated by the river Licking. This great plain is entirely sur- 
rounded by hills, three hundred feet in height, forming one of the 
most beautiful natural amphitheatres to be found anywhere on the 
continent, from whose hill-tops may be seen the splendid panorama 
of Cincinnati, Covington, and Newport, with the winding Ohio, its 
steamers and barges, and all the incessant movement along its 
shores. While Philadelphia, New Orleans, Chicago, Buffalo, and 
even-New York, are built on level ground, and afford scarcely any 
distinct variety of position, the site of Cincinnati is one on which 
the eye of taste might rest with delight, while the various natural 
advantages, which the city and its environs present, attract the at- 
tention of the man of business or the mere resident. 

Cincinnati occupies a front on the river Ohio of six miles, with 
an average depth for its northern limits of one and one-fifth mile, 
embracing an area of 4521 acres, of which 1126 — nearly one- 
fourth of the whole — are not yet sub-divided into city lots. The 
space within its corporate limits, thus left vacant, is more than 
made up by adjacencies east, Vv^est, and north, many of which are 
as compactly built up as the average of Cincinnati itself. 

The city is nearly central by river navigation to Pittsburg, at the 
head of the Ohio, and to Cairo, its outlet, being about 438 miles, 
by water, from each* It is a point in the direct line from Balti- 



160 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICG. 

more to St. Louis, as well as a centre from which radiate in all 
directions a great diversity as well as great extent of railways. 

The following table gives the levels of Cincinnati and its vicinity. 
They are calculated from low- water mark in the Ohio river: 

FEET. 

Extreme flood iu 1832 61.61 

Surface of Whitewater Canal, 54.00 

Average height of Lower Level of City, 57.00 

Average height of Upper Level of City, 116.00 

Surface of Upper Level of the Miami Caual, 110.00 

Height of Base of the Reservoir, 149.65 

Surface of the Reservoir 175.65 

Mt. Adams, at Observatory, 396.00 

Waluut Hills, Montgomery and Madison roads, 414.00 

Mt. Aubui-n, at Reeder's residence, 459.00 

Jackson Hill , 426.00 

Vine street Hill, west of Vine street, 453.00 

Ross Hill or Riddle's Woods, 418.00 

Mt. Harrison, west of Millcreek, 460.00 

The platform of the city was originally formed of three levels or 
terraces, all sloping from the Ohio northwardly. The first of these 
extended from the bluil' bank of the river to the base of the gravelly 
hill, which ranged nearly parallel with what is now Third st. The 
second of these terraces stretched to the hills north of the corpora- 
tion line; and the third embraced the yet higher elevations which 
form the city boundary at its northern edge or line. The grade of 
these terraces has been for years changed, to conform to the gen- 
eral improvement of the city, and now affords the safe and facile 
ascent and descent required for heavy draughts, as well as the con- 
venient discharge of water from the upper table of Cincinnati.^ 

Cincinnati stands in Lat. 39° 6' N., and Long. 84° 29' 30" W. 
The elevation of the surface of the river, at low water, above the 
level of the sea, is four hundred and thirty-one feet; that of the 
lower plain, about four hundred and ninety; that of the upper, five 
hundred and forty-three; that of the surrounding hills, on an aver- 
age, not far froni eight hundred and fifty feet. 



CLIMATE. 



The following synopsis has been compiled from notices furnished 
me by the late Dr. D. Drake, whose name is sufficient to attest the 
accuracy and value of the statistics. It was intended for publica- 
tion in "Cincinnati in 1851,'' but reached me too late for that pur- 



PHYSICAL CHARACTEKISTICS. 



16t 



pose. The lapse of time since, however, detracts nothing from 
the appropriateness of the article. 



MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE YEAR AND SEASONS. 



Mcau Heat 
of the year. 

Coldest 

year. 


Hottest 
year. 

Difference. 

Greatest 
Cold. 


1. 


Extreme 
Range. 


§"3 


Mean Heat 
of Spring. 

Mean Heat 
of Summer. 


si 




54^1 510 


570 i 6" 1 18° 1000 118^ 1 33^' 540 7.30 


530 


21 


MEAN HEAT OF THE MONTHS. 


Jau. 1 Eeb. 


Mar. 1 Apr. 


May. 


June. 1 July, j Aug. 1 Sep. 


Oct. 


JSov 


,Dec. 


330 ! 330 


430 


550 


eao 


71° 750 1 730 1 650 


520 


42° 


I3.30 


GREATEST CHANGE IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. 


35»| 380 


430 1 430 1 460 1 -SS^ 1 390 1 350 1 370 i 41° 1 440 1 360 


MEAN 


HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER FOR FOURTEEN YEARS. 


Year. 
29.352 


"Winter. Spring. j Summer. 
29.333 1 29.285 i 29.319 


Autumu. 
29.356 


Inches and 
Decimals. 



MEAN MONTHLY PREVALENCE OF THE WIND, FOR SIX YEARS: 

TWO OBSERVATIONS A DAY. 



Months. 


S.E. 


S. 


S. W. 


N. E. 


N. 


N. W. 


E. 


W. 


Calm. 


Wmd. 


January. 


6 


2 


13 


8 


1 


21 


3 


6 


6 


N. W. 


February. 


5 




13 


8 


1 


14 





5 


8 


" 


March. 


10 




16 


11 


1 


10 





5 


4 


s. w. 


April. 


7 




24 


10 


1 


8 




3 


5 




' 


May. 


7 




19 


10 





10 




4 


6 






June. 


9 




23 


12 


5 


7 




2 


3 




' 


July. 


6 




19 


11 


2 


11 




4 


4 




' 


August. 


6 




23 


10 


1 


12 




1 


6 




' 


Septe'ber. 


6 




23 


9 





8 


2 


3 


3 






October. 


9 




24 


6 


1 


10 


2 


. 4 


3 




« 


November, 


9 




13 


6 


1 


10 


2 


7 


5 




' 


Dece'ber. 


7 




11 


^ 





15 


2 


6 


9 


N. W. 


Year. 


87 


14 


221 


106 


14 


136 


16 


50 


62 


s. w. 



NU3IBER 


OF CLEAR AND CLOUDY^ DAY^S MEAN 


OF 


FOURTEEN Y^EARS. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. Ma. 


Ju'e. 


J'ly. 


A'st. 


Sep. 


Oct. 


Noy. 

14 
16 


Dec. 

13 

18 


To'l. 

207 
158 


Clear d's. 
Cloudy '•' 


15 
16 


15 
13 


17 
14 


18 18 18 
12 13 1 12 


21 
10 


19 

12 


20 
10 


19 
12 



QUANTITY OF SNOW AND RAIN, IN INCHES, TENTHS, AND HUN- 
DREDTHS: MEAN OF THIRTEEN Y^EARS. 



3.19 


3.00 3.27 i 3.50 | 5.12 | 5.75 \ 4.28 j 4.58 | 3.42 i 3.64 
In the year 47.2 inches— least in ]''eb., most in June. 


3.72 


3.72 



162 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 

Cincinnati occupies a position in the valley of the Ohio river 
which makes its climate, in some degree, a representative of all 
the climates of the valley. In going south from this city, the mean 
heat of the year rises, ahout a degree and two-thirds, for every de- 
gree of latitude; and sinks at nearly the same rate in going north. 
The pleasantest and perhaps, also, the healthiest periods of the 
year in this city are in spring, from the first of April to the first of 
June; in autumn, from the last week of September to the middle 
of November. The western precincis of the city and the surround- 
ing country, are, however, more or less affected with bilious fever 
in the latter period. Those who go into the country, in summer, 
would do well, therefore, to return to the city early in September. 
I have been told, by physicians, that nearly all the bilious fevers 
which occur in the central parts of the city, are contracted by re 
moving into the country after the first of that month. 

Dr. Drake's observations give the mean annual amount, for thir- 
teen years, of rain and melted snow here at 47.02 inches. Prof. 
Ray, of Woodward College, made the same calculation, for sixteen 
years, with an average of 48.42 inches. This included three years, 
1835, 1836, and 1837, with more of a rainy average than that of 
the thirteen later years constituting Dr. Drake's table. 

It may be interesting to compare our climate, in this respect, 
with that of Philadelphia, which lies in a latitude not differing 
greatly from ours. 

By the journal kept at the Pennsylvania Hospital, for thirteen 
years, comprehending the same period embraced in Dr. Drake's 
table, it appears that the mean annual full of rain in Philadelphia, 
during that period, was 45.24 inches. It will be found, on the ex- 
amination of the daily registers, that a fall of six inches of rain, in 
as many successive days, is no uncommon circumstance in the 
rainy seasons. This is equal to five hundred tons in weight, or 
more than ono hundred and twenty thousand gallons, in measure, 
to the acre. 

The average amount of rain at St. Petersburg is 19 inches; at 
Paris and at Rome, 21 inches; at London, 27, and as an average 
for England, 30 inches; at Naples, 37 inches. In tropical coun- 
tries 60 inches have fallen in a month, and 200 inches, almost, m 
a year. 

I have ascertained and recorded these facts to correct the nni 
versal impression prevalent, tliat more rain falls in the British isles, 



niYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 



163 



for example, than in the United States. That there are more 
cloudy and rainy days there is doubtless true, but these tables 
show that nearly twice as much rain falls at Cincinnati as at Lon- 
don — the difference between the two climates being that our rains 
are of a more drenching character, and fall in less space of time than 
theirs. As a consequence the earth does not drink up the rain as 
fast as it falls, and the heavy showers after saturating the earth, 
pass off to and swell our water-courses. The rains of Philadelphia 
are nearly embraced in forty-five days, and those of Cincinnati in 
thirty-eight days of the entire year. It is the extreme heat of 
summer, and the long period of intermission between rains in this 
country, which constitute the great cause of the aridity of our cli- 
mate, and the great difference in richness of pastures and crop- 
product to the acre, that exists between us and England. 



TIME TABLE. 

DIFFERENCE IN TIME BETWEEN CINCINNATI AND THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF 
THE UNITED STATES AND CAN AD AS. 



FAST. 
Annapolis. Mel., 
Albany, N. Y., 
Auburn, N. Y., 
Augusta, Ga., 
Alexandria, Ya., 
Baltimore, JId., 
Boston, Mass., 
Buffalo, N. Y., 
Burlington, Yt., 
BanaaifcMe., 
Columbus, 0., 
Cambridge,Ma£s., 
Charleston, S.C, 
Cleveland, 0., 
Concord, N. II., 
Detroit, Mich., 
Dayton, 0., 

14 



M. S. 
33 02 
43 00 
3-3 07 
10 23 
29 43 
3129 
53 42 
22 09 
45 19 
62 51 
(15 47 
53 27 
18 0ft 
1118 
52 03 
06 07 
0104 



Dunkirk, N. Y., 
Dorchester, Mass., 
Dover. Del., 
Erie. Pa., 
Frederi.'kton, NJB, 
Hartford, Conn., 
Halifax. N. S., 
Huron, 0., 
Hudson, 0.. 
Lowell, Mass., 
Lexington, Ky., 
Montpelier, A't., 
Montreal, C. E., 
N'. Haven, Conn., 
New York, 
Newport. R. I., 
Norfolk, Ya., 
Norwich, Conn., 



20 33|Philadelphia, P., 
53 42| Pittsburg, Pa., 



35 59 
17 34 
70 59 
47 16 
83 33 
07 4'^ 
12 20 

51 43 
00 47 
47 35 
43 31^ 
46 12 
4 1 64 

52 42 
32 4^ 
49 31 



Poitland, Me 
Princeton, N. J., 
Portsmouth, N.H. 
Quebec, C. E., 
Haleigh, N. C. 
Rochester, N. Y., 
Richmond, Ya., 
Springfield, Mass. 
Springfield, 0., 
•Salem, Mass., 
Sandusky City, 0. 
Toronto. C. \Y., 
Toledo. 0., 
Trenton, N. J., 
Wheeling, Ya., 
Washington, D.C. 



37 201 SliOlV. 

17 5]jChicago, III., 
57 05 Jndianapolis, la., 
39 21 j Jefferson, Mo., 
54 56 Jackson, Miss., 
52 55 Louisville, Ky., 
22 47 Little Rock, Ark.. 
26 35; Mobile, Ala., 
28 091 New Orlean.s, La.. 



47 36 

02 39 
54 24 
07 09 
20 33 

03 53 
39 00 
15 II 
29 59 



Nashville, Tenn., 
Natchez, Miss., 
St. Louis, Mo., 
Springfield, 111., 
Tallahassee, Fla., 
Tuscaloosa, Ala., 
Vincennes, la., 
Milwaukie, Wis., 
St. Paul*s, Min., 



M. S. 

12 03 
06 21 
30 33 
22 33 
04 01 
3i> 49 

13 57 

22 01 
09 17 
27 39 

23 02 
20 13 
00 25 
12 49 
1141 

14 20 
34 32 



164 



PERSONAL STATISTICS. 



III. PERSONAL STATISTICS, 



POPULATION. 

The United States census of 1850 gives the population of Cin- 
cinnati as 115,438. If Fulton, at that time one of our suburbs, but 
now included in the city limits, be added, these figures would be 
raised to 118,761. There can be no doubt, however, that our 
actual population, at this period, was considerably greater than 
thus appears. The cholera was raging, with great virulence, here 
at the time, and its approach or arrival had put to flight great num- 
bers of the inhabitants. How largely this state of case must have 
reduced the official census, may be inferred from the result of an 
enumeration, in 1853, made for a special purpose, when our num- 
bers were ascertained to be 161,186. 

The population, at present, may be reasonably estimated at 
225,000, computing by our regular ratio of increase for the past 
seventeen years, and the census of 1860, if correctly taken, will 
increase those figures to 250,000. 

The following comparative table will afford a contrast of the pro- 
gress in the population of Cincinnati, with that of other cities in 
the Ohio and Mississippi valley: 





Cincinnati. 


Pittshurgh. 


LouisviUe. 


New Orleans. 


Census of 1800 ... 


750 ... 


1,565 .. 


600 . 


9,650 


" 1810 ... 


2,540 . . . 


4,768 . . 


. 1,350 . 


. . 17,242 


" 1820 . . . 


9,602 . . . 


7,243 .. 


. 4,012 . 


... 27,176 


" 1830 . . . 


24,831 . . . 


21,412 .. 


. . 10,306 . 


. . 46,310 


« 1840 . . . 


46.338 . . . 


36,478 . . 


. 21,214 . 


. . 102,296 


" 1850 . . . . 


118,761* ... 


67,871 .. 


. 43.277 . 


. . 120,951 


" 1853 . . . 


160,186 ... 




. . 57,535+ . 





The colored population of Cincinnati, in 1826, amounted to 690 
persons — the white inhabitants at that date being 15,540. They 
constituted, therefore, one in twenty-four of the entire population 
In 1840, they had so far increased as to form one in twenty 
or more exactly 2,258 of the 46,382 persons returned in the 
census of Cincinnati at that date. In 1850, they were but 3,172 in 



* luclndins: Fulton. 



i 1857. 



PKRSONAL STATISTICS. 165 

118,761, or less than one in thirty-seven of the entire inhabitants 
of Cincinnati. 

The increase of population here from 1830 to 1840, was ninety 
per cent. From 1840 to 1850, without allowing for the deficiency 
in the last census referred to, the ratio was one hundred and 
fifty per cent. Cincinnati may therefore be placed in the number 
of those cities, in the United States, whose growth is not exhaust- 
ing the elements, or diminishing the ratio, of their progress. And 
it will be found, on a comparison of this with other cities in our 
country of equal or greater magnitude, that there is no one whose 
ratio of increase for the last eighteen years has been so large. 
Nor is there any whose absolute increase is so great, except Phila- 
delphia and New York cities — the one concentrating the most ex- 
tensive mining and manufacturing operations in the United States, 
and the other being the great emporium of its foreign and domestic 
commerce. 

In estimating our population at this time to be 225,000 inhab- 
itants, it should be observed that I do not include the cities of 
Covington and Newport, in which many of the persons doing busi- 
ness here reside, and which are as really appendages of Cincinnati 
as the great part of the suburbs of Philadelphia, which are now in- 
corporated within the city limits, are of that place. These cities 
would swell our population to 250,000 souls. 



NATIVITIES. 

A large share of the inhabitants of Cincinnati, as is the case in 
most of our large cities, is composed of foreigners. Among these 
the German element preponderates largely, being more than two- 
thirds of the whole. The Irish is the next largest, and, with the 
nativities of the other British isles and dependencies, make up 
nine-tenths of the residue. Almost every part of the world, in 
small proportions, is represented here. Foreigners, thus, with 
their children born here, constitute more than half our population. 
Of the natives of the United States, those of Ohio make up three- 
fourths of the aggregate. Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, Ken- 
tucky, Maryland, New Jersey, and Indiana, are of successive im- 
portance as to numbers. The entire New England ingredient does 
not more than equal that of either Virginia or Kentucky, and is not 



166 PERSONAL STATISTICS. 

more than half that of Pennsylvania. Every State and Territory in 
the United States is represented here. 

The Irish constitute the largest share of foreigners in the First- 
Third, Fourth, Thirteenth, and Seventeenth wards. In the other 
wards, the Germans greatly outnumber all other descriptions of 
emigrants. As a general rule, therefore, the Irish reside in the 
vicinity of the river, and the Germans occupy our territory to the 
north and north-west. These last, to a great extent, own the 
property on which they reside, and the high price of ground in the 
central and business parts of Cincinnati, together with their pre- 
occupation for other purposes than dwellings, has concentrated the 
Germans on the upper line of the city. 

A comparative view of the facility with which these heteroge- 
neous elements become swallowed up in the absorbing and fusing 
process, now and for the futu-e in progress, which is destined to 
render the Anglo-American race paramount throughout this great 
continent, would be sufficiently curious, although too extensive a 
subject to be brought into discussion here. It may suffice to say, 
that of all classes of foreigners, the German soonest assimilates to 
the great mass. It takes but one generation to obliterate all the 
distinctive marks of this race — even of language, usually a most 
tenacious feature. On the contrary, the Irishman, whose dialect 
does not differ much, except in accent and tone, from ours, retains 
his family identity for several generations. So, also, but in a less 
degree, with the English and Scotch. 

To the industry of foreigners, Cincinnati is indebted, in a great 
degree, for its rapid growth. Their presence here has accelerated 
the execution of our public improvements, and given an impulse to 
our immense manufacturing operations, without which they could 
not have reached their present extent and importance. 



PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 167 



IV. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, 



COURTS OF JUDICATURE. 



Besides Justices of the Peace, there are in Cincinnati the foV- 
lowing courts, viz: The District Court for the First Judicial Dis- 
trict of Ohio, the Court of Common Pleas of Hamilton County, the 
Superior Court of the City of Cincinnati, the Probate Court of 
Hamilton County, and the Police Court of the City of Cincinnati. 

1. The District Court meets on the first Monday of April and 
October of each year, and is composed of one Judge of the Su 
prerne Court of Ohio and three Judges of the Court of Common 
Pleas, who are ex officio Judges of this Court, and any three of 
whom are a quorum for the transaction of business. Its jurisdic- 
tion is, within its district, co-extensive with that of the Superior 
Court of the State; it may issue writs of "mandamus" and "quo 
warranto,'' and all other necessary process for the due adminis- 
tration of justice in civil cases, but has no criminal jurisdiction 
except as a court of errors. 

2. The Court of Common Pleas. — By the Constitution of 1852, 
Hamilton county is erected into a Judicial District, with three 
Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, elected by the people of 
the county, and holding their offices for the term of five years. 
The terms of the court commence on the first Mondays of January 
and November, and the second Monday of May in each year. 
Three separate branches of this court are held, each presided 
over by one judge, and at the commencement and close of each 
term or oftener, if they deem advisable, the judges meet in joint 
session for the regulation of the business and apportionment of the 
docket among the several judges. It has exclusive jurisdiction of 
all criminal cases which are required to be prosecuted by indict- 
ment or presentment of a grand jury, and of writs of error and 
certiorari to the Police Court of Cincinnati, and Magistrates' 
Courts in criminal cases, of which said courts have final jurisdic- 
tion. It has also original jurisdiction in law and equity of all cases 
where the sum or matter in dispute exceeds the jurisdiction of a 
Justice of the Peace, and concurrent jurisdiction with the Probate 



1G8 riJELIC AUTHORITIES. 

Court in the sale of lands by adniinistrators of the estates of de- 
ceased persons, and appellate jurisdiction of cases within the 
cognizance of Justices of the Peace, as also from the action of the 
Board of County Commissioners in matters pertaining to their office. 
It also determines all contested elections for county officers, ap- 
points a Commissioner of Insolvents, etc., and fixes the number 
and rate of compensation of the deputies of the Sheriff and Clerk 
of the county employed in this court. The Judges, whose terms 
will expire in 1862, are Hons. A. G. W. Carter, W. M. Dickson, 
and P. Malion. Salary, each two thousand dollars per annum. 

3. The Superior Court of Cincinnati was established April 7, 
1854, and has concurrent jurisdiction with the Court of Common 
Pleas in all civil cases arising, or where one of the defendants re- 
sides within the city of Cincinnati. It has no appellate jurisdiction, 
nor jurisdiction of writs of error to inferior tribunals, nor of cases 
of divorce or alimony, nor of any cases not specifically given by the 
act of its creation. A writ of error to this court in general term, 
lies directly to the Supreme Court of Ohio. It consists of three 
Judges, who hold separate or special monthly terms, commencing 
on the first Monday of each month, except July, August, and Sep- 
tember. General terms for the consideration of petitions in error, 
to review errors in law of the special terms, are also held monthly 
at the commencement and close of the month. All the Judges set 
in general term, any two of whom are a quorum. The Judges of the 
Superior Court are elected at the general spring election, and hold 
their office for five years. The salary is three thousand five hun- 
dred dollars per annum, fifteen hundred of which is paid by the 
State, and two thousand by the city of Cincinnati. The present 
incumbents, with their term of service ending, are Hon. W. Y. 
Gholson, 1859; Hon. B. Storer, 1862; Hon. O. M. Spencer, 1863. 

4. The Probate Court has exclusive jurisdiction in the probate 
of wills, granting letters of administration and testamentary, settling 
the estates of deceased persons, and ordinary distribution of estates, 
the appointment and removal of guardians and settling their ac- 
counts, the granting of licenses to marry, etc.; also to hold inquests 
of lunacy, and for fixing the amount of compensation to be made 
to owners of real estate appropriated by corporations under the 
law, and to try contested elections for Justices of the Peace. Be- 
sides this it exercises concurrent jurisdiction with the Court of Com- 
mon Pleas — 1st. In the sale of lands on petition by executors and 



PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 169 

administrators, and the assignment of dower in such cases of sale; 
2d. In the completion of real estate contracts on petition of execu- 
tors and administrators; 3d. In allowing and issuing writs of habeas 
corpus, and determining the same; 4th. To administer oaths, take 
acknowledgments of deeds, etc.; 6th. Of proceedings in aid of 
execution. The Probate Judge is clerk of his own court; is elected 
for three years by the people of the county, a;id is compensated by 
fees which are fixed by laws. G. H. Hilton, Judge. 

5. The Police Court of Cincinnati has exclusive jurisdiction in 
all cases of breaches of the city ordinances, and the same pov/ers 
and jurisdiction in criminal cases, arising under State laws, that 
are by law vested in Justices of the Peace of the county, and like 
power in the Judge to take acknowledgments of deeds and other 
writings. It has also final jurisdiction in all cases of petit larceny 
and inferior offences of every description committed within the 
limits of the city or within one mile thereof, which, by the consti- 
tution and laws of the State, are not required to be prosecuted by 
indictment or presentment of a grand jury. No appeal lies from 
this court to the Court of Common Pleas, but its proceedings may 
be reviewed and reversed hy certiorari issued from the latter court. 
The Judge of the Police Court is elected by the voters of the city, 
and holds his office for two years. His salary, two thousand dol- 
lars, is paid out of the city treasury, but the County Commissioners 
make an additional allowance for his services under State laws. 
D. P. Lowe, Judge. The Mayor of the city, in the absence or 
disability of the Police Judge, presides in said court, and performs 
his duties. He is elected by the voters of the city for two years, 
and receives a salary of two thousand dollars a year out of the city 
treasury. 



LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 

The fiscal and prudential concerns of the city, with the conduct, 
direction and government of its affairs, devolve upon the Mayor 
and a Board of Trustees of two members from each ward, usually 
known by the name of City Council, and a Board of City Improve- 
ments, composed of the Mayor, City Civil Engineer, and three City 
Commissioners. 

The Mayor is elected biennially on the first Monday of April. 



170 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 

He must be an elector and reside within the limits of the city. He 
is the chief executive officer and conservator of the peace, and it is 
made his special duty to cause the laws and ordinances of the city 
to be obeyed. He has the appointment of police and the super- 
vision of the conduct of all the officers of the city, and it is his 
duty to examine the grounds of all reasonable complaints made 
against them, and cause all their violations of duty or their neglects 
to be promptly punished or reported to the proper tribunal for cor- 
rection. He shall keep the corporate seal of the city in his charge, 
and sign all commissions, licenses and permits granted by the City 
Council. It is made his duty to report to the City Council at their 
second regular meeting in April, each year, and at such other 
times as he may deem expedient, concerning the municipal afl'aiis 
of the city, and recommend such measures as to him may seem 
advisable. He has within the county, in all criminal cases, all the 
powers of a Justice of the Peace, and can exercise within the city 
limits the powers conferred upon the Sheriff of the county to sup- 
press disorders and to keep the peace. Salary two thousand dol- 
lars per annum. 

The Trustees composing the City Council are elected biennially, 
one in each ward, being elected at the annual election in April, 
each member serving two years. They must be residents and 
qualified voters of the ward in which they are elected. They de- 
termine the rules of their own proceedings, and it is made their 
duty to keep a journal thereof, open to the inspection of every citi- 
zen. They are required to take an oath of office, administered by 
the Mayor, and to elect from their own body a president, who is to 
preside over its meetings, and, when necessary, act as its repre- 
sentative. They appoint, from the qualified voters of the city, a 
City Clerk, who has the custody of all laws and ordinances of the 
city, and whose duty it is to keep a regular and correct journal of 
the proceedings of the City Council. They have the management 
and control of the finances, and of all the property, real and per- 
sonal, belonging to the corporation. They can make no appropria- 
tion unless money is in the treasury, and they have no power to 
authorize any loan or appropriation not predicated on the revenues 
of the corporation for the current fiscal year, except for the pur- 
pose of purchasing necessary grounds and erecting suitable build- 
ings for the use of the public schools. Loans may, however, be 
made in anticipation of the revenue of the current fiscal year and 




^f"**^^ 



-Ha^^ 




PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 171 

payable within such year to the amount of one hundred thousand 
dollars. They have power to establish a Board of Health, and may 
prot^ide for the election by the people or appointment by the Mayor 
of a police and city watch, and to establish and regulate markets, 
wharves and fire companies, and to license and regulate public 
shows. They are authorized to abate nuisances, to appropriate 
ground for new streets or alleys; to open, straighten, widen or re- 
pair streets; to license and regulate wagons, drays, hacks, etc.; 
and to levy and collect taxes for city purposes; and it is made their 
duty to publish, for the information of the citizens, a particular 
statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public moneys. 
They have entire control of the township property, and all the 
duties performed previous to 20th March, 1853, by the Township 
Trustees, are performed by the Directors of the City Infirmary, 
under the control of the City Council. They are authorized and 
required, at the expense of the city, to provide for the support and 
regulation of the Common Schools of the city. No member can, 
during the term for which he is elected or for one year thereafter, 
be appointed to any municipal office which may have been created 
or the emoluments of which have been increased during the term 
for which he has been elected. Any member may be removed 
from office by a concurrent vote of two-thirds of all the trustees 
elected; but not a second time for the same cause. Vacancies are 
filled by special election ordered by Council. For their services 
the members receive one dollar per day, which is restricted to the 
actual meetings of the Board. 

Board of City Lnprovcmcnts. — Under the new charter, passed 
by the Legislature, in 1853, a Board of City Improvements was 
created," who shall exercise such powers and perform such duties 
in the superintendence and construction of public works, con- 
structed by the authority of the City Council or owned by the city, 
as the said City Council may, from time to time, prescribe; but no 
improvement or repair in relation to streets, sewers and bridges 
shall be ordered or directed by the City Council, except on the 
report and recommendation of the said Board; and all petitions 
from owners of property in relation to such improvements, shall be 
presented to such Board, who shall report, from time to time, to 
the City Council, when any such improvements are necessary and 
proper. 

The City Commissioner's are elected by the people for three 
15 



1 72 EDUCATION. 

years, one being elected on the first Monday of April of each year. 
In case of vacancy, the City Council fills until the next annual city 
election. It is made their duty to enforce the ordinances and con- 
tracts of the city. 

A City Marshal, City Treasurer, City Auditor, City Civil En- 
gineer, City Solicitor, Police Judge, and Prosecuting Attorney of 
the Police Court, are elected biennially by the qualified voters of 
the city on the first Monday in April. 

Mayor, N. W. Thomas; Marshal, Benjamin Robinson; Chief of 
Police, J. L. Ruflin. 



V. EDUCATION. 

Public Instruction in the United States is divided generally 
into three kinds: that of Schools — so called — that of x\cademies, 
or more recently called High Schools; and lastly, that of Colleges, 
or when Professional Education is added, Universities. The ob- 
ject of these three classes of institutions is to convey three diff'er- 
ent kinds or gradations of education, according to the time and 
means which the pupils or students have to spare. The Primary 
Schools, whether public or private, simply teach the elements of 
knowledge, such as reading, writing, grammar, arithmetic, and 
geography. The object of Academies or High Schools, is to give 
some knowledge of higher studies; such as mathematics, history, 
or the classics. The object of Colleges is to aflford, what is termed, 
a thorough classic education, being a course of instruction in the 
Sciences, the Classics, Philosophy, and Belles Lettres. To this 
course is generally added a supplementary one — in Law, Medi- 
cine, and Theology — open to volunteer students for professional 
life. When a college has classes in these subjects, it is termed a 
University; an institution in which, it is presumed, instruction 
is given in all branches of human knowledge. In addition to these 
means of instruction, there are, in large cities, societies and rooms 
established for popular lectures, or popular reading; such as 
Lyceums, Mechanics' Institutes, and Mercantile Libraries. The 
means of education, whether public or private, are thus diffused 
in the United States through all classes of people; and there are 
none who cannot, if they choose, find access to useful instruction 
in almost any department of knowledge. 



EDUCATION. 173 

Before Cincinnati attained one-third its present magnitude, all 
these modes of education had been established in the midst of its 
population successfully and prosperously. Our schools have at- 
tracted the notice of persons of the highest intelligence, both in 
Europe and America. That the means and system of education 
adopted in Cincinnati may be clearly understood, a brief review 
of its schools, colleges and other institutions for the acquisition of 
knowledge, follows. 

Primary Schools. — Of these we have three different kinds — the 
Public, or City Schools; Parochial, or Church Schools; Private, or 
Individual Schools. The present system of public schools was 
established in Cincinnati in 1830-31. 

In these "colleges of the people," as they are termed, the chil- 
dren of the masses of the people, of all conditions, are educated. 
There they acquire, in the short time most of them can spare for 
education, those simple elements of knowledge which are most 
useful in common life. The majority of children who enter these 
schools, probably obtain little other knowledge than that of reading, 
writing, and arithmetic; but the instruction afforded by the schools 
is not confined to these elementary branches. On the contrary, 
the studies of the older and higher classes exhibit ample proof that 
a wide rann;e of study and acquisition is included in the scheme 
of Public Education. To this may be added, that these Public 
Schools are literally free; those attending them having all the ad- 
vantages which the best course of elementary instruction can con- 
fer, without price, charge, or special tax. 

Of Funds. — The funds by which the Public Schools of Cincin- 
nati are sustained, are derived from two sources: Jirst^ the city's 
portion of the State School Fund; and secondly, by a direct tax on 
the property of the city in proportion to the wants of the schools. 
The State has granted 8200,000 per annum, heretofore, to the 
Public Schools — and it is probable will increase that sum in fu- 
ture — in addition to the tax, which the several school districts pay, 
or the other funds they have. Cincinnati has her portion of this 
general fund; then she taxes herself to the additional amount re- 
quired for the support of the schools. For many years the city has 
paid two-thirds of the whole. Of the city school tax, about one- 
fourth or one-third, is called the Building Fund, and is perma- 
nently appropriated to the repair, furnishing, and erection of 



174 EDUCATION. 

buildings. The total amount of school revenue in Cincinnati, for 
the fiscal year 1858, was ^205,569. 

Organization. — The public schools of Cincinnati are managed 
and controlled by three distinct sets of officers, each of which has 
distinct duties, and all of which result in a rery simple and easily 
controlled system. These are the Board of Trustees, the Board 
of Examiners, and the Corps of Teachers. These are entirely 
separate bodies, but are harmonious and efficient in the school 
government of the great body of youth committed to their care. 
1. The Trustees are elected by the people at the annual municipal 
elections, two for each ward, and have charge exclusively of what 
may be termed the business arrangements of the schools. Their 
duties are to make the necessary appropriations of money; to fur- 
nish, repair, and arrange the buildings; to prescribe the kinds of 
books employed in teaching; to appoint teachers, and make rules 
for their government, with all such powers as are incidental to the 
immediate government of tlie schools. 2. The Board of Exam- 
iners arc appointed by the City Council, and their duties are to 
examine the teachers in respect to their qualifications and their 
pupils, whenever it seems to them proper. Without their certifi- 
cate no teacher can be appointed. 3. The Corps of Teachers per- 
form their duties of instruction and government under and in con- 
formity to rules prescribed by the Trustees. The public teachers 
now number two hundred and seventy-eight, being more than twice 
the force employed in 1850, and four times that of 1840; thus in- 
dicating very clearly the progress in numbers and property of our 
public schools. A difference is made in the age, qualifications 
and salary of teachers, in proportion to the age and standing of the 
classes under their charge. For small children, young girls are 
frequently employed, while for the higher classes of boys, men of 
intelligence, as well as aptness to teach, are required. The quali- 
fications of tlie teachers are generally amply sufficient for all the 
instruction they are expected to give. 

Buildings. — The school buildings of the Public Schools are six- 
teen in number, constructed on a uniform plan, and conveniently 
arranged for the objects in view. They are capable of accommo- 
dating — including both day and night schools — full nine hundred 
pupils each. In addition, there are two other buildings used for 
the purposes of Public Instruction: one of which is the City In- 



EDUCATION. 17 



firmary, and the other the Orphan Asylum, where pupils are under 
the care of the Common School Instructors. 

Course of Studies. — The studies range, according to the age and 
capacity of pupils, from spelling and definition, reading, writing, 
grammar, including composition, elements of drawing, penmanship, 
geography, United States history, mental and written arithmetic, 
natural history, music, linear drawing, elements of natural philoso- 
phy and of algebra, analysis of language, constitutions of the United 
States and of the State of Ohio, declamation, drawing, to the ele 
ments of geometry, plane trigonometry, mensuration and surveying. 
It has never been intended by the trustees of Public Schools, in 
Cincinnati, to limit the amount of knowledge to be acquired in the 
schools. As there are, however, but few of the pupils who can 
spare the time required for a study of general science, the trustees 
have provided for those who need such studies, and are willing to 
pursue them, two High and four Intermediate Schools, which shall 
be referred to separately. 

High and Intermediate Schools. — Within a few years past, there 
have been added to the ordinary public schools two High and four 
Intermediate Schools, for the benefit of those who have become so 
far advanced in the lower schools as they admit, and who desire to 
pursue a higher course of studies. In these High Schools — the 
Woodward and Hughes — are. 

Teachers. Pupils. 

Woodward Hisjli School, 6 176 

Hughes' High^School, 6 .... 159 

Total, 12 .... 335 

To the Intermediate Schools are transferred pupils from the 
District Schools, who have made the requisite proficiency in study; 
and in due time such as acquire the proper standing in this, are 
again transferred to the High Schools. The Intermediate Schools 
are under the same government with the Common or District 
Scliools; but the High Schools, which have been endowed by tlie 
individuals whose names they bear, are under the control of a 
Union Board of five delegates from the Common Schools, five 
from the Woodward, and two from the Hughes Boards. 

The entire expenditure in the public schools, for the past year, 
is $138,605 80, out of which have been maintained twenty District, 
four Intermediate, two High, one Normal, one Night High, and six 
Night District Schools. 



176 EDUCATION. 

STATISTICS OF TEACHERS AND SCHOLARS FOR THE LAST 
EIGHTEEN YEARS. 

1S40. 1850. 1858. 

Pupils enrolled, 5121 .... 12,240 17,685 

Pupils iu atteudauce, 3972 5,557 10,493 

Teachers, 64 138 278 

No. Pupils to Teachers, 62 40 37 

It appears, thus, that the number of teachers employed in pro- 
portion to scholars has greatly increased, so that, in fact, much 
better instruction is given now than formerly. 

From seventeen to eighteen thousand of the youth of Cincinnati 
are continually receiving instruction in our schools, and as the 
younger pupils advance and others take their places, changing the 
individuals taught, probably about every six years, it may be fairly 
presumed that two-thirds of those within the school limits, as re- 
spects age, are receiving instruction, more or less thorough, in the 
public schools. If to them we add those taught in parochial and 
private schools, there can be no doubt, that nine-tenths of the youth 
of Cincinnati are placed so far under educational influence as to be 
greatly in advance of the past generation in the acquisition of useful 
knowledge. 

Parochial Schools. — The Calliolic Schools are the only ones 
which are strictly parociiial, although there are schools under the 
special care of the Methodists, and perhaps of other denominations. 
The following are the statistics of the Catholic Parochial Schools, 
as stated on the authority of this society: 

The number of children in attendance, including those in Catho- 
lic Iligli Schools, is 7,750; teachers, 78. 

Private Schools and Academies. — Of these there is a very great 
number and variety, many of them of high excellence, embracing 
more than 150 teachers, and 4,000 pupils. 

Wesleyan Female College, Vine street. — This is a highly pros- 
perous institution, of long standing, and well and favorably known. 
It is under the charge of Prof. P. B. Wilber. 

Cincinnati Female Seminary, S. W. cor. Seventh and Mound sts. 

Teachers. 

T. A. BURROWES, A. M., 

Moral Philosophy and Religious Instruction. 
MILTON SAYLER, A. M., 

Ancient Languages, Mental Philosophy and Esthetics. 
FRANCES C. BAUMAN, 
Mathematics. 



EDUCATION. 177 

H. E. FOOT, M. D., 
ANNA WAKEFIELD. 
AMELIA E. MEISSNER, 
SALLIE R. STEER, 

English Branches. 
ELLEN J. HOYT, 

Penmanship. 
VICTOR WILLIAMS, 

Vocal and Instrumental Music. 
MARY E. PALMER, 

Assistant in Music. 
ROBERT CONNER, 

Painting, Drawing, etc. 
S. VEITH, 

Modern Languages. 

An elegant building, with two spacious and airy halls, to be de- 
voted, the one as a Calisthenium, and the other as a Museum^ has 
recently been erected on the lot adjoining the Seminary. 

The Calisthenium will be fitted up with the most approved appa- 
ratus for ladies — such as is known, by actual trial, to give elegance 
of carriage, grace of motion and symmetrical bodily development. 
This department will be under the personal management and in- 
struction of Mrs. Barrett, of our city, so long and so successfully 
identified with the cause of physical education. 

The Museum will be a sort of storehouse of nature; in which 
will be found a Geological Cabinet, a Herbarium, an Aquarium, 
and other products of Nature, both pleasing and instructive. It 
will be a safe depository, where our scientific friends may leave as 
many curiosities as they choose. We intend to make it one of the 
most attractive halls in Cincinnati. 

This building, with its varied apartments, will be an altogether 
new feature in our Seminary; and will furnish attractions supe- 
rior to those of any similar institution, we know of, in the United 
States. 

A well-selected Library, comprising standard works of a popular 
cast on different subjects of study, and other miscellaneous works 
of a high literary character, has been placed in the Seminary for 
the use of the pupils. 

Thus an opportunity is afforded them to extend their studies, 
and to gain such general intelligence as time will permit and in- 
telligence prompt. 

The Seminary is furnished with Apparatus for the illustration of 



178 EDUCATION. 

all important principles in Natural Science. Indeed, the rooms for 
this department, with their complete appointments for experiment 
and research, have been pronounced by impartial and intelligent 
judges unsurpassed by any in the country. 

The Minerals and specimens of Primary Rocks, include a suf- 
ficient number to illustrate those branches very fully. The Cabinet 
is especially rich in its Fossils; some of the formations, both of 
Europe and America, being nearly perfected. The whole collec- 
tion numbers more than seven thousand specimens, and affords the 
best possible advantages to the pupils in the study of Geology. 

The Mount Auburn Young Ladies'' Institute is located on the 
lofty eminence due north of Cincinnati, and within its corporate 
limits, but as entirely removed from all its contaminating and un- 
healthy influence as situations miles distant. 

It commands a view of the entire city and suburbs, with a pic- 
turesque landscape including the beautiful Ohio for miles in extent, 
and the surrounding country dotted with towns and villages as far 
as the eye can reach. 

The object had in view in its establishment, was to meet a de- 
mand long felt in the west for higher female education, equal to 
that enjoyed at the east, and thus avoid any occasion to send our 
daughters from home to finish their education, as has been the 
practice with many of late years. 

To accomplish this many difUculties had to be overcome, among 
which, and not the least, was the procuring suitable teachers; per- 
sons of large experience; the highest order of talents; and of 
known ability. In the Rev. E. A. Crawley, D. D., so well know'n 
in tlie east as an accomplished scholar, and for many years at the 
head of a flourishing institution of learning, as well as in his asso- 
ciates, both male and female, who came to the west with him, and 
no less in such as have since been added to his corps of teachers, 
the highest expectations of its founders have been realized. 

The course of study is thorough and complete. All puhlic ex- 
hibitions are definitely repudiated. Four thorough examinations 
are held each session, whicli are open to the friends of the pupils. 
Practical knoidcdge, and not outside superf.uities^ is aimed at. 

Apparatus, in no stinted measure, is furnished for every depart- 
ment, as well as a large and rare collection of Miner alogical and 
Geological specimens. A choice Library is commenced. x\ 








a 
W 

Eh 

o 



EDUCATION. 179 

Reading-room^ with the principal journals of this country and 
Europe, is open at all hours. 

The most careful and affectionate attention is paid to moral and 
religious training: — sectarianism always excluded. Correct habits 
and lady-like deportment receive constant care and watchfulness. 

That the laws of health may be regarded, and physical exercise 
be made a pleasure rather than an irksome task, a capacious Calis- 
theniMm has been erected and furnished, ahd daily practice is made 
imperative, under the direction of the female principal of the In- 
stitute. 

The spacious building, a view of which is seen on the opposite 
page, has been erected with a view to the utmost completeness 
and convenience: and careful regard has been had to safety from 
fire, and to free ventilation. It is traversed by spacious halls, and 
heated throughout by steam, and lighted by gas. It is surrounded 
with fields, groves, and abundant private play-grounds. 

For information or catalogues, address Rev. E. A. Crawley, 
D. D., Cincinnati, O. 

Herroii's Seminary for Boys, Seventh, between Walnut and 
Vine streets. 

JOSEPH HEREON, A. M., Principal, 

Inslrncior in lihttoric, Moral Science and English Literature. 
MILETUS GREEN, A. M., 

Professor of Greek and Latin Languages. 
MAXWELL P. GADDIS, Jr., B. S., 

Professor of Mathematics and Natural Science. 
JAMES E. SHERWOOD, Assistant. 
CHARLES AIKEN, A. M., 

Professor of Vocal Music. 
PHILIPPE Fii. BALDAUFE, 

Professor of German and French Languages. 
CHARLES J. SHEPPARD, 

Instructor in Book-keeping and Penmanship. 
LOUIS SCHWEBEL, 

Professor of Drawing and Painting. 
MONS. J. TOSSO, 

Professor of Instrumental Music. 

The Seminary is situated on Seventh street, between Walnut 
and Vine, which is the most central and pleasant part of the city. 
The building is large and airy, having been built expressly for the 
purpose*^ and being out of the business part of the city, and sur- 
rounded with fine private residences, and shaded by beautiful 



1 80 EDUCATIOX. 

trees, it is quiet and retired, which makes it a very desirable loca- 
tion for an institution of learning. 

During fourteen years a very fine Cabinet of Minerals and Shells 
has been collected for the Institution, to which additions are made 
every month. 

A full set of Pelton's large Outline Maps has been purchased, 
which, together with a pair of large Globes, a Planetarium, Tellu- 
rian, Lunarian, and Geometrical Forms and Solids, Blocks, etc., 
increases very much the interest of the pupils in the study of Geog- 
raphy and Astronomy, and facilitates their progress. 

In order to illustrate the subject of Physiology and Anatomy, and 
render it more interesting to the class, a full set of Cutter's Col- 
ored Anatomical Plates has been procured. 

An Electrical Machine, Galvanic Battery, Air Pump, and all the 
Chemical and Philosophical Apparatus necessary to illustrate those 
subjects, by experiments and lectures, have been obtained, 

A fine Melodeon has been purchased for the Institution, and is 
used by the Professor of Music in giving instruction to the classes 
in singing, and in our religious exercises in the morning. Num- 
ber of pupils, 160. 

Cincinnati English and Classical School, corner of Elm and 
Ninth streets. Andrew J. Rickoff, Principal. The design of this 
School is — 1st. To prepare boys for College; 2d. To afford a gen- 
erous Literary and Scientific course of Education to those whose 
parents do not intend to have them take a Collegiate course. 

While the above objects will be kept steadily in view, the moral 
and physical training of pupils will receive constant and careful 
attention. 

To this end, the school is liberally supplied with apparatus. As 
an illustration, one of the rooms is furnished with one of Barlow's 
large Planetariums. 

Particular attention will be given to Spelling, Reading, Compo- 
sition and Letter Writing. 

The moral training of pupils is a matter of special care and at- 
tention. A teacher is with the pupils at the time of their exer- 
cises, not as a governor, but rather as a companion. This affords 
the very best opportunity to train, that is, to habituate boys to the 
exercise of the virtues of the play -ground, which develope into the 
virtues of social and business intercourse of tlie world. The vices 
of the school-ground have, of course, little opportunity for growth 



EDUCATION. 181 

while the teacher is present. Intellectual culture is aimed at, 
rather than the imparting of large treasures of information to the 
pupil. Habits of observation are cultivated, and a knowledge of 
things is held as desirable, rather than a knowledge of words, to 
which the memorizing process of the day are so apt to lead. 

The physical training of the boys is amply provided for in a 
gymnasium, which is well furnished with apparatus. 

Colleges. — There are in Cincinnati two Colleges, properly so 
called. 

1. The Cincinnati College. — This is the oldest collegiate insti- 
tution in the city, but its instructions have been, with the exception 
of its Law School, suspended for several years, and the building 
is now occupied mainly by the Chamber of Commerce, and Mer- 
chants' Exchange, and the Young Men's Mercantile Library 
Association. 

Law Faculty. — 

BELLAMY STORER, LL. D., 

Professor of Legal Rights, including Real Estate, Commercial Law and 
the Domestic Relations. Appoiuted iu 1855. 
HON. MYRON H. TILDEN, 

Professor of Equity Jurisprudence, Pleading and Practice. 
Appoiuted in 1859. 
MASKELL E. CURWEN, 

Prof, of Civil Remedies, including Pleading, Practice and Evidence. 
Appointed in 1850. 

This school has been in successful operation during the pest 
twenty-two years, and now numbers ninety students. A certificate 
from this institution entitles the holder to admission to the bar in 
Ohio, without the usual examination. Students have access, for 
the purpose of reference, to several thousand law books, sufficient 
for all practical purposes, free of charge. 

All communications relative to the business of the Law Depart- 
ment, should be addressed to M. E. Curwen, Times Buildings, 
66 West Third street, Cincinnati, O. The Lecture Room is in the 
College Buildings, Walnut street, above Fourth, Cincinnati. 

2. St. Xamcr'' s College^ Sycamore st., between Sixth and Seventh. 

Faculty. — 

REV. M. OAKLEY, S. J., Presidext. 

REV. T. KUHLMAN, S. J., Vice Presidext, 

and Professor of Natural Philosophy. 



182 EDUCATION. 

REV. P. TSCHEIDER, S. J., 

Professor of German. 
REV. P. ARXOUDT, S. J., 

Professor of Ancient Languages. 
REV. A. LEVISSE, S. J., 

Professor of Modern Languages. 
REV. M. LAWLOR, S. J., Treasurer. 
MR. J. McGILL, S. J., 

Professor of English Literature. 
MR. WILLIAM SCHMIDT, S. J., 

Professor of Chemistry and Science. 
MR. VENNEMANN, S. J. 



MR B COPPENS S J ) Assistant Professors in various branches. 

This is an incorporated institution, belonging to the Roman 
Catholics, with extensive Library, Museum, and Philosophical 
and Chemical apparatus. It does not now, as heretofore, receive 
boarders. 

Medical Colleges. — There are in Cincinnati six Medical Col- 
leges, corresponding to four different kinds of Medical education. 
These are — 1. The Medical College of Ohio; 2. Cincinnati Col- 
lege of Medicine and Surgery; 3. Eclectic Medical Institute; 4. Ec- 
lectic College of. Medicine; 5. Physio-Medical College; 6. College 
of Dental Surgery. 

The first and second of these are of the regular Old School in 
Medicine. The third and fourth represent the Eclectic School. 
The fifth is usually known as the Botanic Practice. The sixth is 
devoted to instruction in Dentistry. There are, probably, five hun- 
dred and fifty Medical Students attending Lectures in the city 
annually. 

Medical College of Ohio. — Faculty. 

L. M. LAWSON", M. D., 

Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, and Clinical Medicine. 
JESSE P. JUDKINS, M. D., 

Professor of Anatomy. 
GEORGE C. BLACKMAN, M. D., 

Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery, and Clinical Surgery. 
GEORGE MENDENHALL, M. D., 

Professor of Obstetrics, Diseases of Wo7ncn and Children, and Clinical 
Midwifery. 
C. G. COMEGYS, M. D., 

Professor of Institutes of Medicine. 
JAMES GRAHAM, M. D., 

Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 



EDUCATION. 183 

11. E. FOOTE, M. D., 

Professor of Chemistry/ and Toxicology. 
THOMAS WOOD; M. D., 

Professor of Microscopical and Surgical Anatomy. 
JOHN A. ]\JURPHY, M. D., 

Adjunct Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine, and Clinical 
Medicine. 
'■ B. F. RICHAIIDSON, M. D., 

Adjunct Professor of Obstetrics, Diseases of Women and Children, 
and Clinical Midwifery. 
WILLIAM CLENDENIN, M. D., 
Demonstrator of Anatomy. 

L. M. Lawson, M. D., Dean, Geo. Mendenhall. M. D., 

159 Race street. 197 Fourth st., Registrar. 

Trustees. — 

John P. Foote, Esq., President. William S. Ridgeley, M. D. 

J. L. Vattier, M. D., Secretary E. E. Reeder, Esq. 

and Treasurer. Colonel 6. W. Holmes. 

Flamen Ball, Esq. Miles Greenwood, Esq. 

William Mount, M. D. A. N. Riddle, Esq. 

Jacob Strader, Esq. Hon. Tuomas M. Key. 

The Faculty of the Medical College of Ohio do not deem it 
necessary to exhibit, in detail, the resources of the Institution, 
but merely to state that it is thoroughly organized, possesses am- 
ple means of illustration, and is prepared, therefore, to afford every 
facility for the acquisition of Medical and Surgical knowledge. 
The last session numbered 162 pupils, of whom 43 received the 
degree of Doctor of Medicine. This was the largest class assem- 
bled in the west during the past session. 

The course of instruction is so arranged that each department 
will receive proper attention; the elementary h\-d,\\Q,\\es will be fully 
taught in the didactic course at the College, and Clinical Medicine 
and Surgery receive ample illustration at the Hospital and City 
Dispensary. 

The Commercial Hospital, the medical department of which is 
under the exclusive control of the Medical College of Ohio, fur- 
nishes almost every variety of medical and surgical cases; and 
these will be examined, prescribed for or operated on, daily, in 
presence of as many of the class as desire to attend, at an hour 
which will not interfere with the lectures at the College, while 
there will be, twice a week, as heretofore, regular Clinical Lectures 
and operations in the amphitheatre of the Hospital. 



i84 EDUCATION. 

The advantages to be derived from this source must be apparent 
to any one. A great variety of diseases exists among the poorer 
classes of our population, whose circumstances debar them from 
entering the Hospital. These resort in large numbers, daily, to the 
Dispensary. It is believed that during the last year, more than 
two thousand of the afflicted resorted to it for relief. 

Opportunities will also be presented for witnessing surgical ope- 
rations and seeing cases at St. John's Hotel for Invalids by the 
students of the College, some of the professors of which are con- 
nected with that institution. 

In view of these extended means of Clinical Instruction, it may 
be safely affirmed, that the Medical College of Ohio affords oppor- 
tunities for acquiring information in regard to diagnosis, causes, 
nature and treatment of the diseases of the Mississippi valley, 
which cannot be excelled in any other College north or south. 

The Anatomical and Surgical Cabinets are well supplied and 
conveniently arranged. They consist, in part, of the extensive col- 
lections of Prof. Cobb, and those of the late Prof Shotwell. The 
private cabinet of Prof. Blackman, collected both in Europe and 
this country, and also that of Prof. Mendenhall, will be added to 
this department. This union of material will make a complete 
collection for the illustration of the Anatomical, Surgical and Ob- 
stetrical Lectures, and, with the Chemical apparatus of the Miami 
Medical College, the means are not less ample for a full course of 
experimental Chemistry. 

The new College building, recently completed at an expense 
of over ^50,000, is not surpassed for elegance of structure and 
convenience of arrangement by any building of the kind in the 
United States. There are two large Lecture Halls, each capable 
of containing between five and six hundred persons, together with 
extensive apartments for museums, dissections, etc. The entire 
building is well lighted with gas, well ventilated, and thoroughly 
warmed, during the winter, by means of hot air furnaces. 

Spacious and elegant rooms have been arranged for the Library. 
It consists of a large collection of the best medical authors, to which 
the students have access free of charge. It is open daily for ob- 
taining and returning books. Students are advised, however, to 
provide themselves with the ordinary text-books, which they will 
require for constant reference. 



EDUCATION. 185 

Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. — Tkustees. 
Jacob Graff, Esq. Joseph K. Smith, Esq 

William Cameron, Esq. Hon. Robert Moore, 

Rev. C, Moork. Joseph Draper, Esq. 

William B. Dodds, Esq. Martin Tolbert, Esq. 

A. H. Baker, M. D. 
Jacob Graff, Esq., Pres't of Board. Rev. C. Moore, Secretary. 

Faculty. — 

A. H. BAKER. M. D., 

Prof, of the Principles and Practice of Surgery, and Clinical Surgery. 

B. S. LAWSON, M. D., 

Prof, of Principles and Practice of Medicine, and Clinical Medicine. 
P. M. GRUME, M. D., 

Proftssor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. 
R. SPEJ^CER, M. D., 

Professor of Anatomy and Plnjsiology. 
T. W. GORDON, M. D., 

Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy. 
T. A. REAMY, M. D.. 

Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
I. C. WALKER, M.D., 

Professor of Pathology and Physical Diagnosis. 
J. C. BECK, M. D., 

Professor of Medical Jurisprudence. 
J. W. BAKER, M. D., 

Adjunct Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine. 
WM. SPENCER, M. D., 

Adjunct Professor of Anatomy. 
WM. H. SWANDER, M. D., 

Prosector to the Chair of Surgery. 

The Faculty having investigated the subject thoroughly, and 
being fully satisfied that no single school could establish a standard 
of literary attainments, and a higher one of Medical Qualification, 
without great sacrifice, determined, one year ago, to commence the 
work by making the school free. 

The College building is situated on the corner of Long worth st. 
and Western row, fronting one hundred feet on the former, by sixty 
on the latter. It is four stories high, well finished, presenting a 
plain but neat and tasteful exterior, and an internal structure ad- 
mirably adapted to college purposes. The lecture-rooms are lofty, 
well lighted, freely ventilated, and capable of accommodating three 
hundred, students. They are furnished with comfortable arm 
chairs, which are regarded as a decided improvement upon the 
old method of arranging seats. 



186 EDUCATION 

For the prosecution of Practical Anatomy, the most liberal pro- 
visions have been made. The Dissecting Amphitheatre is placed 
upon the top of the main building, is well lighted and thoroughly- 
ventilated. 

The College Dispensary consists of acute and chronic diseases 
gathered from all parts of the city. Those who are able to visit 
the Dispensary, are prescribed for before the class. Those who 
are confined at home, may be visited and attended to by those of 
the class who are advanced in the study of their profession. By 
such a course young physicians start in their profession with expe- 
rience in and familiarity with the treatment of disease. 

The Commercial Hospital is open to the students of this College. 
Wednesday and Saturday mornings are devoted to the study of 
Clinical Medicine, under the Surgeon and Physician of that Insti- 
tution. With such advantages as we have enumerated, it is evi- 
dent that Clinical Medicine can be taught, and studied, as well in 
Cincinnati as in any city in America. 

Eclectic Medical Institute. — Students, session 1857-8, 154; 
graduates of same, 70. 

Board of Tkustees. — 

W. B. Pierce, President, L, E. Jones, M. D., 

W. F. UuRhBVT, Vice President, J, P. Mayer, 

J. G. Henshall, Secretary, A. H. Baldridge, M. J)., 

R. S. Newton, M. D., Treasurer, Z. Freeman, M. D., 

Hon. George Hoadley, O. E. Newton, M. D., 

J. P. Cunningham, G. W. Phillips, 

N. Headington, Esq., G. Brashears, 
H. Leonard. 

Faculty. — 

H. D. GARRISON, M. D., 

Professor of Chemistrij, Pliarmacy and Toxicolof/y. 
L. E. JONES, M. D., 

Professor of JShiteria Medico, Tkcrapcntics and Medical Botany. 
W. BYRD POWELL, M. D., 

Emeritus Professor of Cerebral Physiology, 
G. W. L. BICKLEY, M. J)., 

Professor of Physiology and Medical Jurisprudence. 
R. S. NEWTON, M. D., 

Professor of Surgery and Surgical Practice. 
J. CAM MASSIE, M. D., 

Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, and Pathology. 
Z. FREEMAN, M. B., 

Professor of General, Special and Pathological Anatomy. 



EDUCATION. 187 

J. M. SCUDDER, M. D., 

Professor of Obstetrics, and the Diseases of Women and Children. 
A. H. EALDRIBGE, M. D., 

Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women. 
EDWIK^ FREEMAN, M. D , 

Demonstrator of Anatomy. 

Clinic Lecturers. — 
J. CAM MASSIE, M. D., R. S. NEWTON, M. D., 

Z. FREEMAN, M. D. 

The Eclectic Medical Institute edifice is located on the corner 
of Court and Plum streets, in the very centre of the city. In loca- 
tion, Cincinnati presents advantages for a Medical School not pos- 
sessed by any city in the Union. It is accessible from all points, 
very healthy, with a pleasant climate, and characteristic for its hos- 
pitality and attention to strangers. The building itself is large and 
commodious, well adapted to the purpose for which it is used, in 
good order, and well situated in every respect. Its Professors are 
men of acknowledged ability, by whose energy the Eclectic branch 
of the profession has been elevated to its present position. Its 
classes iiave always been the largest of any school west of the 
mountains, and its graduates have attained a marked success. No 
dissensions mar the harmony of its teachings, which are as thorough 
as those of any school in America, strictly scientific, and as liberal 
as it is possible to make a Medical College. It is now free from all 
those vagaries and fanciful speculations formerly taught, and the 
student is no longer taxed for outside or private-pay lectures; nor 
are females admitted to attend the lectures. 

The school was chartered by the Legislature of Ohio, in 1845, 
and enjoys all the advantages and dignities ever conferred upon 
such institutions. 

Clinical Medicine and Surgefy are taught by the Professors oc- 
cupying those chairs, two days in each week, at Newton's Clinical 
lustitute, on the corner of Sixth and John streets, where every ex- 
ertion is made to initiate the student into the actual bedside prac- 
tice of medicine. Here are collected a variety of diseases from all 
parts of the country, and the lecturers endeavor to explain each 
case so fully that the student cannot fail to thoroughly understand 
its nature and mode of treatment. Many of the major operations 
of surgery take place in this establishment, where every student 
has an excellent opportunity of observing. the mode of procedure in 
each case. 
16 



188 EDUCATION. 

Every exertion has been made to render the Museum interestiug 
and satisfactory, and additions a;-e being constantly made. Pri- 
vate collections have been added, and arrangements have been 
made with gentlemen engaged in the pursuit of the natural sci- 
ences to secure valuable cabinets of specimens from all the de- 
partments of natural history. There is also an extensive Materia 
Medica cabinet. 

The contributions of rare and valuable books made to the Library 
collection, have added greatly to its attractions. Plates, maps, draw- 
ings, etc., have been donated by friends, and arrangements have 
been made to supply the Library-room plentifully witii papers from 
all parts of the country, and a general assortment of American and 
European Medical Journals. 

Newtoii's Clinical Institute, 297 Sixth street, Cincinnati, O. — 
This is one of the most spacious and pleasant buildings in the city, 
furnished in the most modern style, with bells, gas, hot and cold 
water; with bath-rooms with cold and warm water. Persons while 
remaining here, can have every attention paid, in the rooms, or 
otherwise, that may be desired. The fine airy location, with the 
above advantages, cannot fail to render this one of the most desira- 
ble homes for the afflicted to be found in the country; and in large 
cities this is quite difficult to obtain. We feel assured, in making 
the above announcement, that the afflicted will duly appreciate the 
efforts which have been made to build up in this city one of the 
most extensive and convenient institutions for the benefit of the 
sick, that can be found in the United States; and all such as visit 
Cincinnati, to be treated by the proprietor, may rely upon every 
attention they may wish during their sickness. Here persons from 
home, and persons who wish to visit the city for medical purposes, 
and wish to be perfectly private, are provided for. 

Many times persons wish to absent themselves for a few days or 
weeks, and remain where they can be entirely secluded from the 
cares of business and friends: all such can be fully accommodated 
in this particular. 

Extensive experience warrants him in saying, that he knows that 
he can and will give satisfaction to all who may visit the Institution 
for medical advice or treatment. Here is a home, and at the same 
time a perfect private retreat for all- who desire it. 

He does not confine himself to the treatment of any exclusive 
disease, but will attend to any persons who call for medical aid. 



EDUCATION. 1 89 

Boarding price is from five to seven dollars a week. The medi- 
cal charges will be governed by the extent of the operation, or the 
time necessary to effect a cure. 

Patients arriving in the city will call at the Clinical Institute. 

R. S. Newton, M. D. 

The Eclectic College o/*3fecZiVme, Cincinnati, 0. Two sessions 
annually. Chartered in 1856. 

Officers. 
Wm. Sherwood, M. D., President. C. H. Cleaveland, M. D., Secretary. 

WiM. A. AsHTON, M. D., Treasurer. John King, M. D., Dean of Faculty. 

Faculty. — 

J. F. JUDGE, M. D., 

Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy. 
T. E. ST. JOHN, M. D., 

Professor of Anatoviy and Physiology. 
A. JACKSON HOWE, M. D., 

Professor of Surgery. 
C. H. CLEAVELAND, M. D., 

Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 
WILLIAM SHERWOOD, M. D.. 

Professor of Medical Practice and Pathology. 
JOHN KING, M. D., 

Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Wo7nen and Children. 
J. R. BUCHANAN, M. D., 

Emeritus Prof, of Cerebral Physiology and Institutes of Medicine. 

The winter session commences about the middle of October, and 
continues sixteen weeks; the spring session early in February. 

The College is located on Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth sts. 

The course of instruction is as full and thorough as any Medi- 
cal College can give in a session of sixteen weeks. Each of the 
six Professors gives a full course of Lectures in his department, 
and is assisted by all the requisite apparatus, specimens, draw- 
ings, etc. The Demonstrator affords those who dissect every 
facility for acquiring a full and minute knowledge of Anatomy. 
Students have the privilege, in common with those of other Col- 
leges, of attending Clinical Lectures and witnessing Surgical 
operations twice a week in the Commercial Hospital. Clinical 
instructions are also given in the College by the Professors of 
Surgery and Medical Practice, whenever patients can be induced, 
by gratuitous treatment, to appear befoie the class. It is the con- 
stant effort of the Faculty to encourage independence of thought 
and practice on the pait of their students. 



190 EDUCATION. 

The Physio-Medical College of Ohio, formerly known as the 
Botanico-Medical College, is the oldest of the institutions that 
teach the system of reformatory medicine. It was commenced afr 
Columbus in 1836, and was the first of these schools that secured 
legal protection by a special charter from the State Legislature. 
It possesses a Library; Geological and Conchical cabinets; a val- 
uable Herbarium; and the Anatomical, Chemical and Scientific 
facilities peculiar to Medical Colleges. 

Its course of instruction embraces all the departments of medi- 
cal science. The following medical gentlemen constitute the Fac- 
nhy: I). B. Wiggins, D. McCarthy, Z. Hussey, W. IL Cook, S. E. 
Carey, T. W. Sparrow. 

Its sessions are at present held in the building of the Cincinnati 
College; but its Directors are making arrangements to raise an edi- 
fice exclusively for the purposes of the institution. W. II. Cook, 
M. D., is Dean of its FacuUy. 

This College is very popular among medical reformers through 
the whole United States. 

Ohio College of Dental Surgery. — This Institution was char- 
tered by the Legislature of Ohio, January 21, 1845, and went into 
operation on the first Monday of November, 1846. It is under the 
supervision of the following Board of Trustees: B. P. Aydelott, 
M. D., President; Israel M. Dodge, M. D., Hon. Wm. Johnson, 
Robert Buchanan, Calvin Fletcher, Esqrs., and Dr. J. M. Brown, 
of Cincinnati; G. L. P. Hempstead, M. D., of Portsmouth; Sam'l 
Martin, M. D., ofXenia; and Dr. Hildreth, of Marietta. 

The College building and lot are owned by an association of 
Dentists called the " Ohio Dental College Association," and cost 
about ten thousand dollars, and is the first and only building ever 
erected for the purpose of Dental education. 

The new College building was opened the first Monday of No- 
vember, 1854. The graduates of the school are exerting a bene- 
ficial influence on the profession at large, and the Institution may 
be regarded as a permanent affair. 

The regular course of Lectures commences the first Monday of 
November of each year, and closes about the 20th of February. 
Tickets for the entire course cost $105, including Matriculation; 
and the Diploma fee is ^TyO. 

The present Faculty consists of — 



EDUCATION. 191 

C. B. CHAPMAN, M. D , 

Professor of Anatomy and PJnjsiology. 
J. B. SMITH, M. D., 

Professor of Pathology and Therapeutics. 
JAMES TAYLOR, M. D., D. D. S., 

Profossor of Institutes of Dental Science, 
J. TAFT, D. D. S., 

Professor of Operatic Dentistry. 
JOSEPH RICHARDSON, D. D. S., 

Professor of Mechanical Dentistry. 
GEORGE WATT, M. D., D. D. S., 

Professor of Chemistry and Metallurgy. 
HENRY A. SMITH, D. D. S., 

Demonstrator of Operatic and Mechanical Dentistry. 

Bartletfs Commercial College^ N. E. corner of Third and Walnut 
sts. — This is an institution in which, beyond all question, the most 
thorough and scientific mercantile education in the world can be 
obtained. There may be Mercantile Colleges in which the princi- 
ples of book-keeping may be as thoroughly taught, so far as relates 
to the opening, posting and balancing of accounts; but Mr. Bart- 
lett, after ten years of labor, unparalleled in this line, has com- 
pleted a quarto volume which forms the basis of his commercial 
tuition, and the principles and details of which, when mastered by 
the scholar, qualify him to meet and dispose of any and every busi- 
ness problem which foreign or domestic commerce may render it 
his interest to solve. This volume — stereotyped — comprehends 
every description of Commercial and Banking tables, embracing 
time, simple interest, unexpired time and interest; interest, ac- 
count current, time and average; compound interest, scientific 
discount, both simple and compound ; annual income and annuity 
tables, equally adapted to the currencies of all commercial nations; 
the true or intrinsic value of the gold and silver coins and the 
standard w^eights and measures of all commercial countries. Also 
American, English, French and German exchange ; together with 
the exchange of Brazil, and the importation of Rio coffee. Ar- 
ranged with reference to the harmonizing of the accounts and ex- 
changes of the world — the whole upon an original plan. 

Here is not, as some persons might apprehend, a mere collec- 
tion of tables or statistics, but the exhibition and development and 
illustration of a principle, novel and ingenious, which applies to all 
the periods, fractional or otherwise, of times, and to the currencies 
of the whole world. 



192 CHURCHES AXD KELIUIOUS SOCIETIES. 



VI. SOCIAL STATISTICS, 



CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

Roman Catholic, — Cincinnati has, for the last thirty-seven years, 
been an Episcopate in this Church, and about eight years since it 
has been erected into an Archiepiscopal See — Most Rev. J. B. 
Purcell, D. D., the former Bishop, being constituted Archbishop 
of the diocese. His suffragans are Detroit, Cleveland, Louisville, 
Vincennes, Ft. Wayne, Sault St. Marie and Covington. 

1. St. Peter's Cathedral, southwest corner of Plum and Eighth 
streets. Most Rev. J. B. Purcell, Very Revs. Edward Purcell and 
E. T. Collins, and Revs. David Whelan and Thos. J. J. Coppenger, 
officiating clergy. 

2. St. Francis Xavier, west side of Sycamore, between Sixth 
and Seventh sts. Revs. Chas. Driscoll, S. J., Roman Roeloff, S. J., 
and James Converse, S. J., priests. 

3. St. Augustine, Bank st. Revs. J. B. Hengehold and Bernard 
Menge, priests. 

4. St. Patrick, northeast corner of Mill and Third streets. Rev. 
Richard Gilmour, priest. 

5. St. Michael's, west side Millcreek. Rev. Michael Deselaers, 
priest. 

6. Christ's Church, Fulton. Rev. Abraham MacMahon, priest. 

7. Holy Trinity, south side Fifth, between Smith and Park sts. 
Revs. P. Kroeger and J. H. Ridder, priests. 

8. St. Paul's, southeast corner of Spring and Abigail sts. Very 
Rev. Joseph Ferneding and Rev. G. Uhling, priests. 

9. St. Mary's, southeast corner of Jackson and Thirteenth sts. 
Revs. Clement Hammer and J. B. Elkmann, priests. 

10. St. John Baptist, corner Bremen and Green sts. Revs. Otho 
Jair, Sigismond Koch, A. G'stier and Frs. Holder, priests. 

11. St. Joseph, southeast corner of Linn and Laurel sts. Revs. 
Wm. Sommer and Inglebert Stehle, priests. 

12. St. Philomena, north side Pearl, between Pike and Butler sts, 
Revs. G. H. Kuhr and John Ta-bbe, priests. 



CltTiiUnES AND RELICIOUS SOCIETIES. 193 

13. St. Thomas, west side of Sycamore, between Fifth and Sixth 
streets. Rev. Dominic Senez, priest. 

14. St. Willibrod, East side Wahiut, south of Liberty st. Rev. 
Joseph Timan, priest. 

15. Chapel Sisters of Charity, south side McFarland st., between 
Plum and Western row. 

16. Chapel Soeurs Notre Dame, Sixth street, between Broadway 
and Sycamore. 

17. Chapel Sisters of Mercy, corner Third and Lytle sts. 

In these last the priests of the Cathedral and St. Francis Xavier 
officiate. 

18. Franciscan Sisters of the Poor, Bank st., near Freeman. 

19. St. Francis of Sales, at Walnut Hills. Rev. J. Schmidt, 
priest. 

20. St. Aloysius, at Cumminsville. Rev. Joseph Wittier, priest. 

21. St. James, at Whiteoak, on the Colerain road. 

22. St. Mary of the Assumption, Mt. Pleasant. Rev. John C. 
Kraemer, priest. 

23. Our Lady of Victories, Delhi. > t> t> t> • • ^ 

•^ ' > Rev. 15, Brunmff, priest. 

24. St. Peter, Lick run. S 

25. Protestant Episcopal. — Christ Church, north side of Fourth 
St., between Sycamore and Broadway. Rev. K. Goddard, D. D., 
rector. 

26. St. Paul's, south side Fourth, between Main and Walnut sts. 
Rev. P. H. Greenleaf, rector. 

27. St. John, southeast corner Plum and Seventh sts. Rev. W. 
R. Nicholson, rector. 

28. Trinity, corner Pendleton and Liberty sts. Rev. Richard 
Gray, rector. 

29. Church of the Redemption, north side Clinton st., between 
Western row and John. Rev. Benjamin R. Maltby, rector. 

30. Church of the Atonement, corner Richmond and Cutter st. 
Rev. Jas. A. M. Latourette, rector. 

31. Calvary Church, Clifton. Rev. Wm. Lloyd, rector. 

Right Rev. Charles P. Mcllvaine, Bishop of the diocese of Ohio, 
resides at Clifton, one of the suburbs of Cincinnati. 

32. Presbyterian — Old School. — Walnut Hills. Pastorship 
vacant. 

33. First Church, north side Fourth, between Main and Walnut 
sts. Samuel R. Wilson, D. D., pastor. 



194 CIIUHCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

34. Fourth Church, north side High street, near Fulton line. 
Pastorship vacant. 

35 Fifth Church, southeast corner of Elm and Seventh streets. 
Rev. Samuel C. Logan, Pastor. 

36. Seventh Church, west side Broadway, between Fourth and 
Fifth sts. Rev. Wm. M. Scott, pastor. 

37. Central Church, northwest corner Barr and Mound streets. 
Rev. N. West, jr., pastor. 

38. Ninth Church, south side Clinton st., between Cutter and 
Linn. Rev. James Black, pastor. 

39. First Church, Glendale. Pastorship vacant. 

40. First Church, Cumminsville. Rev. L. G. Gaines, pastor. 
4L Presbyterian — New School. — Second Church, south side of 

Fourth, between Vine and Race sts. Pastorship vacant. 

42. Third Church, southwest corner of Fourth and John sts. 
Rev. J. J. Blaisdeli, pastor. 

43. Eighth Church, north side of Seventh, below Linn and Bay- 
miller. Rev. Daniel Rice, pastor. 

44. Tabernacle Church, southwest corner Clark and John sts. 
Rev. D. D. Gregory, pastor. 

45. German Church, Linn st. Rev. Wm. Winnis, pastor. 

46. West End Mission Church, Poplar st., between Baymiller 
and Freeman. A missionary will be provided as soon as possible. 

47. Fulton Church. Pastorship vacant. 

48. Walnut Hills. Rev. Frank Bobbins, pastor. 

49. College Hill. Rev. W. H. Van Doren, pastor. 

50. Reformed Presbyterian. — Church of the Covenanters, south 
side Ninth, between John and Mound. W. Wilson, D. D., pastor. 

5L George Street Church, south side George st., between Race 
and Elm. Pastorship vacant. 

52. Associate Reformed Church, south side Sixth st., between 
Race and Elm. Rev. G. D. Archibald, pastor. 

53. Associate, northeast corner Cutter and Seventh sts. Rev. 
R. H. Pollock, pastor. 

54. First Orthodox Congregationalist, north side of Seventh St., 
between Western row and John. Rev. R. S. Storrs, pastor. 

55. Second Orthodox Congregationalist, east side Vine, between 
Eighth and Ninth sts. Rev. C. B. Boynton, pastor. 

56. Welsh Congregationalist, west side of Lawrence, between 
Third and Fourth sts. Rev. Thos. Edwards, pastor. 



CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 195 

57. Baptist. — First Church, north side Court, between Mound 
and Cutter. N. Colver, D. D., pastor. 

58. Ninth Street Church, south side Ninth, between Vine and 
Race sts. Wm. Hansell, D. D., pastor. 

59. High Street Church, east City Water Works Reservoir. Rev. 
Joseph Emory, pastor. 

60. Freeman Street Church, Freeman st., near intersection of 
Fifth. Pastorship vacant. 

61. Welsh Church, north side Harrison street. Rev. Davis, 

pastor. 

There is a society of German Baptists, under the pastoral charge 
of Rev. Bickel, worshiping at present at the corner of Pendleton 
and Liberty sts. They will shortly build a house of worship. 

62. Baker Street — colored — Church, south side Baker, between 
Walnut and Vine streets. Rev. Henry L. Simpson, pastor. 

63. Third Street — colored — Church, south side Third, between 
Race and Elm sts. Rev. Wallace Shelton, pastor. 

64. Disciples' Churches. — Corner of Walnut and Eighth streets. 
Elder Thomas Munnell, pastor. 

65. Church of the Messiah, north side Sixth, between Smith and 
Mound sts. Pastorship vacant. 

66. Colored, north side of Harrison street. Elder W. Conrad, 
pastor. 

67. Mission Church, west side of Freeman, north of Clark street. 
Elders Wm. P. Stratton, J. Poor, Thos. J. Melish, James Henshall, 
and Henry Hathaway, officiate. 

Methodist Episcopal Churches. — East Cincinnati District, Rev. 
Wm. Herr, P. E. West Cincinnati District, Rev. David Reed, P. 
E. German, Rev. J. A. Klein, P. E. 

68. Wesley Chapel, north side Fifth st., between Sycamore and 
Broadway. Rev. Asbury Lowrey, preacher. 

69. Ninth Street, north side Ninth, between Race and Elm sts. 
Rev. Wm. H. Sutherland, preacher. 

70. Asbury, south side Webster st., between Main and Sycamore. 
Revs. J. J. Thompson and Thomas Lee, preachers, 

71. East Pearl, north side of Pearl st., between Lawrence and 
Pike. Rev. Thomas D. Crow, preacher. 

72. New Street — colored — New st., east of Broadway. Rev. S. 
G. Griffin, preacher. 

73. McKendree, Fulton. Rev. N. Callcnder, preacher. 

17 



196 CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

74. Mt. Auburn and Collins. Rev. T. S. Cowden, preacher. 

75. Walnut Hills. Rev. J. P. Waterhouse, preacher. 

76. Morris Chapel, west side Western row, between Fourth and 
Fifth sts. Rev. C. W. Sears, preacher. 

77. Christie Chapel, north side Catharine, between Mound and 
Cutter sts. Rev. J. L. Yourtee, preacher. 

78. Park Street Chapel, southeast corner Park and Longworth 
sts. Rev. J. L. Chalfant, preacher. 

79. York Street Chapel, southwest corner of York and Piatt sts. 
Rev. Wesley Rowe, preacher. 

80. Findley Chapel, south side Clinton st., between Cutter and 
Linn. Rev. Moses Smith, preacher. 

81. Raper Chapel, west side of Elm, above Findley st. Rev. J. 
Lambertson, preacher. 

82. Camminsville. J. Lambertson, preacher. 

83. First M. E. Chapel, east side Race, between Thirteenth and 
Fourteenth sts. Wm. Ahrens, preacher. 

84. Second M. E. Chapel, south side Everett, between Linn and 
John sts. Rev. George Danker, preacher. 

85. Third M. E. Chapel, Buckeye, head of Main st. Rev. G. 
Wyttenbach, preacher. 

The last three are German Methodists. 

Right Rev. Thomas A. Morris, one of the Bishops of the M. E. 
Church, resides in Cincinnati. 

86. Welsh Calvinistic Methodist, west side College street. Rev. 
Howell Powell, pastor. Dissents from the M. E. Church both in 
doctrine and discipline. 

87. First Wesleyan Church, North street. Rev. R. Robinson, 
preacher. Anti-slavery. 

88. Methodist — colored — Sixth st., east of Broadway. Rev. L. 
Gross, pastor. Independent. 

89. United Brethren in Christ. — English. Southwest corner of 
Richmond and Mound sts. Rev. Wm. Shuey, preacher. 

90. German, west side of Rittenhouse, north of Court st. Rev. 
Christopher Lonspaugh, preacher. 

91. Cheviot Mission Church. Rev. Charles Schneider, preacher. 

92. Lutheran. — United Evangelical, north side Sixth, between 
Walnut and Vine sts. Rev. Augustus Krobli, pastor. 

93. United Evangelical, corner Thirteenth and Walnut streets. 
Rev. Nicholas Hofzimmer, pastor. 



-CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 197 

94. United Evangelical, corner Race and Fifteenth sts. Rev. 
G. W. Eisenlohr, pastor. 

95. Lutheran, west side Walnut, between Eighth and Ninth sts. 
Rev. Carl Tuerck, pastor. 

These are all Rationalist Churches. 

96. Lutheran, east side Race St., between Fifteenth and Liberty. 
Rev. Adolph Koenig, pastor. 

97. United Evangelical Lutheran, east side Elm street, between 
Twelfth and Thirteenth. Rev. Maurice Raschig, pastor. 

98. Evangelical Lutheran, west side Bremen, between Fifteenth 
and Liberty sts. Rev. R, E. Roos, pastor. 

99. Evangelical Lutheran, east side Elm St., between Ninth and 
Court. Rev. Wm. H. Harrison, pastor. 

The first of these is old Lutheran or High Church. The last 
holds its services in the English language. 

100. German Reformed. — First, northwest corner of Elm and 
Fifteenth sts. Rev. Herman Rust, pastor. 

lOL Second, northeast corner of Franklin and Sycamore streets. 
Rev. Conrad Saure, pastor. 

102. Third, south side of Findley, west of Baymiller st. Rev. 
Samuel Mease, pastor. 

The last holds its services in the English language. 

103. Friends, south side Fifth street, between Western row and 
John. Two congregations: one Orthodox, and one Hicksite; and 
two houses of worship, one brick, the other frame. 

104. New Jerusalem, north side Longworth, between Race and 
Elm. Rev. Chauncy Giles, preacher. 

105. Unitarian. — First Congregational Society, southwest corner 
Race and Fourth sts. Rev. M. D. Conway, minister. 

106. First Christian Church, north side of Longworth, between 
Western row and John sts. Rev. James L. Scott, preacher. In- 
dependent. 

107. Universalist. — First Society, east side of Plum St., between 
Fourth and Fifth. Rev. G. L. Flanders, preacher. 

108. Second Society, southwest corner Sixth and Mound streets. 
Vacant. 

Jews Synagogues, etc. — Holy Congregation, Children of Is- 
rael — Synagogue, corner Sixth and Broadway. Joseph Abraham, 
Parnas or President; Rev. Dr. Ch. Lilienthal, Rabbi Preacher. 
Founded in 1820. 



198 CHURCHES AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. 

Members and families residents, - - - - 1368 
Members and families residing in the vicinity, - 150 

Holy Congregation, Ciiildren of Jeshurun — Synagogue, 

Lodge St., between Fifth and Sixth. Henry Mack, Parnas; 

Rev. I. Wise, Rabbi Preacher. Founded in 1845. 

Members and families residents, - - - - 1260 
Members and families residing in the vicinity, - 250 

Holy Congregation in Brotherly Love — Synagogue, 

Race, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth sts. Joshua 

Hamberg, Parnas. Founded in 1847. 

Members and families residents, - - - - 810 

Members and families residing in the vicinity, - 120 

Holy Congregation, Gate of Heaven — corner Fifth and 

Race sts. Founded in 1850. 

Members and families residents, - - - - 480 

Holy Congregation, Remnant of Israel — corner Seventh 

and Walnut sts. Philip Bamberger, Parnas. Founded 

in 1854. 

Members and families residents, - . - - B50 
Members and families residing in the vicinity, - 75 

Judah Touro Brethren. Founded in 1856. Joseph 

Trounstine, President. 

Members and families residents, - - - - 650 
Two other congregations just organized. Members and 

families residents, about ------ 400 

Strangers, not belonging to either of the congregations, 

residents of the city, about ----- 1500 

Recapitulation — Residents in the city, - - - 7318 
.Residents in the vicinity, ------ 595 



Total, 7913 

Sabbath Schools. — There arc one hundred and six Sabbath 
Schools under the care of various religious denominations. In 
these schools thirteen thousand eight hundred and ninety children, 
most of whom attend regularly, receive religious instruction from 
nineteen hundred and eighteen teachers. This does not include 
the children of the Roman Catholics and Jews. Volumes in the 
library, forty thousand nine hundred and twenty. 



DWELLING HOUSES AND STORES. 199 



DWELLING HOUSES AND STORES. 

The first recorded enumeration of the buildings of Cincinnati, 
was made in July, 1816, when they were found to number 1070: 
of stone, 20; of wood, 800; and of brick, 250. Of these, 660 were 
tenanted by families; 410 public buildings, shops, warehouses and 
offices, making up the residue. 

In March, 1819, the dwellings and warehouses of the city were 
again numbered, and found to be — 

Of brick and stone, one, two, three and four stones, 432 

Of wood, one, two or more stories, 1458 

Total, 1890 

Of these were dwelling houses, 1003 

Shops, warehouses and public buildings, 887 

The next enumeration of houses was made by Messrs. Drake 
and Mansfield, in 1826, toward the close of that year, when there 
were found 18 stone, 936 brick, and 1541 frame buildiags. Of 
these, 650 were one story, 1682 two stories, and 163 three and 
four stories in height; making an aggregate of 2495 tenements, 
being all places of abode or business. In all these statements, 
every description of out-building is excluded, and no additions to 
houses previously erected are taken into account. 

The following list, transcribed from official reports, furnishes the 
buildings of 1827 and 1828: 

Brick, of one, two, three and four stories, 217 

Prame, of one and two stoiies,-. 279 

496 

From this period the enumeration of buildings was taken annu- 
ally, to 1850, with the following results: 



1827 and 1828 496 

1820 270 

1830 205 

1831 250 

1832 300 



18."6 


365 


1837 


305 


1838 

1839 


334 

394 


1840 


406 



1844 735 

1845 853 

1846 980 

1847 1140 

1848 1305 



1833 321 I 1841 462 I 1849 1454 

1834 300 I 1842 537 j 1850 1418 

1835 340 1843 621 \ 

13791 
Piior to 1827 2495 



Total buildiuss in 1850 16286 



200 THE FINE ARTS. 

Of these 9360 were of brick, 6886 were frames, and 40 were 
of stone. 

The following table points out at a glance our progress, to this 
date, in buildings. Dwellings, shops, public buildings, warehouses 
and offices in — 

1815. 1819. 1826. 1832. 1838. 1844. 1S50. 

1070 1890 2495 4016 5981 9136 K 



This statement shows that Cincinnati has been increasing, for 
the past forty-three years, at an average rate, which doubles its 
buildings every nine years. At the same time the erection, since 
1850, of private dwellings and public buildings, in value, conve- 
nience and style of finish, and the warehouses in increased num- 
bers of stories, as well as enlarged ground space, surpass their 
predecessors in a far greater ratio. 

It is worthy of notice, also, that while, in 1815, the brick build- 
ings were but 22 per cent, of the whole, they now form four-fifths 
or 80 per cent, of all the buildings in Cincinnati. 

There is n-o city in the world, of equal or greater size to ours, 
in which so large a share of the community are property-holders. 



VII. THE FINE ARTS. 

EvERV intelligent and reflective tourist in foreign countries must 
have noticed, as significant and suggestive, the fact that the most 
lasting and honorable monuments of a people's greatness are those 
connected with the national art. Statesmen and their petty schemes 
of policy die together, and the consequences of victories are little 
more than a richer harvest or two, when the battle-fields are tilled 
again, and the desolated cottages rebuilt. Commerce, too, has its 
vicissitudes, but art is eternal. Even science and mechanics must 
yield to it, since the discoveries and improvements of one age ob- 
literate by surpassing the results of a former one; but beauty is 
immutable while infinite, and the creations of a true artist endure 
to yield pleasure and instruction to successive generations. Every 
country in Europe affords examples of this, and frequently the 
musing traveler finds that States, once mighty in arms and com- 
merce, now literally subsist on the capital of artists who once, per- 



THE FINE ARTS. 201 

haps, starved in them. Venice, for instance, was, in her time, the 
richest and most potent republic in the world; yet take from her 
Titian and his great cotemporaries, and the art which decorates 
her churches and palaces, and the Lido would soon claim the 
fallen city. Rome was the mistress of empires, and now the only 
national evidences of her past glory are the mutilated remains 
of her architecture and sculpture; nor would the religion of the 
modern city prevent it becoming as much a desert as the Appian 
Way, had not the genius of Angelo and Raffael renewed its immor- 
tality, and made it more than ever the " Eternal City." Who 
would visit Parma were it not for Correggio, or stop a day at 
Perugia, were it not for Pietro, the master of Raffael? Govern- 
ments in Europe recognize the truth of this, and the records of 
a grateful public are not wanting to substantiate it. In Germany, 
and indeed throughout the Continent, the towns are populous with 
statues of great artists; the chiefest attraction of the cities are the 
galleries of their works; streets are named after them, and the 
great living painters and sculptors are the companions of sove- 
reigns, and are loaded with honors. In Italy it is forbidden to 
export any great picture of a grand master, and so intimately are 
they esteemed to be connected with the prosperity, as they are 
with the sympathies of the people, that an attempt to carry away 
any famous picture would cause a revolution or occasion a war. 

These are not imaginary reflections, and it only needs to be 
shown how the great Napoleon recognized the fact to assure us 
of it. While he lived, he endeavored in every way to enrich his 
capital with these works of genius; and the sagacious policy of his 
nephew is exhibited in the same way, until Paris has become the 
wonder and delight of the world. The art of a country has thus 
become the type of its power, not less than its refinement, and 
political economists in this country would do well to learn that it is 
not alone in the encouragement of what are called, with an illiberal 
and false distinction, the useful as compared with the Jine arts, 
that the prosperity of a nation is advanced. 

Our limits will not permit us to pursue this subject further. 
Leaving it, we may turn with justifiable pride to the eminence 
that our young city, in spite of its remoteness from the great art 
schools of the world, has attained in both painting and sculpture. 
Without invidious comparisons, we may well feel proud of what we 
have accomplished. No other city of the Union, ccBteris paribus. 



202 THE FINE ARTS. 

has produced so many artists, reckoning among them, too, some 
of the brightest names in the art of the country. 

As early as the year 1823, our infant city had its claims to aestheti- 
cal consideration. Of the artists, who painted here at that time, 
Joseph Kyle was the most eminent; and he, not an old man at 
present, enjoys a metropolitan reputation in New York, where he 
still has a studio. Following him, in 1826, was Sydney Lyon, a 
painter of some reputation, who had studied in Europe. His pic- 
tures were chiefly portraits. 

From these early days the number of artists has continued to 
increase, until the saying has become as true as alliterative that has 
distinguished Cincinnati for pork and painting. Omitting the hum 
bier aspirants, who have left little or no influence upon our art, we 
will content ourselves with a brief notice of those whose reputa- 
tion is national. 

1 828. Minor K. Kellogg, a native of Cincinnati, who has painted 
some fine pictures, mostly illustrative of oriental life. lie has re- 
sided for many years in Florence, Italy; and has now a studio in 
Paris. 

1836. James H. Beard. This gentlemen came to the city when 
quite a youth, and has remained here ever since, steadily rising in 
reputation. His pictures are chiefly portraits, of which many have 
already a historical interest. He has tried, however, with consid- 
erable success, several other branches of art. "The Poor Rela- 
tions," "The Emigrants," and "The Last Victim of the Deluge," 
are among the more important of his works. 

1831. John Frankenstein; a portrait painter of considerable 
eminence, to whom our progress in art is much indebted; a faith- 
ful student of nature, his pictures will be valuable for the correct 
likenesses they almost invariably present. He has still a studio in 
the city, but has exchanged the pencil for the chisel, and has suc- 
ceeded equally well as a portrait sculptor. Godfrey Frankenstein, 
his brother, commenced his career as an artist in 1840, and is a 
distinguisiied landscapist. George Frankenstein, a still younger 
member of this family of artists, is also a promising painter. 

1833. William H. Powell, a student of Inman, has studied also 
in Rome and Paris, in which latter city he painted his picture of 
" De Soto Discovering the Mississippi," a picture in the rotunda at 
Washington, and, with the exception of Weir's painting, one of the 



THE FINE ARTS. 203 

best of our national pictures. He has returned to this country, and 
is painting pictures which will increase his reputation; being en- 
gaged at present upon a historical work representing "Perry's 
Victory on Lake Erie," — a commission from the State of Ohio, 
for which he is to receive five thousand dollars. 

1838. T. Buchanan Reed; born in Chester county, Penn., in 
1822, Cincinnati may also rank among her illustrious painters, 
since it was here that he commenced his artistic career. Like 
Washington Allston, Mr. Reed is famous both as a poet and 
painter; though, perhaps, no one has ever lived who has united 
these two branches of art with such excellence in both. We can 
only notice him here in his latter character. He was a mere child, 
when he attracted the notice of Clevenger, with whom he at first 
studied sculpture, giving promise of extraordinary capacity also 
in that field of art. The embryo poet-painter, however, was soon 
driven, partly by the impulse of his genius, and somewhat also, 
perhaps, by that necessity whicli so often attends the cradle cf art, 
to portrait painting, in which he soon attracted attention. After 
painting with indiffer(^;nt success, both in the eastern cities and in 
the west, he went, in 1850, to Italy, where he produced some more 
ambitious pictures. His poetical reputation having, by this time, 
been recognized in the most flattering terms, both at home and 
abroad, and his position as a painter rapidly rivaling it, he was 
induced, soon after his return to this country, to make a second 
voyage to Italy. The pictures painted during this visit, especially 
the "Lost Pleiad," and the "Undine," greatly enhanced his fame; 
but, unfortunately for his countrymen, the two pictures we have 
mentioned were both purchased in England. He came home only 
to revisit Europe a tliird time, whence he has again returned with 
new honors and still finer pictures ; among which are " The Water- 
fall," "The Apotheosis of the Innocents," "Jephthah's Vow," and 
other sacred and poetical designs. Our limits forbid any details 
of criticism, but we may generally observe that in subjects of a 
historio-poetic character, such as require a delicacy of feeling and 
treatment. Reed has no rival in this country; while in portraits, 
especially of women, he is not less successful. His present studio 
is in New York. 

1838. T. W, Whitridge, a landscape painter of great merit. 
His earlier pictures gave great promise. In 1849, he went to 
Europe, where he has since resided, at Dusseldorf, and more 



204 THE FINE ARTS. 

recently in Rome. His pictures partake of the character of the 
German school, in which he studied, but bear the marks of an 
earnest and independent personal study of nature. He ranks 
among the first of our American landcape painters. 

1841. Charles Soule; a portrait painter, who has painted some 
remarkably fine heads. 

1842. William L. Sonntag; a landscape painter, who has fol- 
lowed the school of Cole, in which he has surpassed his master. 
His pictures are bold and imaginative, and exhibit a creative genius 
and ability, which, if chastened and moulded by a closer study of 
nature, would have raised him to the highest rank of his profession. 
He has been twice to Europe, without influencing his unfortunate 
style. His present studio is in New York. 

1844. William Walcutt; portrait and historical painter. His 
studio has been, until recently, at Paris. His paintings are fre- 
quently fine. 

1846. J. O. Eaton; one of the best of our resident portrait 
painters. His pictures are generally faithful as likenesses, and 
nearly always good as paintings. 

1847. William Miller; a miniature painter of taste and ability. 
His studio is still in the city. 

1853. John R. Tait; a native of Cincinnati. This young and 
talented landscape painter and poet, began his career as an artist 
in the studio of Sontag, in his native city, in 1853. In the same 
year he accompanied Sonntag to Europe, and took up his resi- 
dence in Florence. Here he enjoyed many advantages, not only 
from the study of the great masters, but from the loveliness of the 
surrounding scenery, which were immediately manifested in his 
pictures, and still more strongly in his poems. In 1856, after 
having visited northern Italy, he returned to our city, where he 
remained, pursuing his profession until the autumn of 1858, when 
he again turned his steps to Europe. 

Sculptors. — Cincinnati may boast of three of the most dis- 
tinguished sculptors of the Union, one of whom has probably a 
wider-spread reputation than any other living artist. With him 
our country's genius for this stately art was first recognized. 
Hiram Powers is a Vermonter by birth, but came to this city very 
early, and his first studio was here. His first works were in wax, 
and portraits and dramatic tableaux in this fragile material are still 
preserved in the Western Museum. Among his first marble busts, 



THE FINE ARTS. 205 

was one of the late Judge Burnet, which is still considered inim- 
itable. In 1836, he went to Europe, and settled in Florence, Italy, 
where he now resides. His works, exhibit no less versatility than 
genius. The most important of them are, "The Greek Slave," 
"Eve," "California," "America," "The Fisher Boy," " II Pense- 
roso," etc., and portrait statues of Washington and Webster. In 
addition to these, he has made many fine ideal and portrait busts. 

Shubael Clevenger died, after the briefest fulfillment of a most 
brilliant promise. His artistic remains are nearly all portrait 
busts. Had he lived long enough for a complete development 
of his genius, he would have won the highest rank in his art. 

Joel T. Hart, born in Lexington, Ky., also commenced his artist 
life in Cincinnati, in the studio of Clevenger. He went abroad, in 
1849, to Florence, where he has since remained. He has scarcely 
a living rival in marble portraiture. He is engaged, at present, 
finishing a statue of Henry Clay for the State of Virginia. 



William Wiswell, jr., long and favorably known here not only as 
a manufacturer of gilt mirror, portrait and picture frames, with 
mouldings in a variety of styles, and all richly ornamented and of 
the latest improved patterns, but as a liberal patron of the fine 
arts, has devoted the entire lower floor of No. 70 West Fourth St., 
to exhibition, free of charge to visitors, of one of the finest col- 
lections of works of art by masters in Europe and America, which 
surpass in excellence, number and variety many of the exhibitions 
in the Academies of the Fine Arts in our eastern cities. They con- 
sist of historical and fancy pieces, portraits, landscapes and other 
pictures. A description of these would be an entire catalogue. As 
specimens, it may suffice to refer to portraits of Webster, J. Q. 
Adams, Gen. Taylor, Gov. Chase, and others, by Beard, Soule, 
Eaton, etc., and landscapes by Whittridge, Sonntag, Kemper, etc., 
of Cincinnati celebrities; to Rothermel's "Landing of Cortez at 
Campobello and the burning of his vessels;" Bruckner's " Marriage 
of Pocahontas," and what is probably the chef cfoeuvre of the col- 
lection, Robbe's " Bull Broke Loose," pronounced by connoisseurs 
equal to the famous "Bull" of Paul Potter at the Hague. 

This gallery is a favorite resort, of evenings especially, and fre- 
quented by visitors, principally strangers, as many as fifteen hun- 
dred of whom have visited it in one day and evening. 



206 OBSERVATORY. 



VIII. SCIENCE AND LITERATURE 



OBSERVATORY. 



The site on which the Cincinnati Observatory is erected, is one 
of great beauty. The building crowns a hill which rises some five 
hundred feet above the low water of the Ohio river, and commands 
a view of wonderful variety. On the east are seen in the distance 
the hills of Kentucky; the river coming in from the northeast; the 
towns of Fulton and Jamestown, with their manufactories and ship- 
yards: toward the north and northeast extends the same range of 
high grounds, on the most southern spur of which the Observatory 
is erected. The nearest of these are now highly cultivated, and 
are covered with luxuriant vineyards, and orchards of choice fruit. 
The village of Mt. Auburn presents an elegant appearance, espe- 
cially when lighted by the first rays of the morning sun. Looking 
west from the summit of the Observatory, the entire city of Cin- 
cinnati is spread out before the beholder as upon a map. There 
is scarcely a building in the whole city which may not be dis- 
tinguished from this elevated position. The river is followed by 
the eye toward the southwest, its continuity occasionally broken by 
the interposition of high hills: on the south and southwest are seen 
the Kentucky cities of Newport and Covington, separated by the 
Licking river, whose rich valley indents the country for more than 
vwenty miles. 

Such IS the character of the position selected for the erection of 
the first great Astronomical Observatory ever erected by the people. 
Four acres were presented, on the summit of this hill, to the Astro- 
nomical Society, by N. Longworth. From so elevated a position, 
there is, of course, an uninterrupted horizon; so that the moment 
an object ascends above that line, it may be brought within the 
sweep of the telescope. 

The Observatory building is constructed of stone, quarried from 
the hill, presents a front of eighty feet, and rises two stories and a 
half high on the wings, and three in the centre. The front is orna- 
mented by a Grecian Doric portico. 

Through the centre of the main building, and founded on the 



OBSERVATORY. 207 

natural rock, rises a pier of grouted masonry, eiglit feet square, 
entirely insulated from the floors through which it passes, to fur- 
nish a permanent and immovable basis for the great equatorial tele- 
scope, the chief instrument of the Observatory. This magnificent 
telescope, one of the largest and most perfect in the world, was 
made at the Frauenhofer Institute, Munich, by Messrs. Mertz & 
Mahler, so distinguished for the perfection of their optical instru- 
ments. The focal length is about seventeen and a half feet; the 
diameter of the object-glass, twelve inches; bearing magnifying 
powers varying from one hundred up to fourteen hundred times. 
Clock-work is attached to the ponderous mass of the telescope and 
all its machinery and circles, by which its mass, weighing some 
twenty-five hundred pounds, is moved with such admirable accu- 
racy that an object under examination may be followed by the tele- 
scope at the will of the observer. This stupendous instrument, 
mounted on a stone pedestal of great strength and graceful figure, 
rises, when directed to the zenith, some twenty feet above the floor 
of the room in which it is located. 

This room is surmounted by a roof of peculiar structure, and so 
arranged that a portion of the vertical wall and the roof, strongly 
framed together and mounted on wheels on a railway track, may, 
by a single person, be rolled either north or south, when the entire 
heavens fall within the sweep of the telescope. It is truly wonder- 
ful to behold the admirable manner in which this huge instrument 
is balanced and counterpoised, until the astronomer handles it with 
as much facility as if it were divested of gravity, or were afloat on 
some liquid surface. 

One story lower, and in the transit-room, is mounted the transit 
telescope, the property of the United States Coast Survey, and fur- 
nished to the Observatory by the present Superintendentj Dr. A. D. 
Bache. Connected with this instrument is an admirable sidereal 
clock, by Molyneux, of London, and presented to the Observatory 
by Wilson McGrew, of our city. Here also is found the new ma- 
chinery invented and constructed by the present Director of the 
Observatory, Prof O. M. Mitchel; it consists of two instruments 
of entirely diflferent construction, the one intended to record the 
observations of right ascension; the other, observations of diflTerence 
in declination or of N. P. distance. 

It would be quite impossible, in the compass of this notice, to 
give any just idea of this wonderfully delicate apparatus. By 



208 OBSERVATORY. 

means of the electro-magnet, the clock is made to record its own 
beats, with surprising beauty, on a disk revolving with uniform 
velocity on a vertical axis. This disk, covered vi^ith paper or 
metal, receives a minute dot, struck into it by a stylus, driven by 
a magnet, whose operating electric circuit is closed at each alter 
nate beat by a delicate vibrating wire attached to the pendulum of 
the clock by an actual spider''s web; thus, at each alternate vibra- 
tion of the pendulum, the circuit is closed, and the second is en- 
tered, magnetically, on the revolving disk. At the close of each 
revolution, the disk moves itself forward about the tenth of an inch, 
without check or interference with the uniformity of its angular 
motion, and a new circumference of time dots commences to be 
recorded. On the time-scale thus perpetually forming, the ob- 
server can enter, magnetically, by the touch of a key, the observed 
instant of transit of any star or other object across the meridian 
wires of his telescope. 

These entries are subsequently read from the disk, even down to 
the thousandth of one second of time. 

This apparatus has now been in use for nearly ten years, and 
has furnished observations of accuracy never before reached by 
any previous instruments. The rapidity, facility, and accuracy at- 
tainable by these observations are truly admirable. Results have 
made it manifest that the errors, from all sources, were only to be 
found among the hundredths o^ oj\e> second of time. The inventor 
hopes to banish the errors from this region even, and drive them to 
the thousandth of a second. 

The declination apparatus is also entirely new, and seems to 
possess astonishing power. It releases the observer from the ne- 
cessity of reading any circles or other means of identifying his in- 
strumental positions, and enables him, at a single transit, to record 
as many as ten observations for declination, even among the swiftly- 
moving bodies of the equator. This gives an advantage, all other 
things being equal, often to one over the old methods of observing. 
This instrument is yet incomplete in some of its refined details, but 
has produced remarkable results, and gives the highest promise, 
when mechanically complete in all its parts. 

Such are the appliances for work in the Cincinnati Observatory. 
There is no endowment, and the present director has no salary or 
other compensation, and no assistance but what is paid for by him- 
self The great telescope has been principally employed in the 



CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 209 

measure of the newly-discovered and previously-discovered double 
and multiple stars, and in figuring remarkable clusters and nebulae. 

The other apparatus and transit instrument are employed in re- 
determining the places of the N. A. standard stars, and other kin- 
dred observations. It is only to be regretted that an enterprise, so 
nobly conceived, and so well carried out, could not now be per- 
manently endowed, that its instruments might be worked day and 
night to their utmost capacity. 

The Observatory is one, and not least among all, of those fea- 
tures of Cincinnati, which have given it character in Europe. The 
reputation of the director, Prof. Mitchel, is as high abroad as at 
home. His astronomical works have been reprinted in England, 
and find a place in scientific libraries there. His clock-registering 
invention has been adopted in trans-atlantic observatories, and his 
astronomical labors have been acknowledged as unsurpassed for 
industry and value by the distinguished savans of the age. 



CINCINNATI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

This flourishing and useful society, which originated in the 
active exertions of Robert Buchanan and a few others, of this city 
and vicinity, was formed in 1843, during the spring, summer and 
autumn of which year it held meetings nearly every Saturday, in 
the lower room, on Third street, between Walnut and Vine, for- 
merly occupied as the postoftice. A correspondence was opened 
with distinguished horticulturalists in different parts of the Union. 
New fruits were thus brought to light, and seeds and scions of su- 
perior varieties were exchanged and disseminated. The exhibi- 
tions of flowers in the spring, and of fruits, vegetables and Ameri- 
can wine in the autumn, were crowded with visitors, and a great 
impulse thus given to the culture of fruits and flowers. 

From this humble beginning it has prospered beyond the antici- 
pations of its most ardent friends, and now, in the sixteenth year, 
numbers eight hundred and sixty members. Its receipts for the 
past year were over three thousand dollars, and expenditures 
nearly the same; about twelve hundred dollars of which were paid 
out in premiums for fruits and flowers, and horticultural designs 
and decorations. It has a library numbering more than four hun- 
dred and fifty volumes. 



210 Y. M. M. L. ASSOCIATION. 

That the society has been productive of much good, there can 
be no doubt; the great improvement in our fruit and flower market, 
which we notice every year, is the strongest evidence of its utility, 
while the growing taste for the beautiful and innocent pursuits of 
horticulture, gives delightful occupation to the leisure hours oj 
many an amateur in our city and vicinity, affording, at the same 
time, an extensive and liberal market for the nurseryman and florist. 

The semi-annual exhibitions of this society, particularly the 
autumnal, have been rich and varied, and highly creditable to 
our infant western institutions. Gentlemen from the east have 
acknowledged that our exhibitions compare favorably with the best 
of those across the mountains, and in many fruits even excel them. 

The officers of the society for the present year are — S. W. 
Haseltine, President; Gen. M. S. Wade, George Graham, Wm. D. 
Bickham, Vice Presidents: E. J. Hooper, Recording Secretary; F. 
G. Gary, Corresponding Secretary; William Stems, Treasurer. 



Y. M. M. L. ASSOCIATION. 

Organized April 18, 1835, with forty-nine members; increased 
to four hundred and seventy-two by April, 1841; to sixteen hun- 
dred and fifty-three by January, 1851, and now numbering three 
thousand and seventy members. 

The increase of the library has kept pace with that of the mem- 
bership. It commenced with seven hundred and sixty-seven vol- 
umes, which number enlarged to fourteen hundred and six in 1841, 
to eleven thousand and ninety-six in 1851, and to nineteen thou- 
sand two hundred and fifty-nine in 1859. The library now com- 
prehends a wide range of standard works in the various depart- 
ments of literature, science and art, and a copious selection from 
current publications of all that is interesting and instructive. 
Forty-five thousand volumes are put into circulation annually. 
The reading-rooms constitute one of the most attractive features 
of this institution. Here are regularly received one hundred and 
twenty daily and one hundred and eleven weekly newspapers, and 
literary and scientific journals; eighty-six monthly, thirty-seven 
quarterly, three bi-monthly, and two semi-monthly magazines. 

The extensive and valuable cabinet of Natural History, formerly 
belonging to Prof. Christy, has recently become the property of this 



211 

Association. It embraces of land and marine, fresh water and west- 
ern shells, six thousand eight hundred and eighty-four specimens 
Also, forty-eight cases of minerals and fossils. 

The library and reading-rooms are much frequented by strangers, 
of which there are always in Cincinnati great numbers. They 
are well calculated to give a favorable impression of the public 
spirit of the mercantile community here. 

The Association occupies a fine suite of rooms in the Cincinnati 
College building, on Walnut St., above Fourth. 

The officers are, Chas. W. Rowland, President; Theodore Cook, 
Vice President; M. T. Williamson, Corresponding Secretary; Jno. 
L. Talbott, Recording Secretary; Frank H. Baldwin, Treasurer; 
Benjamin Evans, S. G. Hubbard, Thomas W. Howell, Thomas A. 
Colter, John A. Townley, Directors; R. H. Stephenson, Librarian. 



OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.* 



This spacious and well proportioned edifice is at the intersec- 
tion of Sixth and Vine sts., and owes its construction to the public 
spirit of Miles Greenwood and a few other whole-souled mechan- 
ics, who have contributed liberally of their time, personal labors, 
and pecuniary aid, to establish this highly creditable temple to 
the mechanic arts. Within its walls the various Mechanics' fairs 
are annually held. Scientific knowledge is taught here by lec- 
tures, illustrated by extensive philosophical and electrical appara- 
tus, and mineralogical cabinet; and impressed on the minds of the 
members by the use of a copious and valuable library of more than 
ten thousand volumes; and reading-room periodicals of more than 
eighty first-class literary, scientific and philosophical journals of the 
present day. 

There are nine hundred and fifty members — six hundred of 
whom use the library. Of these last more than three hundred 
are minors. 

Courses of lectures, weekly, have been held hitherto throughout 
the winter months. These will be, hereafter, extended to three 
lectures in each week during that season. An evening school of 



* rncorporated iu 1829. 
IS 



212 PERIODICALS. 

art and design, with five teachers and one hundred and forty-two 
pupils, is part of this scheme of progress. 

The edifice is four stories high, and Gothic in its style. Dimen- 
sions, ninety feet on Vine st., by seventy-five on Sixth; main en- 
trance on Sixth. The vi^alls are of brick, eighty-five feet high from 
the ground-floor to the top of cornice. The door and window sills 
are of cast iron, as are also the columns supporting the fronts. 
The exterior walls are finished with stucco imitation of stone, in 
the most durable manner. The entire height to the top of the 
roof is one hundred feet, in the centre of which is a cupola or 
lookout; and, as the building is situated on the most elevated point 
of land between the canal and river, from it is afforded one of the 
finest views of the city, Covington and Newport, to be had any- 
where else, except from the hills themselves. 

The interior arrangements are also very complete. The lower 
part, on Vine and Sixth, is occupied as stores and offices; the se- 
cond story, as a library, reading and class-rooms, exclusively by 
the Institute, and the third story contains a lecture-room and muse- 
um, of considerable extent, with convenient ante-rooms attached. 
The fourth story, halls for the I. O. of 0. F. 

The building is warmed with hot air, and lighted with gas. 

Officers— Chas. F.Wilstach, President ;E. M. Shield, V. Presi- 
dent; John F. Wiltsee, Recording Secretary; Caleb C. Whitson, 
Corresponding Secretary; II. W. Stephenson, Treasurer; John B. 
Heich, Clerk. 

PERIODICALS. 

1. Cincinnati Gazette and Liberty Hall — Jos. Glenn, Richard 
Smith, Edmund Babb, E. T. Kidd and Wm. H. Johnston, proprie- 
tors and publishers. Babb and Smith, editors. 

2. Enquirer — Faran & McLean, proprietors and publishers. 
James J. Faran, editor. 

3. Times — C. W. Starbuck, publisher and proprietor. J. W. 
Ward and E. M. Spencer, editors. 

4. Commercial— M. D. Potter & Co., proprietors. M. D. Potter, 
editor. 

5. Volksblatt — Stephen Molitor, proprietor and publisher. Em. 
Klauprech, editor. 

6. Volksfreund — J. A. Hemann, publisher and editor. 



PERIODICALS. 213 

7. Republikaner — W. E. Becht, proprietor and publisher. Aug. 
Willich, editor. 

These are dailies, in folios, with weekly re-issues, devoted to 
politics and the publication of current events. Three of the above, 
as their titles indicate, are in the German language. 

8. Penny Press — C. F. Hall, publisher and proprietor. News. 

9. Law and Bank Bulletin — A record of legal and financial 
news and events. W. W. Warden, publisher. 

Of the weeklies, properly so called, are the — 

10. Western Christian Advocate — C. Kingsley, D. D., editor. 
Revs. Swormstedt & Poe, publishers. Methodist Episcopal. 

11. Presbyter — Revs. J. G. Monfort and J. M. Wampler, 
editors, publishers and proprietors. Old School Presbyterian. 

12. Central Christian Herald — Rev. Clem. E. Babb, editor, pub- 
lisher and proprietor. New School Presbyterian. 

13. Journal and Messenger — Central Baptist Press Co. Regular 
Baptist. 

14. American Christian Review — Elder Benj. Franklin, editor 
and publisher. Disciples Church. 

15. Western Episcopalian — Rev. Norman Badger, editor, pub- 
lisher and proprietor. Protestant Episcopal. 

16. Star of the West — Henry R. Nye and G. L. Demarest, ed- 
i.tors and publishers. Universalist. 

17. New Church Herald — Rev. Sabin Hough, editor. New Jeru- 
salem Church. 

18. Catholic Telegraph— Very Rev. E. Purcell and S. H. Rosen- 
crans, editors. J. P. Walsh, proprietor. Roman Catholic. 

These are the organs of their respective denominations. All 
folios, except the last. 

19. Christian Leader— Rev. Wm. Perkins. Anti-slavery. 

20. Sunday School Journal — Disciples Church. 
There are four weeklies published in German. 

21. Wahrheits freund — F. X. Brandecker, editor. J. A. He- 
mann, publisher. Roman Catholic. 

22. Christliche Apologete — Rev. William Nast, editor. Revs. 
Swormstedt & Poe, publishers. Methodist. 

23. Protestantische Zeitbleetter — Revs. A. Kroell and G. W. 
Eisenlohr, editors. Rationalist. 

24. HochwtBchter — Aug. Becker, editor and publisher. Socialist 
and Infidel. 



214 PERIODICALS. 

The first and third of these are quarto; the other two folio. 
There are also of weekly issues — 

25. Scientific Artisan — Geo. W. L. Bickley, editor. American 
Patent Company, proprietors. Devoted to the mechanic arts and 
patent operations. Quarto. 

26. Journal — A repository of the Arts and Sciences. Weekly. 
Wm. H. Cook, editor and publisher. 

27. Sunday Dispatch — W. S. Adams, editor and publisher. Mis- 
cellany. 

28. Railroad Record — Mansfield and Wrightson, publishers and 
editors. Railway intelligence. 

29. Prices Current — Wm. Smith, editor and proprietor. Com- 
mercial. 

30. Helvetia — A miscellany, in German, for the Swiss, as its 
name imports. Walser & Schellenbaum, proprietors. J. G. Wal- 
ser, editor. 

31. Israelite and Deborah — Two periodicals, devoted to Jewish 
interests; the latter in German. I. M. Wise, D. D., and Dr. M. 
Lilienthal, editors. E. Blocii & Co., proprietors. 

Semi-monthlies as follows: 

32. Type of the Times — Longley Bros., publishers. Phonetic. 

33. Presbyterian Witness — Rev. R. H. Pollock, editor. Asso- 
ciate Church organ. 

34. Sunday School Advocate — Methodist. 

35. Lord's Detector — Johnson Brothers & Co., editors and pub- 
lishers. 

36. U. S. Bank Mirror— W. R. Paddock <fe Co., editors. 

37. White's Financial and Commercial Reporter and Counterfeit 
Detector — Published simultaneously at New York, Cincinnati, 
Louisville and St. Louis, on the 1st and 15th days of every month. 
It contains quadruple monetary articles and quadruple quotations, 
and is therefore equal to four ordinary reporters. The rates of 
discount are furnished by a banking firm in each of the four cities, 
who pledge themselves to purchase all bank notes at the rates 
quoted by the Reporter for their respective localities. The De- 
scriber of Genuine Bank Notes contains an accurate description 
of every genuine bank note in the United States and Canada. 
The Reporter describes the counterfeits and the Describer the 
genuine notes. Office, College buildings. Walnut st. 

38. Bepler's Bank Note List — A monthly German Detector. 



PERIODICALS. 216 

The last four report on the banks, currency, etc. 

The monthlies, all except one, octavo and duodecimo, are — 

39. Ladies' Repository — Literary and religious. 

40. Masonic Review — C. Moore, editor and proprietor. 

41. Odd Fellows Casket and Review — Longley Bros., publishers, 

42. Lancet and Observer — Drs. Mendenhall, Murphy and Ste- 
vens, editors. 

43. Cincinnati Medical News — Dr. A. H. Baker, editor. Folio. 

44. Cincinnati Eclectic and Edinburgh MedicalJournal — Drs.R. 
S. Newton and G. W. L. Bickley, editors. 

45. College Journal of Medical Science — Edited by the Faculty 
of the Eclectic College of Medicine. 

46. Physio-Medical Recorder — Dr. W. H. Cook, editor and 
publisher. 

The first two are organs of the regular Old School practice; the 
second two of the Eclectic, and the last of what is usually termed 
the Botanic School. 

47. Sonntag Schule Glocke — Swormstedt & Poe, publishers. 

48. Young Peoples' Monthly — Martha M. Thomas, editor. J. K. 
Alpaugh, publisher. Literary. 

49. Youths' Friend — For Sabbath Schools. Universalist. 

50. Sunbeam — For Juveniles. New Jerusalem Church. 

51. The Dental Register of the West— J. Taft and Geo. Watt, 
editors. J. Taft, proprietor. 

52. Ordo Divini — Church Annual. Roman Catholic. J. P. 
Walsh, publisher. 

53. Directory — Annual royal octavo. C. S. Williams, proprietor 
and editor. 



216 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

IX. MONETAKY. 
FIKE, MARINE, AND LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES 



L O O -A. L - 

Cincinnati Equitable Insurance Compant. — Incorporated 1827. 
Office, Third street, east of Vine. 

Griffin Taylor, President; Joseph K. Smitli, Secretary and Trea 
surer. 

Directors — Grifiin Taylor, D. K. Cady, R. R. Springer, John A. 
Simpson, Charles Andress, George Carlisle, Joseph Jones, B.Mat- 
lack, S. S. Smith, John Whetstone, J. W. Canfield, Mark E. Reeves 

Cincinnati Insurance Company. — Established in 1829. 
Office, No. 4 Front iS^reei.— Capital, ^150,000. 

Insure against loss and damage by fire. Also, perils of the sea 
and inland navigation. 

John W. Hartwell, President ; G. W. Williams, Secretary. 

Directors — John W. Hartwell, Allen Collier, Chas. W. Row- 
land, G. S. Williams, James Lupton, D. T. Woodrow, J. W. Can- 
field, Jno. W. Dudley, R. M. W. Taylor, Bowman C. Baker, James 
A. Frazer, Wm. Resor, Jno. W. Ellis, H. M'Birney, A. S. Winslow. 

Firemen's Insurance Company. — Incorporated 1832. 

Office, in Company''s building, on northeast corner Main and 
Front streets, second story, entrance on Front. 

Policies — fire and marine — upon liberal terms. 

Henry E. Spencer, President; L. Clason, Secretary. 

-Directors — Edmund Dexter, James Calhoun, Chas. W. West, 
John D. Minor, Peter A. White, J. S. Chenoweth, Pollock Wilson, 
N. W. Thomas, John Whetstone, J. T. Warren, John P. Tweed, 
Robert Andrews, Briggs Swift, Sam. J. Hale, Geo. Wilshire. 



INSURANCE COMPANIES. 217 

Washington Insurance Company. — Chartered in 1836. 
Office, No. 41 Main street. 

Capital, 8136,000, all paid and security invested — Assets, Dec. 
1, 1858, 8169,000. 

Wm. Goodman, President; John P. Whiteman, Secretary. 

Directors — Wm. Goodman, Wm, Hooper, S. C. Parkhurst, Gard- 
ner Phipps, Lowell Fletcher, I. W. Sibley, Oliver Perin, Geo. T. 
Stedman, Henry Hanna, Joseph Torrence, C. Taylor Jones, Jo- 
seph H. Wilby, Wm. H. Woods, Charles R. Fosdick, Joseph C. 
Butler, John Swasey, Thompson Dean, Benjamin Eggleston, A. D. 
Bullock, B. F. Brunnau. 

Merchants and Manufacturers* Insurance Company. 
Capital, 8150,000. 
Office, No. 11 E. Front St., between Main and Sycamore, up stairs. 
A. M. Searles, President; B. B. Whiteman, Secretary. 
Directors — A. M. Searles, Robert Hosea, Geo. Dominick, Robt. 
Brown, Richard W. Keys, Thos. Emery, Wm. Henry Davis, A. H. 
Andrews, Geo. Hatfield, S. H. Burton, M. E. Reeves, M. Werk, 
John A. Dugan, Fd. Goule, Wm. Procter. 

City Insurance Company — Fire and Marine. 
Office, No. 8 Front street, between Main and Sycamore. 
E. S. Haines, President ; N. Gregory, Secretary ; Wm. P. Strat- 
ton. Surveyor. 

Directors — George Carlisle, James P. Kilbreth, R. M. Bishop, 
T. J. Weaver, W. B. Moores, J. W. Donohue, E. S. Haines, A. D. 
E. Tweed, J. D. Lehmer. 

Citizens' Insurance Company — Fire and Marine. 
Capital, 8200,000. 
Office, No. 3 west Third street — Triist Company building. 
Isaac C. Copelen, President; Geo. W. Copelen, Secretary. 
Directors — Wm. Wood, Jas. F. Cunningham, Andrew Erken- 
brecher, Isaac C. Copelen, Sydney S. Clark, Joseph Reakirt, and 
George R. Dixon. 



218 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

Commercial Insurance Company — Capital Stock, 8100,000. 

Office, northwest corner of Main and Front streets. 
M. L. Harbeson, President ; J. A. Townley, Secretary. 
Directors — I. B. Carpenter, John P. Trumbower, R. Macready, 
L. G. E. Stone, G. H. Davis, Jno. A. Skiff, Isaac Bruce, Caleb 
Clark, Fred. F. Brooks, Martin Bare, Geo. D. Winchell, David 
Hawley. 

This Company has no Agencies, and is prepared to take Fire, 
Marine, and Inland Navigation Risks at favorable rates of premium. 

Western Insurance Company — Capital, 8100,000. 

Office, in second story, No. 2 Front street, between Main and 
Sycamore. 

This Company is taking Fire, Inland, and Marine Risks at cur- 
rent rates of premium. Losses fairly adjusted and promptly paid. 

Thos. F. Eckert, President ; Stephen Morse, Secretary. 

Directors — Thos. F. Eckert, J. W. Gosling, S. W. Pomeroy, 
Wm. Glenn, Robt. Mitchell, Seth Evans, J. H. Taaffe, George Stall, 
H. Clearwater, W. H. Comstock, David Gibson, Henry Brachmann, 
Flamen Ball, Robert Buchanan, W. E. Marsh, Thos. R. Elliott, W. 
C. Mann, C. G. Shaw, Jno. G. Isham, Wm. Sellew. 

Buckeye State Fire and Marine Insurance Company. 

Capital, 8100,000. 

Office, No. 16 Public Landing, between Main and Sycamore streets, 

up stairs, Cincinnati, O. 

W. P. Hulbert, President. 

A. A. Lawrence, Secretary; W. H. S. Ewell, Surveyor. 

Trustees and Directors — W. P. Hulbert, David Gibson, A. 
McAlpin, H. O. Gilbert, A. A. Marsh, Jno. B. Gibson, Jno. Swasey, 
S. S. Davis, L W. Parker, Jno. W. Gosling, Henry F. Handy, E. D. 
Crookshank, Chas. Reakirt, Henry Davis. 

Stockholders — Wm. P. Hulbert, Geo. K. Shoenberger, John 
Bates, David Gibson, McAlpin, Hinman & Co., A. H. Smith, Geo. 
R. Dixon & Co., Lewis & Wilson, W. A. Webb, J. J. Rickey, E. 
W. Tuttle, John Taylor & Co., S. S. Davis, M. F. Crigler, William 
Bellows, E. D. Crookshank, G. Henshaw, James C. Hall, Henry 
Kessler, Alex. McCabe, Jno. W. Gosling, J. <fe C. Reakirt, William 



INSURANCE COMPANIES. 219 

Bromwell, H. 0. Gilbert, Wm. Gibson, D. H. Meais, Henry F. 
Handy, A. A. Marsh, W. R. Morris, Henry Poor, G. Henry Davis, 
Jno. Swasey & Co., E. T. Carson, Jno. B. Gibson, Palmer & Owen, 
William Dunn. 

Eagle Insurance Company; National Insurance Company ; Cen- 
tral Insurance Company ; Ohio Life Insurance Company ; Queen 
City Insurance Company ; and Home Insurance Company. 



Liverpool and London Fire and Life Insurance Company. 
Capital, ^10,000,000— By State authority. 
29 Third street, second story, south side, bet. Main and Walnut, 
Cincinnati, O. 
Howard Matthews, Agent. 
Losses promptly and equitably adjusted at this Agency. 

FiiANKLiN Fire Insurance Company, of Philadelphia. 

Licorporated in 1829 — Charter perpetual. 

Office, in Times building, No. 64 Third, between Walnut and Vine, 

streets, Cincinnati, O. 

Cash capital, all paid in, - - - - $ 400,000 00. 

Invested Fund and Cash on hand - - - 1,923,541 06. 

Charles N. Bancker, President; Edward Dale, Vice President, 

William A. Steel, Secretary. • 

Directors — Charles N. Bancker, Tobias Wagner, Samuel Grant, 
David S. Brown, Edward C. Dale, Jacob R. Smith, George W. 
Richards, Mordecai D. Lewis, Isaac Lea, George Fales. 

Since the incorporation of this Company, a period of twenty-nine 
years, they have paid over Four Million dollars — losses by fire — 
thereby affording undoubted evidence of the advantages of Insu- 
rance, as well as their ability and disposition to meet with prompt- 
ness and dispatch all liabilities. 

The undersigned, representing in this city the above well known 
and responsible Insurance Company, are prepared to insure every 
19 



220 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

description of property, in town or country, at rates as low as are 
consistent with security. 

All Losses promptly adjusted and paid at this Agency. 

John Reeves, Agent — John W. Morgan, Secretary. 

Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Company, of Springfield, 

Massachusetts. 

Office, in Times building, No. 64 Third, between Walnut and Vine 

streets, Cincinnati, O. 

Cash capital, all paid in, - - - - 8 150,000 00. 

Assets, 379,293 61. 

Liabilities, 13,562 50. 

Edmund Freeman, President; William Conner, Jun., Secretary. 

Directors — Edmund Freeman, Chester W. Chapin, Willis Phelps, 
Andrew Huntington, Jacob B. Merrick, Marvin Chapin, Albert 
Morgan, Daniel L. Harris, Waitstill Hastings, Edward Southworth, 
William Birnie, Samuel S. Day, Charles Merriam, George Walker, 
Lombard Dale. 

Insures dwellings, stores, manufactories, and other buildings, 
goods, wares, merchandise, household furniture, machinery, and 
other property, against loss or damage by Fire. 

The above Company having complied with the law of Ohio, we 
are prepared to issue Policies on favorable terms, and solicit a 
share of patronage. 

All Losses promptly adjusted and paid at this Agency. 

John Reeves, Agent ; John W. Morgan, Secretary. 

RoTAL Fire and Life Insurance Company, of Liverpool and Lon- 
don. 
Office, No. Q^, first floor, Times building, Third, between Walnut 
and Vine streets, Cincinnati, O. 
Capital, Two Million pounds sterling, or ten million dollars. 
Investments in the U. States, Three hundred thousand dollars. 
John S. Law, Agent; John H. Law, Secretary. 
Takes Fire risks in Cincinnati, O., and vicinity. Takes also 
Life risks, with liberal privileges. No Marine risks taken. 

Full power delegated to the Agent to settle all claims, so soon 
as ascertained, without reference to Liverpool or elsewhere, with 
promptness and liberality. 



INSUKANCE COMPANIES. 221 

John H. Law, Agent, 

Office, Times building, No. 62 west Third street, Cincinnati, O, 

Represents the following sound and reliable Companies: 

State Fire Insurance Company, of New Haven. 
Capital, 8200,000, 

Commonwealth Insurance Company, of Philadelphia, 
Capital, $500,000. 

Insurance effected in City and Country, on dwellings, furniture, 
merchandise, manufactories, founderies, machinery, lumber, and 
other property. 

The above Companies have complied fully with the Ohio laws 
regulating foreign Companies. All Losses promptly and liberally 
adjusted and paid at tlAs Agency. 

Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, Newark, New Jersey. 
At OJJice, Cincinnati Ins. Co., No. 4 east Front street. 
Charter perpetual — Profits are divided among the Assured. 
Net accumulation, Jan. 1, 1858, - - $2,743,325 73. 
Since its commencement — April, 1845 — this Company has paid 
in Losses, $1,704,349 55; nearly $100,000 of this to widows, or- 
phans, and creditors of deceased persons in this city and vicinity, 
under policies issued through this Agency, and has returned to the 
insured in dividends, $1,006,698 71. 

For particulars, or any information on the subject, apply to 

John W. Hartwell, Agent for Co. 
Wolcott Richards, M. D., Medical examiner. 

Samuel E. Mack & Co., Agents. 
Office, 35 West Third street. 

Home Insurance Company, of New York. 

Capital, $600,000. 

Western Massachusetts Insurance Company, of Pittsfield, Mass. 

Capital, $150,000. 

Metropolitan Fire Insurance Company, of New York. 

Capital, $300,000. 

Firemen's Insurance Company, of Charleston, S. C. 

Capital, $200,000. 



222 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

Continental Insurance CoMPANr, of Kew York. 
Capital, $500,000. 

Niagara Fire Insurance Company, of New York. 
Capital, $200,000. 

North American Fire Insurance Company, of New York. 
Capital, $250,000. 

Humboldt Fire Insurance Company, of New York. 
Capital, $200,000. 

Merchants' Insurance Company, of Hartford, Conn. 

Capital, $200,000. 
New York Life Insurance Company, of New York. 
Assets, $1,524,120 08. 
Charter Oak Life Insurance Company, of Hartford, Conn. 

Assets, $540,258 47. 
Refer, by permission, to — W. W. Scarborough, Esq., Miles Green- 
wood, Esq., Messrs. Gilmore & Brotherton, S. Davis, Jun. 6z. Co., 
Springer & Whiteman, Hunnewell, Hill & Co., Tweed & Sibley, 
Day & Matlack, Rawson, Wilby & Co., W. B. Smith & Co., Suire, 
Eckstein & Co., George T. Stedman, Esq., A. Mitchell Hall, Esq., 
Tyler Davidson & Co. 

Taylor & Anthony, General Insurance Agents. 
Office, No. 76 West Third street, Cincinnati, O. 
Fire, Marine, and Life Policies, issued on the most favorable 
Terms, by the following Companies: 

Providence Washington Insurance Company, Providence. 

Merchants' Insurance Company, Philadelphia. 

Lamar Fire Insurance Company, New York. 

Phekix Fire Insurance Company, New York. 

Roger Williams Insurance Company, Providence. 

Washington Insurance Company, New York. 

Arctic Fire Insurance Company, New York. 

Indemnity Fire Insurance Company, New York. 

Lorillard Fire Insurance Company, New York. 

Goodhue Fire Insurance Company, New York. 



INSURANCE COMPANIES. 223 

Atlantic Fire Insurance CoMPANr, New York. 

Resolute Fire Insurance Company, New York. 

Manhattan Life Insurance Company, New York. 
Refer, by permission, to — S. Fosdick, Esq., W. W. Scarborough, 
Esq., Messrs. N. W. Thomas & Co., Joseph Rawson & Co., S. 
Davis, Jun. & Co., Roots <fe Coe, A. G. Cheever & Co., R. Ilosea 
& Co., Macy, Rankin & Co., Day & Matlack, Wynne, Haynes <fe 
Co., Shaw, Buell & Barbour, Hunnewell, Hill & Co., George C. 
King (fe Co. 

Washington Union Insurance Company, of Cleveland, 0. 

Office, No. 3 west Third street, Trust Co. building. 

Capital, 8300,000. 

Cleveland M. Insurance Company, of Cleveland, O. 
Capital, Si 50,000. 
I am prepared to insure all descriptions of Property; also, to 
take risks on Hulls and Cargoes of Steamboats, on as favorable 
Terms as any other responsible Insurance companies. 

George W. Copelen, Agent. 

New England Mutual Life Insurance Company. 
Office, southwest corner Main and Front sts., Cincinnati, O. 

William Philips, President; Benj. R. Storms, Secretary. 
Applications for Insurance in the above reliable Company, re- 
ceived by Henry C. Urner, Agent. 

Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company, of Philadelphia. 

No. 1 1 8 West Sixth street. 

Chas. Bonsall, Agent. 

David Miller, President ; Jno. W. Horner, Secretary. 

Mutual Benefit Life Insurance. 

Office, southivest corner Fourth and Walnut streets, north of 

Carlisle's building. 
Day <fe Truax, Agents. 
Dr. O. D. Norton, No. 181 Western Row, Medical examiner. 



2f4 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company, Hartford, Conn. 

Office, No. 33 west Third street, Cincinnati, O. 

Capital, $3,000,000. 

James Goodwin, President; Guy R. Pliilips, Cashier; M. Hol- 
lingshead, x\gent. 

This is a strictly Mutual Company, and is enabled to offer the 
security of a reliable insurance, upon better terms than any other 
company doing business in the West. 

Northwestern Insurance Company. 

Capital, ^150,000. 

Office, No. 41 Main street. 

James Piatt, President; S. B. Ludlow, Secretary; Agent in Cin- 
cinnati, Wm. Goodman. 

Hope Fire Insurance Company, New York. 
Office, 33 Wall street — Mechanics'' Bank building. 

John W. Shipley, Agent, No. 4 west Third St., Cincinnati, 0. 

Jacob Reese, President; Thos. Greenleaf, Secretary. 

Directors — Stephen Cambreleng, Robert Schell, Jacob Reese, 
Jas. S. Sandford, Joseph Foulke, John R. Suydam, William Lewis 
Morris, Theo. W. Riley, Henry Beadel, Chas. D. Smith, Jolin Pen- 
fold, Wm. M. M'Intire, Stephen Hyatt, Wm. C. Wetmore, Joseph 
Grafton, Jun., John W. Mersereau, Wm. Remsen, D. Lydig Suy- 
dam, Thos. C. Smith, Joseph Rudd, Fredk. Schuchardt, Henry S. 
Leverich, Lebbeus B. Ward, Joseph Britton, Wm. H. Terry, Benj. 
Babcock, Amos Robbins, George Clark, S. B. Althause, William 
Whitewright, Jun. 

This Company, with a cash capital of $150,000, insures build- 
ings, merchandise, vessels in port, and personal property generally, 
against loss or damage by Fire, on the most favorable terms. 

New York Indemnity Insurance Company, of Albany, N. Y. 

Cash Capital, $200,000. 

Agent in Cincinnati, John W. Shipley, No. 4 West Third street, 
Bank Buildings 



INSURANCE COMPANIES.' $26 

Mutual Life Insurance Company, of New York. 
Accumulated Cash Assets, $5,300,000 — the property of the 
assured. 
F. Swinston, President. 

Agent in Cincinnati, John W. Shipley, No. 4 west Third street; 
Medical examiner, J. P. Judkins, M. D. 

^TNA Insurance Company, of Hartford, Conn. 

Branch Off.ce, 171 Vine street, Cincinnati, O. 

Incorporated 1819. 

Thos. K. Brace, President; E. C. Ripley, Vice President. 

T. A. Alexander, Secretary; B. Bagnall, J. B. Bennett, General 
Agents ; A. A. Williams, W. F. Church, F. C. Bennet, Adjusters. 

Directors— T. K. Brace, J. Church, M. A. Tuttle, E. A. Bulkely, 
E. G. Ripley, H. Z. Pratt, G. F. Davis, T. A. Alexander, S. Tudor, 
R. Buell, E. Flower, R. Mather, S. S. Ward, A. Dunham, D. Hill- 
yer, W. Keney. 

Agency established in Cincinnati in 1825 — antedating all pre- 
sent local Insurance Companies and Agencies, in the Insurance 
business of this city. Thirty-three years' constant duty here, com- 
bined with wealth, experience, enterprise, and liberality, especially 
commend the JEtna Insurance Company to the favorable patronage 
of this community, standing solitary and alone, the sole survivor 
and living pioneer of Cincinnati underwriters of 1825. 

Successful entei'prises, of pith aud moment, have their base of operations 
iu favorite localities. 

The business of Insurance is growing in importance, in due pro 
portion with the progress of the country, and its wealth, that it so 
greatly protects — calling to its aid, bona fide capital, experience, 
and energy, for its successful prosecution on an extended scale. 

The JStna Insurance Company of Hartford, having six hundred 
and thirty-five Agencies, in the Ohio and Mississippi valley, and 
region of the Northern Lakes, concentrates the business of over 
^700,000, cash Premiums, per annum, at its Cincinnati Branch. 

It has purchased the Building and Lot, 171 Vine street, specially 
for its use; cost, ^23,000; employs twenty-five persons therein; dis- 
burses over $35,000 per annum for supplies and expenses to manu- 
facturing and other interests. Such operations benefit the trade 



226 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 

of Cincinnati and indicate the preference for its radiating advan- 
tages as a mercantile centre. 

Phoenix Insurance Company, of Hartford, Conn. 
Office, No. 275 Main street, HilVs Buildings. 
Simeon L. Loomis, President ; Henry Kellogg, Secretary. 
Directors and Officers — S. L. Loomis, Chester Adams, Erastus 
Smith, J. N. Butler, N. M. Waterman, Wm. D. Shipman, Eiisha T. 
Smith, Lyman Stockbridge, Jos. Merriman, Daniel P. Crosby, Mar- 
shall Jewell, Harvey Jewell, Boston, George W. Moore, Chas. M. 
Beach, H. R. Hills, D. H. Arnold, N. Y., Ezra White, N. Y. 

Branch — For the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, 
Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mis- 
sissippi, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and territories of 
Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska, located at Cincinnati — Office, 
Nos. 31 and 33 west Third street, opposite new Masonic Temple, 
under the direction of — 

M. Ma gill, General Agent. 

R. H. Magill, H. M. Magill, Adjusters. 

Agencies in all the principal cities and towns of the Union, under 
the administration of gentlemen of known reputation as experi- 
enced underwriters, who will attend to all business connected with 
their agencies, with promptness and ability. 

M. Hollingshead, Agent, Cincinnati. 
Fred. Wise, Agent, Covington, Ky. 

This eminent, and truly National Insurance Company, doing 
business in all the States and Territories of the Union, has, by an 
lionorable and liberal course of dealing, in all its transactions, se- 
cured for itself the confidence and esteem of every community; 
and its name, ''Phoenix," has become a "household word," and 
familiar to almost every person throughout the land. In respect to 
Losses — part and parcel of the insurance business — the Phoenix 
has cause to be proud of the reputation she has acquired in the 
settlement thereof — the facilities furnished claimants in the making 
up of their proofs — denied by many companies — fair and liberal 
adjustments, avoiding a resort to technicalities in order to reduce 
ox stave a claim — and the prompt cash payment of all honest 
Losses — recommends and entitles the Phcejii-x, in a very especial 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 227 

manner, to the confidence and patronage of the mercantile commu- 
nity. 

The Phoenix Insurance Company was incorporated by the Legis- 
lature of Connecticut under a perpetual Charter, with a Cash capi- 
tal of Two Hundred Thousand dollars — Assets, at this time, 
amounting to Three Hundred and Fifty Thousand dollars — and 
constantly enlarging — invested in the most reliable securities of the 
country, and of such a character as to be convertible into Cash at any 
moment. This \s real u.nd tangible, and pledged for the payment 
of Losses occurring under their policies. Since its incorporation, 
the Phoenix Company has transacted a large, and on the whole, a 
prosperous business throughout the Union; and the manner in 
which the afl^iirs of the Company have been managed, has inspired 
unusual confidence in the minds of the public toward the Phoenix — 
so that their Policies are eagerly sought after. 



BANKS AND BANKERS. 

Commercial Bank. 
132 Main street. 
James Hall, President; Charles B. Foote, Cashier. 
Directors — Jacob Strader, James Hall, Rufus King, Larz Ander- 
son, W. J. Wliitemnn. 

Lafayette Banking Company. 
North side Third, betiveen Main and Walnut streets. 
Samuel Wiggins, George Carlisle, C. P. Cassilly, Proprietors. 
W. G. W. Gano, Cashier; Hy. Peachey, Assistant Cashier. 

Groesbeck & Co. 
North side Third, between Main and Walnut streets. 
J. H. Groesbeck, J. C. Culbertson, Charles H. Kilgour. 
T. M. Jackson, Cashier. 

JAMES GILMORE. THOS. D. ROBINSOM 

WM. T. DUNLAP. JOEIN TV, AIULLIKIN. 

Gilmore, Dunlap & Co. — Bankers. 
Northeast corner Third and Walnut streets. 
Deal in "Exchange, chiefly, and make Collections throughout the 
Western country. 



228 BANKS AND BANKERS. 

JASON EVANS. H. W. HUGHES. 

BRIGGS SWIFT. W. T. DRAKE. 

Evans & Co. 
Southwest corner of Third and Walnut streets. 
Bankers and dealers in Exchange. 

JOHN R. MORTON. CALVIN W. THOMAS. 

J. R. Morton & Co. — Bankers. 
No. 29 west Third street, Cincinnati, O. 
Dealers in Exchange, Bank Notes, and Coin. 
Particular attention given to Collections, and returns promptly 
made. 

References — Van Vieck, Read & Drexel, New York; Irving 
Bank, N. Y., Drexel & Co., Philadelphia; Atlantic Bank, Boston; 
Citizens' Bank, Baltimore; Canal Bank, New Orleans. 

James F. Meline & Co. 

West Third street, Cincinnati, O 

Bankers and dealers in Exchange. 
Buy and sell Exchange on all the principal cities. 
Collections and remittances promptly made at the current rate 
of Exchange, without charge for Collection. 

C. F. Adae (fe Co. 
German Savings' Institution. 
Southwest corner of Main and Third streets, Cincinnati, O. 
Bank of Discount and Deposits. 

Collections made in the United States and in Europe. 
Draw upon all the principal cities of the continent of Europe, 
in sums to suit purchasers, and at the lowest New York rates. 

C. F. Adae. 

European Exchange Office, 

Southwest corner of Main and Third streets, Cincinnati, O. 

Has all facilities, by long experience and an extended correspon- 
dence, to attend to any business on the continent of Europe. 

Advice and information will be cheerfully given gratis, in writing, 
or upon verbal application. 



banks and bankers. 229 

Bank of Savings — Alex. Van Ha3IM. 
No. Ill West Sixth street, Cincinnati. 

For the Deposit of the Earnings of Men and Women, Boys and 
Girls, in sums of Twenty-five cents and upward. 

This Bank allows Interest on Deposits, deals in Gold and Silver, 
and Uncurrent and Broken bank money. 

Discounts good Business Notes, and grants temporary Loans of 
money. 

Pays particular attention to the Collection of Notes, Drafts and 
Accounts, and all other money obligations, which require the ser- 
vices of a Banker or Attorney, 

Remittances made promptly, and Charges reasonable. 

MATTHIAS Vr. DAY, JR. EDMUXD A. TRUAX. 

GENERAL Agency — Day <fe Truax. 

Office, southwest corner Fourth and Walnut streets, No. 1 Carlisle 

building, second foor, Cincinnati, O. 

Having prompt and reliable correspondents throughout the Uni- 
ted States, are prepared to give particular attention to the collection 
of Notes, Drafts, Bills of Exchange, Rents, Dividends, etc. 

Money, Inheritances, and every other claim, collected in all coun- 
tries of Europe. 

Sight Drafts on England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Germany, 
and all other countries of Europe. 

Emigrant and Re3iittance Office — Wm. B. Barry 6l Co. 
Fourth street, Postoffce Building. 

Drafts payable through England, Ireland and Scotland, for sale 
at five dollars to the one pound sterling. 

Certificates of Passage from Liverpool to Cincinnati, or any of 
I he western cities, per the favorite Black Ball line of Packets, or 
the Steamships from New York to Gal way, Cork, Belfast and Lon- 
donderry, for sale at reduced prices. 

Remittances made from any part of the country, for Drafts or 
Passage, shall be promptly acknowledged, and remitted as directed. 



230 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 



X. TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL. 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 

RAILROADS. 
Of all modern inventions, the Railway is, for the purposes of 
commerce, the most useful, and the one which has most influence 
on the destiny of interior towns. It has afforded interior cities a 
power far greater than those on the ocean coast, by giving them the 
means of creating artificial radii, and lines of commerce to every 
point of the great circumference, by which they are surrounded ; 
and if going beyond that, and traversing mountains and valleys, to 
the remotest parts of the continent. In this respect, Cincinnati 
stands pre-eminent. Another section of this publication has else- 
where exhibited her superiority in centrality of position, in the vast 
area of which she is the metropolis, and in possessing the shortest 
radial lines to the great parts. It is evident, however, that the 
Railway is essential to give a vital, practical power to these supe- 
rior natural advantages. Clearly seeing this, her citizens com- 
menced at an early day to plan and execute great lines of Railway, 
which should connect this city with the principal cities of the At- 
lantic and the Lakes. In doing so, they were greatly aided by the 
corporate subscriptions of the city of Cincinnati. A large part of 
the railway lines originally planned, have been completed; others, 
however, important and vital to the interests of this city, yet remain 
unfinished. In the following Table of Railways, complete and in- 
complete, it has been aimed, first to distinguish them as commercial 
lines, rather than as separate roads; and secondly, to discriminate 
the Cincinnati lines, by taking all those which proceed directly from 
the city, however long, and no others. In this relation, the New 
York lines terminate at Cleveland; the Philadelphia line at Pitts- 
burg; the Baltimore lines at Wheeling; the North line direct at 
Sandusky; the Northwest line at Chicago; the West line at St. 
Louis ; the Southwest line at Nashville ; the direct South line at 
Pensacola, and the Southeastern lines at Savannah, Charleston, and 
Norfolk. 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 231 

In the following table will be found an account of each line and 
road, with the parts complete, and incomplete, as well as all the 
collateral and branch routes, which modify these general lines. 

Table of Railway Lines, leading directly into Cincinnati — distin- 
guishing the Unfinished parts and Connecting links. 

1. East line, New York and Boston, via Cleveland. 

Miles. 

Little Miami Railroad, 65 ; Xenia and Columbus Railroad, 
55; Cincinnati, Columbus and Cleveland Railroad, 135, 255 

2. East — Philadelphia, via Pittsburgh, indirect. 
The above to Crestline, 178; Ohio and Pennsylvania Rail- 
road, 187 365 

3. East — Philadelphia, via Pittsburgh. 
Little Miami, and Xenia and Columbus, 120; Central Ohio, 
33; Steubenville and Indiana, 117; Steubenville and Pitts- 
burgh, 40 310 

4. East, to Zanesville, Ohio. 
Little Miami, and Xenia and Columbus, 120; Central Ohio, 

59, - - 179 

5. East, to Zanesville, O. 
Little Miami, 36; Cincinnati, Wilmington and Zanesville Rail- 
road, 131 167 

6. East — Baltimore, via Columbus and Wheeling. 
Little Miami, and Xenia and Columbus Railroad, 120; Ohio 

Central, 141 261 

7. East— Hillshoro' , O. 
Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, 39; Hillsboro' branch Rail- 
road, 21 60 

8. North — Sandushj. 
Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad, 60; Mad River 
and Lake Erie, 153 213 

9. Northwest, to Chicago. 
Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railroad, 110; Lafayette and In- 
dianapolis Railroad, 64; New Albany and Salem, 91 ; Mi- 
chigan Central, 57 ------ - 322 



232 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 

10. Northwest, to Chicago. 
Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad, 25 ; Cincinnati and 
Chicago, 45; Indiana Central, 68; Lafayette and Indiana- 
polis Railroad, 64; New Albany and Salem, 91; Michigan 
Central, 57 360 

11. West Line, St. Louis — direct. 
Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, ----- 340 

12. West Line, St. Louis — indirect. 
Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railroad, 110; Terra Haute and 
Richmond, 73 ; Terre Haute, and Alton, 187 - - - 370 

13. Auxiliary Lines Northeast. 

Dayton and Xenia Railroad, . - . - 16 

Springfield and Mt. Vernon Railroad, - - - 49 

Springfield and Columbus Railroad, - - - 20 — 85 

14. Auxiliary Lines North. 

Springfield Branch Little Miami Railroad, - - 20 

Findley " " a , . . 15 

Greenville Miami Railroad, 47 — 82 

15. Auxiliary Lines Northwest. 

Dayton and Michigan, ----- 40 

Newcastle and Richmond, - - - - 28 

Indiana Central Railroad, 

16. Auxiliary Lines Southwest. 
Madison Railroad, Ind., . - - - 
Shelbyville Central Railroad, Ind., - - - 
Jeflfersonville Railroad, - - - - - 
New Albany and Salem Railroad, South, 

17. Auxiliary Lines South. 
Atlanta and West Point Railroad, - - - 
West Point and Montgomery Railroad, 
Kingston and Rome Railroad, Ga., - - - 
Nashville, Chattanooga, and Dalton Railroad, 

Deduct from this table lines which occur twice in difl?*er- 
ent routes, 902 miles, and we have an aggregate of finished 
Railways of 2275 miles, and of auxiliaries, 957 miles, total, 3232 



108— 


176 


87 




16 




77 




51— 


231 


87 




88 




19 




189— 


383 



NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 233 

In addition to these we have, of Railways finished in part: 
18. East Line. 

Northwestern Railroad, Va., 120 

Bahimore, via Marietta, 173 

19. Northwest — Chicago, direct. 
Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad, 25; Cincinnati 

and Chicago, 77 102 

Cincinnati and Chicago Railroad, - - - - 162 

20. North Line— Toledo. 
Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad, 60 ; Dayton and 

Michigan Railroad, 72 ; Dayton and Michigan Railroad, 68 132 

21. Southwest Line, via Cairo, III. 
Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, 276 ; Illinois Central Rail- 
road, 120 ; Ohio and Mobile, 219 - - - - 615 

Ohio and Mobile, 26 1 

22. Southwest — Nashville and Memphis. 
Covington and Lexington, 99 ; Lexington and Danville, 12 ; 
Lexington and Danville, 24 ; Cincinnati and Nashville, 170 ; 

Nashville and Memphis, 215 Ill 

23. South Line, direct, via McMinnville and Pensacola. 

Cincinnati, Lexington and Danville Railroad, 111 ; Cincin- 
nati, Lexington, and Danville, 24 ; Southwestern, 163 

McMinnville via Manchester to Montevailo, 35 ; McMinn. 
via Manch. and Mont , 154 ; Selma and Montevailo, 56 ; 
Selma to Pensacola, 140 - - - - - - 202 

24. Southeast Line to Savannah, via Knoxville. 
Cincinnati to Danville, 111; Cincinnati to Danville, 24; 
Kentucky Union Railroad, 90 ; Chi'ti. and Cumberland 
Gap, 30; East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad, 40; 
East Tennessee and Georgia, 110; Western and Atlan- 
tic, 100 ; Macon and Western, 101 ; Central Georgia, 
Railroad, 191 653 

25. Southeast Ldne to Charleston, via Knoxville. 
Cincinnati to Danville, 111 ; Cincinnati to Danville, 24; 
Kentucky Union Railroad, 90 ; East Tennessee and Ken- 
tucky, ^0 ; Blue Ridge, Railroad, 170; Greenville and 
Columbia Railroad, 127 ; Columbia and Charleston, 62 300 



234 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ROUTES. 

26. Southeast to Charleston via Augusta, Ga. 
Same as No. 24, to Atlanta, 358; to Atlanta, 144 ; Georgia 

Railroad, 171 ; South Carolina Railroad, 137 - - 666 

27. SouHieast to Richtnond, Va., via Guyandotte. 

Cincinnati and Marietta, 120 ; Gallipolis and Jackson, 35 ; 
Covington and Ohio Railroad, 180; Virginia Central, 

195 31^ 

28. Southeast Line to Lynchburg, Va. 

Cincinnati to East Tennessee, on Virginia Railroad, via No. 
24, 108 ; Cincinnati to East Tennessee, via Virginia 
Railroad, 144; East Tennessee and Virginia, 130; Vir- 
ginia and East Tennessee, 135 ; Virginia and East Ten- 
nessee Railroad, 70 ------ 373 

Here are eleven roads additional, of which there are finished, 
in part, deducting all duplications in routes to the extent 
of, miles 2423 

Leaving unfinished, do. ----- - 2666 

It will thus be seen that we have the full use of 3232 miles of 
Railway, and that there are 4789 miles of other roads, more than 
one-half of which are completed and in use, and as soon as the 
residue is finished, which must be the case in a few years, we 
shall be in full connection with upward of eight thousand miles of 
Railway. 

There are two roads, leading from Cincinnati, not embraced in 
the above, because they have not been constructed, although much 
in the way of preparation has been done. There are on the way, 
the Dayton Short Line, fifty-two miles, and the Cincinnati and In- 
dianapolis Junction Railroad, one hundred miles in length. 

This last railway connects with the Cincinnati, Hamilton and 
Dayton Railroad at Hamilton, and runs via Oxford, Connersvijle 
and Rushville, to Indianapolis. The work ready for the iron is 
done, including bridges, ties, etc., as far as Evansville, and the iron 
down to Oxford ; and the balance to Evansville will be down du- 
ring the year. 

This road runs through the very best portion of Indiana, and 
will add a valuable link to the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton 
Railroad. 



natural anw artificial routes. 235 

Little Miami Railroad Company. 

Officers — President, Nathaniel Wright; Superintendent, John 
Durand ; Treasurer, D. G. A. Davenport; Secretary, C. H. Kil- 
goiir ; Auditor, Smithson E. Wright. 

Directors — Jacob Slrader, R. R. Springer, J. H. Groesbeck, N. 
Wright, Jas. Hicks, Jun., Larz Anderson, Alphonso Taft, C. II. 
Kilgour, Henry Hanna, of Cincinnati ; John Bacon, of Springfield; 
Abm. Hivling, Xenia ; W. B. Hubbard, Columbus. 

THREE DAILY TRAINS. 

9 A.M. — Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Steubenville, and Wheeling 
Day Express — For all Eastern cities. 

4-15 P. M, — Columbus, Xenia, and Springfield Accommodation. 

11-30 P. M. — Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Steubenville, and Wheel- 
ing Night Express — For all Eastern cities. 

This train is provided with Sleeping Cars. The Night Express 
train, leaving Cincinnati at 11-30 P. M., runs daily, except Satur- 
days. All other trains run daily, except on Sundays. 

Trains run by Columbus time, which is seven minutes faster than 
Cincinnati time. 

Ohio and Mississipri Broad Gauge Railroad Co. 

Joseph W. Alsop, New York, President ; Wm. H. Clement, 
Vice President and General Superintendent ; L. B. Parsons, Trea- 
surer; Sam'l Trevor, Secretary; P. W. Strader, General Ticket 
Agent ; Thomas Lough, General Freight Agent ; P. Vandeursen, 
Auditor; E. Lippencott, Pay Master; R. D. Vandeursen, Pur- 
chasing Agent. 

Wm. II. Aspinwall, Joseph W. Alsop, Henry Chauncey, Sam'l 
W. Comstock, Edwin Bonslett, Edward Leonard, Charles Gould, L. 
D. Comar, Edward Delano, Wm. Whitewright, S. L. M. Barlow, 
N. Y., S. M. Pomeroy, Henry C. Lord, James C. Hall, Wm. H. 
Clement, Joseph Torrence, Thos. G. Mitchell, Larz Anderson, 
Lewis B. Parsons, James Hall, Cincinnati, Henry D. Bacon, St. 
Louis Directors. 

20 



236 SUBURBS. 

Officers of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad Co., 
Elected for 1858. 

S. S. L'Hommedieu, President, Cincinnati ; Geo. Carlisle, Vice 
President, Cincinnati ; Lafayette Banking Company, Treasurer ; 
Frederick H. Short, Secretary; Daniel McLaren, Superintendent; 
John M. Osborn, General Freight Agent. 

S. S. L'Hommedieu, Geo. Carlisle, John C. Wright, John W. 
Ellis, Geo. H. Hill, Stanley Matthews, E. J. Miller, Cincinnati, Ja- 
cob Shaffer, Hamilton, Joseph B. Varnum, New York, Directors. 



XII. SUBURBS. 

Cincinnati is surrounded with suburbs of charming natural fea- 
tures and highly judicious improvement. They form, to a great 
extent, residences for those of our citizens who wish to combine 
the enjoyment of the country with their city employments and pur- 
suits. Two of these, only, will be referred to in this place, and 
simply to describe their educational features — College Hill and 
Glendale. 

College Hill is six miles — nearly north — from the city, and among 
other attractions, is the seat of two very important educational es- 
tablishments — Farmers' College for young men, and the Ohio Fe- 
male College, for young ladies. 

A lithographic view of this last named establishment will be 
found in this volume. It will afford a general idea of the build- 
ings and grounds. 

The main edifice — one hundred and fifty by eighty-one feet, and 
in height three stories, besides a basement and attic — is a model of 
architectural taste. But its chief excellence consists in a perfect 
system of ventilation, connected with a plan of warming by steam, 
so complete as to secure a uniform temperature throughout the 
entire building, and a change of air in every room once in thirty 
minutes. In these features it is more extensive and complete than 
any building, public or private, in the State. By these various ar- 
rangements, pure air, so essential to physical health and mental 
vigor and elasticity, pervades every apartment. This is of the 
highest importance in educational establishments, and paients and 
guardians having daughters and wards to educate, should pay great 



SUBURBS. 237 

attention to this subject, as impure air in school-rooms and bed- 
rooms sends many a youth of bright promise to an early grave. 

The Ventilation. — About one hundred feet from the school edi- 
fice, has been built a bricl^ tower, or flue, fifteen feet high, and 
through an apparatus of sheet iron on the top, the air is drawn into 
this tower and conveyed under the building by a brick duct. This 
duct is under ground and laid in cement, so as to be always dry. 
It is five and a half feet deep and four and a half feet wide, and 
two hundred and fifty feet long, and contains thirty thousand bricks. 
It extends from the base of the tower to the furthest extremity of 
the building, and connects with six air chambers, each seven feet 
deep, seven feet wide, and fifty feet long, which are also walled up 
and paved with brick and cement. 

From these air chambers, flues extend to all the rooms and halls 
in the building, each room and hall having its own flue to supply 
pure air, and an additional flue to carry off" the impure air, the sup- 
ply and discharge of which are regulated by registers. The 
fresh air flues all terminate in three rooms under the three cupolas, 
in each of which is a coil of steam pipes, by which the air is rare- 
fied, and thereby creates a circulation sufl[icient to change the air 
in every room once in thirty minutes. 

The Warming. — About two hundred feet from the main build- 
ing is a boiler house, in which are two boilers for generating steam, 
a small engine and steam pump, and a great variety of apparatus 
connected with the economy of the establishment. 

From these boilers, steam is conducted by pipes laid in a brick 
duct, to the six air chambers under the college building, where it 
passes through more than thirty thousand feet of pipe, and then 
returns into a receiver in the boiler house, and by the steam pump 
is forced into the boilers, to be converted anew into steam, and to 
perform again the same circuit. Fresh air from the top of the 
tower is constantly flowing through the air duct into these air cham- 
bers, and after passing over the heated pipes, rises through the 
flues to the rooms, and from the rooms, by the foul air flues, is dis- 
charged under the cupolas. 

This gives all the rooms in winter a constant supply of pure, 
warm air, the temperature of which can be regulated at will, but 
it can nevQj- become impure, for whether hot or cold, it is always 
flowing in from the atmosphere outside. 



238 SUBURBS. 

The apparatus for warming and ventilating cost over ten thousand 
dollars. 

Every room and hall in this edifice is lighted with rosin gas, and 
supplied with pure filtered rain water, and eight bath rooms, fur- 
nished with warm, cold and shower baths, are free to all the 
inmates. 

The college owns twenty-three acres of ground ; four acres of 
which are used for a vegetable, fruit and flower garden, and kept 
in a high state of cultivation. The other nineteen acres, naturally 
beautiful and picturesque, are improved and adorned by the sci- 
ence and skill of a landscape gardener, who also has charge of a 
large conservatory of native and exotic plants and flowers. 

President, Rev. II. N. Day. Principal, Mrs. W. W. Robinson. 
Lecturer on the Science of Government and Constitutional Law, 
S. F. Gary, A. M., A. B. Teachers of Languages, Science and 
Literature, Professor J. P. Klund, Mrs. Mary J. Pyle, Miss E. H. 
Allison, Miss Julia P. Klund, Miss M. Henderson, Miss Mary K. 
Taylor. Music, Piano and Vocal, Prof George Georgi, Miss Em- 
ma Paige, Miss Ella Paige, Miss Mary Anna Cox. Guitar, Henry 
Worrell. Drawing and Painting, Miss Lizzie Stewart. Matrons, 
Mrs. C. M. Vail, Mrs. H. M. Taylor, Mrs. H. N. Day. 

Glendale is fifteen miles from the city, by the Cincinnati, Ham- 
ilton and Dayton Railroad, which afibrds a ready, convenient and 
frequent opportunity of communicating with our great metropolis. 

One of the most interesting features in the place is the Glendale 
Female College. Faculty, fifteen ; number of pupils, one hundred 
and eight. 

Faculty. — Joseph G. Monfort, D. D., president ; Rev. Samuel S. 
Potter, A. M., Rev. Ludlow D. Potter, A. M., Mrs. E. J. McFerson, 
associate principal, Mrs. Hannah Monfort, Mrs. Phebe Potter, Miss 
Sarah Parke Morrison, Miss Mary Parke McFerson, C. B. Chap- 
man, M. D., Lecturer on the Natural Sciences, Mons. Leon Rive, 
Painting and German, Mons. Philibert Beaugureau, Drawing and 
French. Department of music — Madame Caroline Riv6, princi- 
pal, Miss Harriet Staub. 

The location of this institution, fifteen miles north of Cincinnati, 
on the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad, gives it superior 
advantages. It is accessible, and remarkably healthy — not a seri- 
ous case of sickness having occurred in the institution since its 
establishment. No better location could have been selected for a 



SUBURBS. 239 

femnle colle^re. It is a beautiful and attractive place, laid out by an 
association of gentlemen from Cincinnati as a suburban village. 
The taste displayed in gardens, groves, and walks, together with 
its handsome natural scenery, cannotfailto please the eye and cul- 
tivate a taste for the beautiful in nature and art. Add to this the 
refined social advantages, the entire absence of the various excite- 
ments and temptations that attend female institutions located in 
cities, and in the immediate vicinity of institutions for young men, 
and its facilities, by railroad communication in all directions, and 
we have a combination of attractions superior to any that can be 
found in the western country. 

The musical department is under the direction of Madame Car- 
oline Riv6, who was educated in Paris, under Garcia, and is, per- 
haps, unequaled in this country. She is aided by her sister. Miss 
Staub, who is also favorably known as a distinguished vocalist. 

With these facilities, and having associated with them instructors, 
all of whom are practical and experienced teachers, and having 
adopted a course of instruction as elevated as that of any similar 
institution, the proprietors are determined that no exertion on their 
part shall be wanting to make this institution equal to any in the 
country, to qualify young ladies for teachers of seminaries, for mis- 
sionaries, for usefulness in any station of life, and for the highest 
grade of refined literary society. 

Accommodations. — The main building, an imposing structure, 
is one hundred and seventeen feet long and three stories high, ex- 
clusive of basement, containing forty rooms, well furnished. 

A new and beautiful chapel and concert hall, sixty-eight feet by 
forty-two, has been erected for purposes of instruction and public 
worship. The first story contains six recitation rooms, the second, 
one spacious hall, in which the pupils will assemble daily for de- 
votional exercises, and, on the Sabbath, with the congregation, for 
public worship, and in which will be given frequent scientific lec- 
tures, and occasional concerts by teachers and scholars. 

To the main building has been added, during the past year, a 
wing sixty-two feet in length, containing a spacious dining room 
and nine music rooms. 

Applications, — Applications for admission, and all letters of in- 
quiry, or on business relating to the institution, should be directed, 
" Glendale Female College," Glendale, Hamilton county, Ohio. 



240 MANUFACTURES A^B ODUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



XI. MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTKIAL PRODUCTS. 



With the exception of Philadelphia, Cincinnati is probably the 
most extensive manufacturing city in the United States. All the 
materials and facilities for this industrial department, exist here in 
an abundance not to be found at other points; a marked promi- 
nence, as well as space, is therefore given, in this volume, to our 
manufactures and mechanical arts, and their results. Details are 
given, to aftbrd the opportunity to those who are interested in this 
subject, to follow the writer of these pages in his investigations, 
and determine by a scrutiny, the accuracy of the aggregates they 
make, and the justice of the deductions to which they point. 

Tlie summary exhibited at the close of this department, exhibits 
distinctly the value to the community of this right arm of its strength, 
and principal source of its wealth. The value of the trade and 
commerce of Cincinnati, is probably eighty millions of dollars; 
profit, say, 12^ per cent., or ten millions; of the manufacturing 
and mechanical operations, ninety millions — profit, 33J per cent., 
or thirty million dollars. The first employs a force of fifty-six hun- 
dred individuals; the second a force of forty-five thousand. 

Agricultural Machinery, and hnplements — This is a department 
of manufactures here, which had barely a commencement, in 1841, 
in eight factories, employing forty-five hands, and affording a pro- 
duct of forty-nine thousand four hundred dollars. It has now 
reached a value of thirteen hundred and ninety-five thousand dol- 
lars, affording occupation to six hundred and twenty hands; value 
of raw materials, Qb percent. 

A wide range of implements and machinery is made, although 
the bulky and heavy articles — of mowers and reapers — are not yet 
extensively manufactured; a few years, however, will supply the 
deficiency in this line. 

There are twenty establishments engaged in this department, of 
which four are at work upon plows and plow molds alone. Every 
variety of fiirmers' implements is supplied in this city, and imme- 
diate vicinity, such as harvesters, mowers, rakers, reapers, grain 
threshers, horse powers, corn and cob grinding mills, cider mills. 



3IANUFACTURES AXD INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 241 

fanning mills, harrows, corn planters, plows in every variety, cul- 
tivators, drilling machinery, ground feed and vegetable steam 
boilers, road scrapers, apparatus for making sugar and molasses 
from the sorgho, or Chinese sugar cane, corn-shellers, straw cut- 
ters, horse rakes, wine, cheese, lard, and hay presses, clover huU- 
ers, barrows, churns, and various minor articles. These are manu- 
factured to a constantly increasing extent. 

The plow department alone employs eighty-three hands, and 
turns out plows and plow molds to,the value of one hundred and 
forty-six thousand dollars. 

Samuel Males, 96 Everett street, makes, as one apparatus, a 
convertible cider mill, corn-sheller, and vegetable grinder, suscep- 
tible of being, in one minute, changed from any one to any other 
of these purposes. A press is connected with this machine, capa- 
ble of pressing cider, lard, or cheese. The apparatus will grmd 
five bushels of apples in a minute. Although it has not been more 
than fourteen months before the public, it obtained at twenty-four 
national. State, county, and mechanics' fairs, fifty-five first premi- 
ums, silver cupa, silver medals, or diplomas. Raw material, 60 per 
cent., value of annual product, ninety-six thousand dollars. 

James Townsend, No. 201 Maple street, has the patent right 
of this apparatus, for several counties in Illinois, and is manufac- 
turing them for the southern part of that State, where a large de- 
mand will be created for the article. 

Hedges, Free & Co., No. 6 Main street, manufacture a variety 
of agricultural machinery, among which are the Little Giant corn 
and cob crushers, agricultural steam boilers, apparatus for making 
sugar and molasses from the Chinese sugar cane, corn shellers, 
stalk cutters and fodder mills and road scrapers. The agricultural 
steam boiler enables the farmer to cook feed for his stock, steam 
his cut straw, hay, and corn stalks, and to heat water for the family 
washing, as well as for other purposes. It is provided with a 
safety valve, by which the apparatus relieves itself of surplus 
steam, whenever necessary. It also gives due notice when the 
water is getting low in the boiler. In towns and cities, it is of 
great convenience as well as value, to hotels and large boarding 
houses; also, to dyers and tanners, as the steam-pipe, plunged into 
the wash-tubs, dye vessels, or tan vats, without further trouble 
raises the temperature of the water to the desired point, boiling 
cold water in one-third the time, and with one-fourth the fuel 



242 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL TRODUCTS. 

usually required. Of these, in three sizes, they make one thou- 
sand annually. 

Their corn and cob crushers are extensively known and ap- 
proved. Two thousand of these are every year turned out from 
their factory. 

One of the most important articles they make, is their sugar 
mills, horizontal and vertical, for grinding the Chinese sugar cane. 
As this cane has now become one of the great staples of the United 
States, an article so well adapted as is this to the purpose, is of 
great importance. Orders for these mills have been received from 
every section of the west — from Philadelptiia and other points east, 
and from California, and even from those portions of the south not 
adapted to the ordinary sugar culture. Of these mills, although 
the demand, as well as the manufacturing is yet in its infancy, this 
concern already makes at the rate of fifty per week. The engrav- 
ings at the close of this volume, will give some idea of the various 
descriptions of this sugar making apparatus. They employ eighty 
hands, and manufacture to the value of two hundred and sixty-two 
thousand dollars; raw material, 70 per cent. 

The factory of VV. W. Hamer 6l Co., at the northeast corner of 
Second and Western Row, presents an interesting feature in the 
present department. Here may be seen as a specimen, in actual 
operation, a grinding and bolting flour mill, equally simple and 
efficient, designed to obviate the existing style of large and com- 
plicated flouring and grist mills, so expensive in first cost, and con- 
stant repairs, and confining the business to heavy capitalists alone. 

In this mill, the wheat is put into the hopper and passes through 
the entire grinding and bolting process at one operation, the flour 
coming out already prepared for packing in barrels. The entire 
machinery, burrs, bolt, conveyers and elevators, being driven by a 
single belt. The burrs are three feet diameter, and the bolt twenty 
feet long. The entire space occupied by the mill, smut ma- 
chine, flour packer, wheat bin — holding eight hundred bushels of 
wheat — is twenty-seven feet by twelve, on one floor, the story 
being twelve feet high. It is claimed that, under this process, the 
yield is greater, and the flour superior to that made in merchant 
mills. There can be no question that the reduction in the breadth 
of burr millstones, renders the grinding more uniform, by its pre- 
venting any portion from being so far ground over and over, as to 
destroy the liveliuess of the flour; on which account this mill com- 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 243 

bines the advantages of the ordinary portable, and the merchant 
mill. They have, also, upon the premises, two corn mills, running 
with thirty inch burrs, which turn out fifty to sixty bushels per 
hour. Another great advantage in these mills, is the small amount 
of power necessary to run them, compared with the ordinary mills. 
To meet the views of all customers, they build both upper and 
under runners. 

W. W. Hamer & Co. also get up portable engines and boilers, 
smut machines, corn shellers, bran dusters, flour packers, and mill 
gearing of all kinds, and furnish genuine Dutch ankerbrand bolt- 
ing-cloths, leather belting, etc. They employ forty-five hands, 
and manufacture, annually, to the value of one hundred and 
twenty thousand dollars ; raw material, 65 per cent. 

Elmers &. Forkner, Nos. 600 and 602, west Fifth street, manu- 
facture Young America corn and cob mills, Darling'^s endless 
chain friction roller horse powers, Hamilion?s wheat drills, iron 
threshers and cleaners, cross-cut saw tables, for wood-cutting, and 
agricultural steam boilers; also, stoves and castings of various 
kinds. They employ fifty hands ; value of products one hundred 
and twenty thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

James Bradford & Co., northwest corner Elm and Second streets, 
office Q5 Walnut street, manufacture French burr millstones, port- 
able mills, corn and cob crushers, smut machines, hoisting screws, 
tempering screws, mill spindles, screen wire, mill castings, and 
damsel irons. Plaster paris, land plaster, hydraulic cement con- 
stantly on hand. 

Their portable mills are in successful operation in this city, com- 
peting with merchant mill-work, making as good flour, and as great 
yield, as can possibly be done upon any four, or four-and-a-half 
feet, that are running and capable of making fifty to sixty barrels 
superfine flour in twenty-four hours. Bradford & Co. warrant 
ttieir portable mill to be equal, in quality and performance, to any 
portable mill in use. They have averaged three hundred and 
sixty pairs large millstones per year, beside one hundred portable 
mills. Sales, fifty thousand dollars annually; employ thirty hands; 
raw material, burr millstones, 45 per cent ; portable mills, 25 per 
cent. An improvement has been made in the construction of mill- 
stones, by substituting for the four bands, formerly used, one broad 
one, covering the entire edge, excepting the wearing surface. 

James Todd, corner Seventh and Smith streets, whose main 
21 



244 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

business is foundery work, makes annually, one hundred and twenty 
portable corn and flour mills; value twenty-two thousand dollars. 

Isaac Straub, warehouse No. 19 west Front street, works twenty- 
five hands ; builds annually three hundred and fifty portable mills, 
running with French burr millstones; also portable saw-mills and 
steam engines; value of products, seventy-five thousand dollars; 
raw material, 35 per cent. 

Wilder, Robinson & Co., No. 23 Walnut street, manufacture 
corn shellers and straw cutters to the value often thousand dollars; 
raw material, 50 per cent. 

J. 11. Burrows & Co., at their foundery, Second street, west of 
Elm street, build steam engines for driving saw, and grist mills, and 
manufacture mill machinery of all descriptions. But their princi- 
pal business is making portable grist mills, of which three hundred 
are made there yearly, worth one hundred and eighty dollars each, 
on an average. They employ one hundred hands, and turn out a 
product of one hundred tliousand dollars ; raw material, 60 per ct. 

These mills are designed for the west and southwest especially, 
or sections of country where water-power is scarce. 

Large quantities of the extra flour made in the West, are ground 
upon portable mills, made here and at other factories in Cincinnati, 
and premiums at State fairs have been repeatedly obtained for flour 
made under this process over competitors whose flour was made at 
merchant mills. 

W. R. Dunlap & Co., corner Front and Lawrence streets, manu- 
facture all kinds of mill machinery, portable flouring mills, with 
bolts, elevators, and all the machinery complete; burrs, bolting- 
cloths, smut mills, bran dusters, Kinman's flour packer and Par- 
ker's water-wheels. Employ, when in full operation, one hundred 
hands, and manufacture, of agricultural machinery and implements, 
a value of forty-five thousand dollars; raw material, 50 per cent. 

J. & E. Greenwald, No. 190 East Pearl street, near the Miami 
canal, manufacture flour and smut mills, cast iron overshot water- 
wheels, Rich, Crew, Smith & Wurtz's patent water-wheels, flour 
packers, screen wire, mill screws, burr millstones, leather and gum 
elastic belting; also, machinery for driving portable flour mills; 
also, supply bolting cloths. They employ eighty-five hands upon 
agricultural machinery, with a product of ninety thousand dollars. 

Garrett & Cottman, Seventh, west of Main street, manufacture 
by machinery steel mold boards, and make annually four thousand 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 245 

plows, of light draught, which scour themselves in all sorts of soils. 
They employ thirty-five hands; value of product, fifty thousand 
dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

J. F. Dair & Co., seed store and agricultural warehouse, adjoin- 
ing corner Lower Market and Sycamore streets, manufacture and 
keep for sale a variety of implements and machinery for farmers' 
purposes, such as mowers and reapers, cultivators, cider mills, 
harrows, straw cutters, fanning mills, hay presses, horse rakes, and 
churns, to the annual value of thirteen thousand dollars. This in- 
cludes only such articles as are made in this vicinity. 

J. Coleman & Co., Eighth street, east of Broadway, plow handle 
manufacturers; steam power; ten hands. They turn out one hun- 
dred and fifty thousand pairs plow handles annually; also, make 
washboard frames; value of product, twenty-four thousand dollars ; 
raw material, 30 per ct. ; nine-tenths of these are sold outside the city. 

Alcohol and Spirits of Wine. — These are articles which, although 
usually considered the same, are materially different. Alcohol is 
whisky, distilled to its highest grade of proof, and is employed in 
the mechanic arts, as the basis of essences and medical tinctures, 
and as a solvent in various manufacturing operations. 

Neutral Spirit, is the same article in point of strength, but di- 
vested, in its manufacture, of all empyreumatic odor and taste. It 
forms the basis of domestic brandies, gins, etc. When abundant 
harvests in the west are likely to depress the price of corn, the 
same motive which prompts the farmer to put his crop into pork, by 
the feeding of it to hogs, suggests, also, its manufacture into 
■whisky; in both cases, a bulky and heavy product, being converted 
into an article of greater value and profit, because more convenient 
for transportation to market. The same principle, carried out, 
induces the conversion of whisky into alcohol, which, condensing 
nearly two barrels into one, saves one-half the expense of trans- 
portation, to various distant markets. 

There are nine manufactories here, of these articles, one of 
w4iich is the largest establishment of the kind in the United States; 
and there are two others, each of whose product is but little less. 
Their aggregate capacity of run, day and night, which they do only 
part of the year, is six hundred and sixty-four barrels per day, or 
over two hundred thousand barrels per annum. The actual pro- 
duct, annually, reaches only to one hundred and ten thousand bar- 
rels, which, at twenty dollars per barrel, is worth two millions two 



246 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

hundred thousand dollars. The alcohol manufacture uses up 
almost half the whisky made or brought to the place. Employ one 
hundred and forty hands ; value of raw material, 85 per cent. 

There are stills running here, of fourteen hundred, twenty-four 
hundred, and twenty-eight hundred gallons capacity. The largest 
operators in this line, are Boyle & Co., Second, between Sycamore 
and Broadway; Lowell Fletcher, corner of Vine and Front, and 
D. W. Oliver, Water, near Vine street. 

Ale and Beer. — Malt liquors are made in Cincinnati, to a 
greater extent than in any other city in the United States. There 
are thirty-six breweries here, in three only of which the principal 
article brewed is ale ; lager beer being mainly, or entirely, the 
product in all the others. This last is manufactured here to an 
extent of not less than eight million gallons annually, two-thirds of 
which is consumed in Cincinnati. There is no German who does 
not use this beverage, and it forms refreshment to one-half of our 
native population, adults of both classes being referred to. In the 
winter, the Irish and low Germans generally drink common beer; 
the high Germans, and Americans who use beer, drink lager exclu- 
sively, at all seasons. Lager beer is driving out the consumption 
of whisky, and the miserable imitations of foreign liquors, so ex- 
tensively drank for years past. 

It is a debatable point whether lager beer will intoxicate, and 
the question came up regularly before the Kings county circuit 
court, at Brooklyn, New York, on a trial there of a charge for sell- 
ing intoxicating liquors, in which defendant made the plea, in de- 
fense, that lager did not intoxicate. A synopsis of the testimony 
on this point, follows: 

"Valentine Eckfeldt swore that he had, on one occasion, drank 
fifteen glasses before breakfast, to give him an appetite. 

" Bernhardt Miller had seen a man drink forty glasses in a short 
time, without being intoxicated. He himself had drunk that num- 
ber of glasses in the space of about one hour. 

"Joseph Siser — who weighs two hundred and twenty-five pounds 
— drank an average of about forty glasses a day. It never hurt 
him any. He had drunk lager since he was six or seven years of 
age, and he was now over fifty." 

Some lager beer glasses were sent for, and exhibited to the jury. 
They held a pint apiece. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 247 

^' James White testified to drinking fifty-two glasses of lager in 
two hours, and a companion drank double the quantity in the same 
time. It had no intoxicating effect upon either of them. 

" Philip Koch testified to drinking a keg of lager on a bet, 
within the space of two hours. The keg contained seven and a 
half gallons, or thirty quarts. He felt comfortable afterward, and 
was not intoxicated. He would frequently drink from sixty to 
to ninety glasses in a day. 

" Nicholas Hahnery testified to seeing a man in Bavaria, drink 
seventy-two glasses between nine and ten o'clock in the morning 
and not get drunk. 

'' Dr. Arming testified to the eff'ect that he saw a man in Ger- 
many, drink one hundred and sixty pint glasses in a sitting of 
three or four hours, and yet not show any appearance of intoxi- 
cation." 

At St. Louis, Mo., on the 2d March last, Frank Lauman, keeper 
of a lager beer saloon in that city, on a wager of twenty-five dol- 
lars, drank one hundred and fifty glasses of lager. By the terms 
of the bet he was allowed from eight a. m. to twelve p. m. of the 
same day, to perform this feat. He swallowed fifty glasses before 
ten o'clock, and by four p. m. he had finished seventy more, being 
eight hours of the alotted time, and leaving him eight more in 
which he might dispatch the remaining thirty at his leisure. 

It is hardly necessary to add any testimony of my own to this, 
but I can say freely, that I am knowing to the fact that Dr. Walcker, 
formerly of the Volksbuhne, drank every day, for a series of years, 
five gallons of lager, which, with a few pretzels, constituted his 
entire sustenance. I learn also, on respectable authority, that 
Professor Kern, of College Hall, drank at that place, six gallons at 
a silting, which, it is true, lasted several hours. Some of these, 
doubtless, are extreme cases, but a gallon to an individual, at con- 
vivial parties, is a common allowance. 

Dr. James R. Chilton, the celebrated chemical analyst of New 
York city, ascertained by the usual tests, that lager contained 
three and three-fourths to four per cent, of alcohol, while in cider 
he had found nine per cent.; claret, thirteen per cent.; sherry 
wine, eighteen per cent.; madeira, twenty per cent., and brandy 
fifty per cent. He says that lager beer will not intoxicate unless 
drank in extraordinary quantities. 

Lager beer can only be made to advantage in the winter season, 



248 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

not only because when the weather is warm there is danger of the 
wort, before cooling thoroughly, going into the acetous fermenta- 
tion, but because it is indispensable that the beer should have 
ample time to ripen in the cellar, before use. It is made, to a liujited 
extent, however, in summer, by the aid of ice, which being dis- 
solved in copper tubes that are passed through the cooler, serves to 
check extreme fermentation. But the lager consumed in summer, 
is generally a winter product, which can be made to last as late as 
through the ensuing November. 

Lager beer is made by what is termed the under fermentation, 
the slow process of which contributes its peculiar flavor, and the 
first quality of lager is made in establishments which do their own 
malting. The best lager has a vinous flavor also, in the early stages 
of fermentation, by which judges readily discover its purity and ex- 
cellence. 

The product of the diff'erent breweries is, in half barrels : 

2,000 6..000 10,000 12,000 14,000 20,000 24,000 

2,000 6,000 10,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 26.000 

5,000 6,000 10,000 12,000 16,000 24,000 32.000 

6,000 7,000 10,000 12,000 20,000 24,000 34,000 

6,000 8,000 12,000 14,000 20,000 24,000 42,000 

five hundred and twenty-four thousand half barrels, one-tenth of 
which is ale ; one-fiftieth common beer, and the residue lager — 
value of product, November to May, ^2^ per barrel; May to No- 
vember, 83; ale, $3; aggregate of value, one million five hundred 
thousand dollars; number of hands, three hundred and fifteen; raw 
material, 75 per cent. 

Schaller & Schifl", southeast corner Canal and Plum streets. This 
is one of the latest, as well as most extensive and complete in 
construction, of these establishments. It is built on the European 
plan, being a quadrangle of 127 by 126 feet, with a court in the 
centre, communicating with the street by a spacious gangway. 
The building has a space, on every side, averaging more than forty 
feet in breadth, and is three stories high above the ground; double 
arched cellars all through the building, and under the adjacent 
sidewalk. 

These cellars hold 400 casks, ranging in capacity from 600 to 
1,250 gallons — the larger share, those of the greater capacity — in 
which the lager is stowed away to ripen for use. 

Almost all the operations, in this brewery, are carried on by 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 249 

steam, even to the hoisting of materials to the second and third 
stories ; the machinery is so arranged and constructed as to transfer, 
at pleasure, the raw material from any one side of the building to 
any other; even the coolers are moved about and emptied by ma- 
chinery. This concern consumes, annually, 60,000 lbs. hops, and 
50,000 bushels barley, which is malted entirely by themselves. 
Schaller & Schiff make lager beer in summer, and for that purpose 
use as much as 200,000 lbs. of ice per month. They export a 
larger proportion of their lager beer than any other establishment 
here ; which is the best testimony of its quality, none but the best 
admitting transportation to advantage. 

It may serve to give some idea of the amount of capital required 
to carry on a first class brewery, to state, that they have never on 
hand less than a value, of iron bound casks, of all kinds, of 
thirty-two thousand dollars, which, as they last not more than eight 
years, on an average, presents an annual expense, in this item 
alone, of four thousand dollars, required to carry on these breweries. 
Schaller &l Schiff make forty-two thousand half barrels lager annu- 
ally, in value, one hundred and ten thousand dollars. 

Animal Charcoal. — One factory; employs fifteen hands, and 
produces to the value of thirty thousand dollars; value of raw ma- 
terial, 10 per cent. 

Artificial Flowers. — Three factories, forty hands, principally fe- 
males ; value of product, twenty-four thousand dollars ; of raw 
material, 40 per cent. 

Awnings, Tents, etc. — Eight shops, which employ sixty-six hands, 
and manufacture a product, in value, of fifty-two thousand dollars ; 
raw material, 50 per cent. 

Bakers. — There are two hundred and twenty bakeries, which 
employ six hundred and fifty-six hands, and manufacture to the 
value of nine hundred and sixty thousand two hundred and eighty 
dollars, in bread, biscuit, etc.; raw material, 60 per cent. 

Philip B. Cloon <fe Co., corner Sycamore and Front. This is an 
old establishment, which, for many years, has supplied steamboats 
and the trade with pilot and loaf bread, soda, Boston, sugar, pic-nic, 
water, and butter crackers, brown bread, milk and yeast, on the 
shortest notice and best terms. They employ twenty-one hands, 
and make to the value of fifty thousand dollars. 

John Bailie, Front, above Ludlow street, has nineteen hands, 
and turns out, annually, forty-eight thousand dollars in value, prin- 



250 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

cipally biscuit and pilot bread. His water crackers, especially, are 
known and appreciated at home and abroad. He works up, weekly, 
one hundred and ten barrels of extra superfine flour. 

Baking Powders. — This is a branch of business introduced here 
within the last eight or ten years, which proposes to furnish a con- 
venient, because portable article, as a substitute for yeast. The 
principal ingredients are carbonate of soda, and cream of tartar. 
The advantages over yeast are various: 

1. As a dry powder, it can be kept in the original paper or cover, 
any required length of time, and in any climate, without loss of 
strength or change of character. 

2. With its aid, bread, biscuit, etc., can be made of better flavor, 
and in less time than with any other materials of the sort, four 
minutes or less being the entire time necessary for preparation for 
baking. 

3. The use of these powders affords a saving of one-third, in 
butter and eggs, while there is an excess in weight of bread, when 
they are used as an ingredient, of 12-|- per cent, over what bread 
raised by yeast affords. 

4. It can be used and kept in climates where yeast corrupts in a 
few hours. 

H. Bishoprick & Co., No. Ill west Fifth street, manufacture this 
article largely — never less than one thousand pounds weekly — and 
sometimes as high as five hundred ])ounds daily being made at their 
factory. The article is put up in papers and cases of various sizes. 
Five hands now make as much as twelve did a few years ago. 

These powders are shipped off' to every business point south and 
west and east — to Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore; 
value of product, twenty-two thousand dollars. There are three 
minor establishments, which increase the amount 100 per cent. 

Band and Hat Boxes and Cases for Ladies'' Shoes, etc. — Six 
factories ; one, working by steam. Employ thirty six hands; value 
of product, forty-two thousand dollars; raw material »50 per cent. 

Bee-Hives. — Edward Townley, Mount Auburn, has been for 
years a successful raiser of bees and producer of honey. He is 
the patentee of a bee-liive, which, after all the various attempts to 
introduce others into this vicinity, appear3 to be the best adapted 
to bees, and their honey product. Ten hives, last spring, have 
this year increased to thirty, in his hands. Has sold six hundred 
dollars v/orth of honey, of this year's product. Hives with bees, 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 251 

are sold by him at from ten to thirty dollars per hive, according to 
quality and condition of the bees. He has repeatedly made two 
hundred dollars from four hives, in a season. 

Bell and Brass Founders and Finishers. — There are ten brass 
founderies and finishers, who do not make bells, and two in which 
bell founding forms the principal business. One of the ten makes 
steam and water gauges, in addition to the brass founding and 
finishing, and two others connect the plating business with their 
other operations. The entire value of product, in all these is — - 
bells, one hundred thousand dollars; raw material, 70 per cent. 
Brass castings, finished, two hundred and twenty-five thousand dol- 
lars ; raw material, 35 per cent; total product, three hundred and 
twenty-five thousand dollars, at an average of 45 per cent, cost 
of materials. 

G. W. Cofiin & Co., of the Buckeye Foundery, Second street 
near Broadway, have made during the past season, four hundred 
and forty-seven bells of all sizes, from a dinner alarm to the largest 
class of churcli bells, which have weighed four thousand and ninety- 
five pounds. The aggregate weight of these bells was forty thou- 
sand and seventy-six pounds. This is the only bell foundery in 
the United States, in which bells are constructed upon purely sci- 
entific principles, and made to conform rigidly to the laws of 
acoustics. 

George L. Hanks, 120 and 122 east Second street, has cast, re- 
cently, for the most part, the chime of bells in St. Peter's Cathe- 
dral, weighing 12,000 lbs.; the city alarm bell, made to replace the 
bell from Troy, N. Y., condemned as unfit for use ; three bells for 
St. Mary's Church, aggregate wt., 6,500 lbs.; three bells for Trin- 
ity Church, wt., 7,000 lbs ; three bells for St. Augustine's Church, 
wt., 3,000 lbs; three bells for St. John's Church, wt., 4,300 lbs.; 
and one bell for St. Joseph's Church, wt., 2,000 lbs. These are 
some of the largest bells cast for city use. He has sent oft' to the 
south nearly five hundred bells per annum, of various sizes and 
for various cities, and is now manufacturing a bell of 2,800 lbs. 
for city, and another of 3,000 lbs. for Dayton, Ohio. Mr. Hanks 
manufactures, also, brass and composition castings extensively. 

\Vm. Kirkup & Son, No. 250 east Front street, opposite Little 
Miami Railroad depot, make steam and water gauges, locomotive 
spring balances, and signal bells, manufacture all kinds of copper, 



252 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

brass, zinc, and composition castings. Finished brass work of all 
kinds constantly on hand. 

They work twelve hands, and turn out a product of twenty thou- 
sand dollars. They supply steam and water gauges to steamboats 
and railroad engines throughout the west. 

John Ruthven, No. 216 west Second street, between Plum and 
Western Row, manufactures all kinds of brass work in general use— 
for steam or gas purposes — keeps a large stock of gas cocks, of all 
sizes, on hand, with which he supplies the principal cities of the 
south and west. Brass castings made to order. Employs six 
hands, with a product of twelve thousand dollars; raw material, 50 
per cent. Supplies service and metre cocks to the whole south 
and west. 

Wm. Powell & Co., Union Brass Works, make every variety of 
brass and silver plated cocks, for plumbers' use; also, brass work 
for engine builders, distilleries, and breweries, such as stop cocks, 
still cocks, oil globes, gauge and cylinder cocks, etc. 

Particular attention is paid to the manufacture of all such goods 
as are used by plumbers; and in this branch of manufacture tlie 
Union Brass Works of Cincinnati, is among the most extensive in 
the United States. 

Powell <fc Co. are patentees and manufacturers of the elastic 
plug faucet, adapted to either cold or hot water, and which frost 
will not injure. They have been patented within six months past, 
are rapidly superseding all others, and will be put up throughout 
the new Masonic temple, and other public and private buildings 
now in process of erection, or to be built. One great feature of 
this article is its facility of being taken to pieces at once and put 
together again, without cutting it off the pipe, in case of any ac- 
cidental injury occurring to the faucet. 

James Hume, Lodge, between Sixth and Seventh streets, works 
twelve hands, and manufactures to the value of twenty-five thou- 
sand dollars, annually, of every variety of articles used by plumb- 
ers, gas fitters, coppersmiths, and machinists ; raw material, 50 per 
cent. Old metal bought. 

Clinton Robson &. Co., brass founders. No. 154 Front, between 
Pike and Butler streets, manufacture stop cocks, bibb cocks, flange 
cocks, valve cocks, gauge cocks, cylinder cocks, oil cups, oil cocks, 
oil globes, couplings, poppet valves, hinge valves, slide valves, 
vacuum valves, steam shifter, steam whistles, spelter solder, bab- 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 253 

bilt metal, brass pumps. Particular attention paid to distillery 
work, steamboat jobbing, etc. Brass and composition castings. 
Cash paid for old copper and brass. Work ten hands ; value of 
product, twenty thousand dollars ; raw material, 75 per cent. 

Firtii & McLean, brass founders and finisbing shop. No. 29 Con- 
gress street, between Broadway and Ludlow, manufacture T. Firth's 
patent journal box metal, for railroad and rolling mill journals, and 
for bearings of all descriptions. Also, finished brass work of all 
kinds always on hand ; such as stop, bibb, and valve cocks, coup- 
lings, etc.; also, all kinds of distillery work and composition cast- 
ings made to order. 

Smith, Fuller «S^ Co., at the Niles' Works, east Front street, are 
engaged extensively in the manufacture of the patent elastic plug 
faucet, an invention of Mr. Fuller, a member of the firm, and a re- 
markable article, which, as it becomes generally known, must 
supersede all others now in use. 

Its advantages are: 

1. The simplicity of its principle and construction, which pro- 
tects it from getting out of repair by use, and renders it easily re- 
paired, when injured by accident. 

2. Its durability, secured by the action of an elastic valve, which 
obviates all friction. 

S. The impossibility, owing to its construction, of its ever leak- 
ing; and, 

4. Its price, w^hich, being as low as the best of the old-fash- 
ioned faucets, renders it much cheaper, taking into account the 
advantages just referred to. 

Those who have experienced great disadvantage or loss in the 
stoppage of their business by leakage or filling up of sand or mud 
in faucets heretofore, can appreciate the superiority of this article. 
These elastic plug faucets have been thoroughly tested in both hot 
and cold water, by the fourteen months they have been in use. 

They are made for a variety of purposes, and of every pattern — 
some of them quite ornamental, both brass and plated. This firm 
have received silver medals at the late exhibition of the Maryland 
Institute, Baltimore, and Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, and at 
the sixteenth exhibition of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, Cincin- 
nati. 

Bellov^s. — Three small factories, which supply this market for 
home and foreign demand, with blacksmiths' bellows. They em- 



254 MANUFA.;jrTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

ploy nine hands ; value of product, twenty thousand dollars; raw 
material, 75 per cent. 

Belting. — Two establishments ; eighteen hands ; yearly product, 
ninety-six thousand dollars. 

James Thompson, No. 181 east Front street, manufactures, an- 
nually, seventy-five thousand dollars worth of belting ; employs 
twelve hands ; raw material, 75 per cent. Thompson uses the best 
of oak-tanned leather, from the tannery of A. M. Taylor & Co., of 
this city, which, for adaptedness to belts, by reason of its pliability 
and evenness, he considers superior to any he can get in other 
markets. His belting is thoroughly stretched, and well cemented 
and riveted. 

Jeffery Seymour, No. 108 Main street, for many years a manu- 
facturer here of belting and hose, keeps for sale belting and hy- 
drant, engine and steam engine hose, made of vulcanized gutta 
percha, in every variety, of the best quality. These articles are 
made by the United States Vulcanized Gutta Percha Belting and 
Packing Company, of New York, for which Mr. S. is agent for the 
West. 

In its crude state, gutta percha has no resemblance whatever to 
india rubber, nor are its chemical or mechanical properties the 
same, nor does the tree from which it is taken belong to the same 
family of trees, or grow in the same soil ; yet, from the fact that it 
can be dissolved and wrought into water-proof wares, many, not 
informed on the subject, have inclined to the belief that the two 
materials are identical, or very nearly the same. But nothing could 
be more erroneous, as may be seen by the following comparisons: 

India rubber, or caoutchouc, is produced from a milk-white sap, 
taken chiefly from the Siphonia Cahuchu tree, afterward coagulated, 
and the whey pressed out or dried oft' by heat; the residue is the 
india rubber of commerce. 

Gutta percha is produced from the Isonandra or Gutta tree ; is 
of a brownish color, and when exposed to air soon solidifies, and 
forms the gutta percha of commerce. 

India rubber of commerce is of a soft, gummy nature, not very 
tenacious and astonishingly elastic. 

Gutta percha of commerce is a fibrous material, much resembling 
the inner coating of white-oak bark, is extremely tenacious, and 
without elasticity or much flexibility. 

India rubber, when once reduced to a liquid state by heat, ap- 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 255 

pears like tar, and is unfit for further manufacture until subjected 
to artificial changes. 

Gutta percha may be melted and cooled any number of times 
without injury, for future manufacture. 

India rubber, by coming in contact with oil, or other fatty sub- 
stances, is soon decomposed and ruined for future use. 

Gutta percha is not injured by coming in contact with oil or other 
fatty substances — in fact, one good use of it is for oil cans. 

India rubber is soon ruined for future use, if brought in contact 
with sulphuric, muriatic, and other acids. 

Gutta percha resists the action of sulphuric, muriatic, and nearly 
all other acids — in fact, one great use of it is for acid vats, etc., 
and other vessels for holding acids. 

India rubber is a conductor of heat, cold, and electricity. 

Gutta percha is a non-conductor of electricity, as well as of heat 
and cold. 

India rubber, in its crude state, when exposed to the action of 
boiling water, increases in bulk, does not lose its elastic properties, 
and cannot be molded. 

Gutta percha, in its crude state, when exposed to the action of 
boiling water, contracts and becomes soft like dough or paste, and 
may then be molded to any shape, which shape it will retain when 
cool. 

India rubber is not a perfect repellant of water, but is more or 
less absorbent, according to quality. 

Gutta percha has an exceedingly fine grain, and its oily property 
makes it a perfect repellant of liquids. 

The foregoing comparative properties show conclusively, that 
India rubber and gutta percha are chemically and mechanically, as 
well as commercially, very different. 

Billiard Tables. — There are two of these, both, comparatively, 
recent establishments; value of manufacture, three hundred and 
forty-two thousand dollars ; employ one hundred and twenty-five 
hands; value of raw material, 80 per cent. 

Holzhalb & Balke, northeast corner Main and Eighth streets, 
manufacture annually, six hundred of tliese tables. The frame- 
work is mahogany and rosewood, and the tops wood, slab, or mar- 
ble. Price, from two hundred and twenty, to four hundred and 
twenty-five dollars. Employ fifty hands. They arc agents, for the 
Western States,forM.M,Phelan's patent combination cushions. 



256 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

J. M. Brunswick & Brothers, salesrooms and warehouse, No. 8 
west Sixth street, manufacture annually, to the value of two hun- 
dred thousand dollars, of these tables. They work seventy-five 
hands, and furnish equipments of every article in this line. Their 
tables are of the first quality and finish. 

Blacking Paste, — Three factories; one on a large scale. Value 
of product thirty-six thousand dollars; twenty-four hands; raw 
material, 50 per cent. 

Blacksmithing . — One hundred and twenty-five shops ; three hun- 
dred and forty-five hands ; value of product, three hundred ninety- 
seven thousand two hundred dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Blinds, Venetian. — Seven shops, mostly on a small scale. They 
employ forty-five hands ; product, sixty thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 70 per cent. 

S. B. Coombs, successor to J. McCord, No. 236 Vine street, 
makes Venetian blinds of every variety of size and pattern. Also, 
window shades, buff-lines, and cambric curtain goods, wholesale 
and retail ; works six hands, and makes blinds to the value of six 
thousand dollars, annually. 

W. H. Hesseler, successor to Henry Read, No. 147 Sycamore, 
between Fourth and Fifth streets, west side, makes to order, as 
well as keeps for sale, Venetian blinds of every description. Old 
blinds re-painted and re-trimmed, as may be required. Works ten 
hands; product, ten thousand dollars per annum. 

W. W. Carpenter & Co., Phoenix Blind and Window Shade Fac- 
tory, No. 82 Sixth, near Vine street, manufacture Venetian blinds, 
of walnut, cedar, oak, and curled maple, with carved and gilded 
cornices, of various patterns and colors. Old blinds repaired and 
re-trimmed. Window shades of velvet, gold, and plain borders, 
landscapes, flowers, bouquets, etc. Church, store, and office 
shades; lettering, and designs for societies, emblematic and appro- 
priate. Employ nine hands, and manufacture a value of ten thou- 
sand dollars. 

Blocks, Spars, and Pumps. — Five shops, twenty hands; manu- 
facture a value of twenty-five thousand dollars; raw material, 60 
per cent. 

Boilers, Steam-engine. — There are ten boiler yards, employing 
eighty hands; value of product, three hundred and sixty-three 
thousand dollars, inclusive of repairing operations; raw material, 
70 per cent. 



BIANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 267 

Washington McLean & Co., on Congress, east of Ludlow street, 
employ twenty hands, and manufacture and repair to the value of 
fifty-two thousand dollars. 

Bolts. — For fastening and securing carriage, coach, pump, 
bridge, plow, water tank, joint, and machine work. Two work- 
shops; employ sixty hands, and manufacture a value of sixty-five 
thousand dollars in this line ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Bookbinding. — Tliirty establishments, with three hundred and 
eighty hands. Of these binderies, a portion is connected with 
booksellers and stationers, in the blank book and pamphlet and job 
line — others again execute merely job work. Of these binderies 
several are branches of publishing houses and printing offices, of 
whose general business operations they form part, which makes it 
difficult properly to classify products in bookbinding establishments. 
The value of publishers' bindery work is, therefore, not included in 
this article, but will enter into the department of publications. The 
value of work strictly in this line, is three hundred and twenty-six 
thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

The paper used in bookbinding here, is made extensively in this 
vicinity. This applies as well to the blank book, as to its covers. 
And here it may be in place to correct a mistaken opinion, exten- 
sively prevalent, as to the superiority of linen as a basis of paper 
manufacture. As cotton itself is a modern product, comparatively, 
so the introduction of cotton rags, into the manufacture of paper, 
has been mainly of recent date. Linen rags alone, make a harsh, 
rough surface. Cotton rags, by themselves, do not possess the 
degree of firmness and tenacity desirable. A combination of the 
two, retaining the softness of cotton and the durability of the linen, 
has been ascertained to be best adapted to the purpose. All that 
is necessary beside, is seasoning, which is not more important for 
lumber than for paper, in the production of a first-rate article. 

Another prejudice, on the subject of bookbinding, is the popular 
notion that sheep leather, as a material for covers, is inferior to 
calf. 

Calf leather is almost always split, which impairs alike its natu- 
ral strength and its beauty, while the tanning of sheep-skins has 
been brought to such perfection, as to render it the best material 
in the world for book covers. 

Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co., No. 25 west Fourth street, bind 
extensively for their own printing and publishing departments, 



258 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

executing in the best manner, all varieties of work, from the plain- 
est Styles to the finest, in antique or Turkey morocco. They are, 
also, probably the heaviest manufacturers of blank books, having 
more extended facilities in single and double ruling and paging 
machines. 

Their binding department occupies three large rooms, thirty- four 
by one hundred feet, heated by steam: much of the machinery is 
driven by the same power. Sixty to seventy-five hands are em- 
ployed, and the product amounts, in value, to about seventy-five 
thousand dollars. A large stock of blank work, for the supply of 
dealers, county officers, etc., is kept constantly on hand. 

The rapid development of our inland commerce by railway and 
river, as well as the accelerated growth of mercantile and manu- 
facturing establishments, must necessarily create a demand for 
more intricate forms, and much larger quantities of account and 
record books tlian heretofore. 

E. Morgan & Co., No. Ill Main street, employ eighty hands, 
men, girls, and boys. Yearly product, forty-five thousand dollars ; 
raw material, 50 per cent. 

The present volume, which has been bound at their bindery, is 
a fair proof that they can execute binding as well as their profes- 
sional brethren in New York and Philadelphia. 

W. B. Smith & Co., No. 137 Walnut street, keep fifteen hands 
on blank book work, of which they turn out a value of fifty thou- 
sand dollars. Their most important binding operations are school 
books, which they issue to a greater extent than any other book 
establishment in the United States. 

Anderson, Gates & Wright, No. 112 Main street, bind blank 
books principally, and supply county records extensively; employ 
fifteen hands; value of product, twenty-five thousand dollars. 

J. C. & W. L. Tumy, No. 43 Main street, employ forty-five hands, 
men and boys. Bind for Applegate & Co., principally blank books, 
etc., to the value of thirty-five thousand dollars; raw material, 75 
per cent, on blank books; in other binding, 35 per cent. 

The general stationery and printing and binding house of C. F. 
Bradley & Co., on Main street, just below Fourth, has been estab- 
lished now for some six or eight years, and is well known to the 
public. In the printing department, which gives constant employ- 
ment to six job presses and fifteen hands, is carried on every va- 
riety of miscellaneous job printing; and as fine work, of this 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 259 

character, has been executed at this establishment, as at any other 
place in the city. Tiie binding and ruling department, which 
adjoins the printing rooms, is under the superintendence of Mr. 
W. P. Smith, and employs steadily about twenty-five hands ; among 
whom are to be found some of the most experienced and capable 
workmen connected with this branch of trade. The business of 
this extensive and well-provided house, in these mechanical de- 
partments, is confined chiefly to job work, especially of the kinds 
required by railroad and insurance companies, manufacturing, and 
other business corporations, and the general mercantile transactions 
of the city; including the manufacturing of blank books, to which 
branch of the business particular attention is paid. In these three 
departments, the product reaches a value of sixty thousand dollars. 

Boots and Shoes. — Of these, there are every variety made in 
Cincinnati ; fine and coarse work for foreign markets, and custom 
work for home consumption. The purchases of oui- own citizens 
alone, annually, reach seven hundred and fifty thousand pairs of 
boots and shoes; worth more than two millions seven hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars. Two-thirds of these, at least, are made 
here, wholesale, or at custom shops. There are four hundred and 
seventy-four boot and shoemakers, with twenty-seven hundred and 
forty-five hands, and a product of seventeen hundred and fifty thou- 
sand four hundred and fifty dollars; value of raw material, 50 per 
cent., as an average. 

When the statistics in this line, of the census of 1840, for Cin- 
cinnati were taken, although the value of the leather annually manu- 
factured in the place was three hundred, and thirty-five thousand 
dollars, yet, at that period, the entire consumption of leather here, 
was by custom-work boot and shoemakers, and the amount of raw 
material beyond that demand, was exported east, whence it came 
back, to a great extent, worked up into the cheaper qualities of 
ready-made boots and shoes. 

Since that date, a beginning and successful progress has been 
made in changing this course of things, by various business houses, 
who have entered the field as wholesale boot and shoe manufac- 
turers. 

Of these, the principal are Charles Hendley, southeast corner 

Second and Sycamore streets, who makes men's boots and shoes 

only ; Wm. H. King, and W. G. Rogers, on Pearl street, and Mark 

Tennison, on Western Row, who make men's and women's wear, 

22 



260 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

and E. G. Webster, No. 63 west Pearl street, and John H. Deters, 
southwest corner of Walnut and Fourth streets. 

Webster & Co. is a large wholesale jobbing house in the boot 
and shoe line, and the only one in Cincinnati who manufactures 
here to any extent. They work one hundred hands — fifty men and 
as many women — and produce over seventy-five thousand pairs 
women's, misses', and children's boots and shoes annually; value, 
forty thousand dollars. They are also extensive dealers in eastern 
boots and shoes, for men's wear, their sales, in this last department, 
reaching one hundred and fifty thousand dollars yearly. 

J. H. Deters, warehouse, in Carlisle's building, corner Fourth and 
Walnut, makes every description of boots and shoes — is exclusively 
a manufacturer, and sells his own products, wholesale and by retail ; 
employs one hundred and fifty hands, and produces, annually, a 
value of one hundred and thirty thousand dollars. 

Box Factories. — There are six packing-box factories, which 
employ seventy-five hands ; value of product, two hundred and ten 
thousand dollars ; of raw material, 40 per cent. 

J. & J. M.Johnston, 21 9 and 221 west Third street, make pack- 
ing-boxes, bath tubs, and refrigerators ; employ forty-five hands, and 
produce to the value of one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. 
They make, annually, three hundred thousand boxes, of every size 
and description, and work up two millions five hundred thousand 
feet of boards as material. 

Brands, Stamps, Stencil Cutting, etc. — Ten shops ; thirty hands; 
p.roduct, twenty-two thousand dollars ; raw material, 10 per cent. 

John Stanton, No. 139 west Fifth street, west of Race, cuts steel" 
alphabets and figures of all sizes and patterns ; stenographic char- 
acters, etc. Also, railroad, steamboat, and hotel baggage checks, 
which can be ordered by mail and will be forwarded by express to 
any part of the country. Four hands, yearly, produce four thou- 
sand dollars. 

Bricklayers and Plasterers. — Two hundred and ninety brick- 
layers, and forty plasterers — master workmen. Eleven hundred 
and twelve hands ; labor value, six hundred and forty thousand 
seven hundred dollars ; raw material, 10 per cent. 

Briclyards. — Sixty brickmakers ; employ five hundred hands ; 
value of product, two hundred and eighty-five thousand dollars; 
raw material — clay and fuel — 45 per cent. 

Brooms. — Two shops, one small. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL TRODUCTS. 2G I 

Conklin & Bacon, corner Front and Walnut streets, manufactu- 
rers of brooms, and dealers in produce and broom corn, work 
twenty-five hands ; product, in brooms, twenty-five thousand dollars ; 
raw material, 60 per cent. 

The broom corn is raised throughout the west, and supplies 
reach this market from points as far off as western Illinois. It 
varies, in price, according to quality or scarcity, fwm sixty to one 
imndred dollars per ton. Average crop is two-thirds of a ton to 
the acre. They make three hundred and fifty dozen per week, 
which range, in price, from one dollar and a quarter, to three 
dollars per dozen. Their handles are supplied from the valley of 
the Kanawha, Virginia. The West is the principal market for the 
article. The largest share of the brooms is made at various points, 
contiguous to where the broom corn grows, in many cases upon 
the farms themselves. 

Bristle Dressing and Curled Hair Manvfacture. — In the list of 
a variety of operations here insignificant in their details, but of 
some importance in the aggregate, may be included the business 
of bristle dressing, or preparing the bristle and hair of our great 
staple, the hog, for eastern markets. This is carried on, in this 
place, at two establishments, Whittaker and Bullock's, and gives 
occupation to one hundred and fifty hands, whose labors it engages 
during a part of the year, affording higher wages, or rather, netting 
to the laborer more profits than almost any other journeyman em- 
ployment in Cincinnati. These bristles are sent to our eastern 
cities, where they are assorted for various uses. 

These firms have prepared for market, this season, the supplies, 
in these articles, which have been yielded by the three hundred 
and sixty-five thousand hogs sold this year in this 'city. Each hog 
yields three-quarters to one pound of bristles ; value of bristles and 
hair, one hundred and forty thousand dollars. This is six-fold the 
value of sales in 1840, and three-fold that of sales in 1850. 

This appears a small business, but it becomes of interest for 
several reasons. It is, in the first place, a fair specimen of a vari- 
ety of petty operations here, whose aggregate of value, in export, 
is more than three millions of dollars, but whose importance is 
further enhanced by the fact, that nearly the entire value is con- 
ferred on it by labor. — -In this particular employment, as in the 
manufacture of hoofs, refuse bones, etc., of hogs, an advantage is 
afforded to this city which has built it up into the great hog market 



262 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

of the west. — The manufacture for foreign consumption of bristles 
and prussiate of potash and other articles made of hog offal, enables 
the pork-packer to give seven to ten per cent, more for hogs here, 
than is given elsewhere at points where the purchaser is not pre- 
pared to save or use up these materials. 

Britannia Ware. — Two factories; product, one hundred thou- 
sand dollars; employ forty hands; raw material, 40 per cent. 

II. Homan & Co., manufacturers of britannia ware, and Willis 
Humiston's patent candle mould machine, dealers in block tin, 
antimony, and tinners' solder. No. 11 east Seventh street, between 
Main and Sycamore, north side, Cincinnati, O. Candle moulds 
made to order. Homan & Co. employ twenty-eight hands; 
value of their products eighty-five thousand dollars. 

Brushes. — Of these there are fifteen factories, all small, but one 
or two; aggregate product one hundred and twenty five thousand 
dollars ; employ eighty-five hands; raw material 40 per cent. 

W. D. Mintzer, south east corner of Walnut and Fifth streets, 
works sixty hands, men and boys, with a product of one hundred 
thousand dollars. Manufactures patent paint brushes and sash 
tools, coach varnishing and nailed white-wash brushes, street- 
cleanincr brooms, whicii are made of sea weed from the South Sea 
Islands, etc. 

Most of his brushes for fine work are imported. Mintzer claims, 
by a process peculiar to himself, to straighten out bristles so that 
they never curl, but preserve a chisel edge to the last. 

Building Materials. — S. C. Salisbury, No. 6 B.urnet House 
Buildings, has invented a machine which he terms the building 
and architectural reformer, which he considers destined to pro- 
duce a great revolution in architectural designs as well as to add 
great density and durability to building materials. Clay is taken 
direct from the bank in its crude damp state, and without any pre- 
paration is thrown into the hopper of this machine, where it passes 
through a series of kneading and working until every particle 
becomes thoroughly mixed and the fibres united together like 
those of wax or putty; and as fast as it becomes so prepared, is 
constantly being forced along through the forming dies, where it 
is forced and pressed into all the various shapes, such as brick- 
pipe of all kinds, cornices, grooved and matched blocks, etc., 
under a revolving forcing pressure of upward of two hundred tuns 
per square inch. All that has to be done to produce any of the 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL TRODUCTS. 263 

various articles, is merely changing the dies. And with slight 
alterations in construction, the same machine will manufacture lead 
or gutta percha pipe at one-half the present cost, by any machine 
ever put in practical use, and much more accurately than has ever 
been yet done, as a perfect even density is obtained in whatever 
is produced; which is one of the greatest advantages it has over 
all former attempts at building materials, and a composition is thus 
obtained that will render these unburnt building blocks perfectly 
impervious to our dampness or water, and which is almost equal 
to stone in its density, and bears nearly the pressure of stone. 
This community has long needed cheap sewerage and drainage 
pipe, and this machine will be the means of a general introduc- 
tion of such articles. It works all kinds of clay as well as all 
other plastic materials; yet the tougher the clay the better the 
finish and perfection of its product. 

Bungs and Plugs. — One factory; works two machines, driven 
by steam power. The plugs are punched out at the rate of six 
thousand per hour, and the bungs can be turned, by adjusting the 
machine, to any requisite size. Sales, annually, seven hundred 
barrels; value of six thousand dollars. A large proportion is sent 
east ; raw material, 30 per cent. 

Burning Fluid. — This is a combination of whisky, or rather, 
alcohol and camphene, which is a re-distillation of spirits of turpen- 
tine, and is the cheapest material of artificial light. Much preju- 
dice exists, in the minds of many, against using this article, on 
account of the many casualties resulting from its use. All these 
are, however, from ignorance or carelessness in pouring the fluid 
into lamps, the wicks of which are lighted. Fluid oil lamps ought 
invariably to be filled up in the morning, when they are put away 
after previous use, and with this precaution no accident can take 
place. Three establishments, employing twenty hands, and pro- 
ducing a value of one hundred and ninety-five thousand dollars; 
raw material, 50 per cent. It is the estimate of persons qualified 
to judge, that the amount of whisky affording a material for light, 
is greater than that consumed as a beverage. 

E. P. Starr, No. 165 Walnut street, is extensively engaged in 
the manufacture and sale not only of burning fluid, but of phosgene 
and burning fluid lamps of every variety in pattern and size. Mr. 
S. was the pioneer here, in the product of burning fluid, having 



264 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

been in this line of business for the past ten years. His manufaC" 
tory is on Second, west of Plum street. 

Butchers. — Two hundred and ten, who occupy six market houses, 
beside one hundred and ninety more who keep meat shops. Eleven 
hundred hands. The value of pork, beef, mutton, etc., cut up and 
sold to families, public houses, steamboats, and delivered in the 
vicinity of the city, reaches four millions three hundred and seventy 
thousand dollars ; raw material, 80 per cent. 

One hundred and seventy-five head of cattle alone, are slaugh- 
tered daily for this market. 

Candles. — Star, adamantine, opal, tallow — lard oil, red and tallow 
oil, soap, glycerine, etc. There are twenty-five manufactories 
here, in which one or more of these articles is made, and mostly 
on a large scale. Three of the entire number make glycerine, and 
as many more tallow, oil, and fancy soaps. Eight manufacture tal- 
low candles, and seven oleine, palm oil, soda, and German soap. 
Eleven are engaged making red oil, and the same number tallow 
candles. Thirteen make star, adamantine, or opal candles, and 
nineteen produce lard oil. 

This aggregate forms our heaviest manufacturing department, 
except that of clothing, which it, however, exceeds in importance, 
the raw material, in these articles, being entirely of home growth. 

Lard, as is well known, is separated, by compression, into oil 
and stearin. Stearin, when saponified and pressed, yields red 
oil, and the residue, which is stearic acid, is the material for star 
and adamantine candles. The compression of tallow, yields tallow 
oil, which enters largely into the composition of fancy soaps, and 
is entirely consumed in that manufacture. The tallow, thus di- 
vested of oil, becomes the material of which summer candles are 
made. Red oil, with soda ash, and rosin, forms the ordinary soap; 
oleine and soda, German, etc. Glycerine is made from the waste 
of lard, or residuum left of that article in these various manufactur- 
ing processes. It is an article of recent application to general 
purposes, having been known and used to but a limited extent for 
years past, owing to the expensive materials and processes em- 
ployed heretofore in its manufacture. But modern chemistry, the 
great necromancer of the age, has brought this valuable substance 
to light, from hitherto hidden recesses, and converted the dregs 
and discolorations of the lard kettles into a transparent syrup, 
equally delightful to the eye and to the taste, and by increasing 



MANUFACTUKES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 265 

the product, and diminishing the expense of its manufacture, gly- 
cerine will now become a substitute for many articles which it 
supersedes to advantage. 

It is already prescribed by the faculty in place of cod liver oil, 
being equally serviceable and far more palatable, for invalids of 
consumptive habits. It proves a valuable aid in surgical practice, 
and in the treatment of wounds ; is applicable to the relief of burns, 
rheumatism, sore throat, and ear diseases. It is also the best re- 
medy known for chapping of the lips or of the hands. 

It is superior to molasses, in making up printers' rollers, which 
it keeps constantly flexible and yielding, and when incorporated 
with the material of printing paper, it obviates the wetting down 
process, and renders the paper soft and pliable for immediate use, 
at any future time. 

It is an excellent ingredient in paste blacking, and a valuable 
adjunct to copying-ink. Most of its applicability to these purposes, 
consists in its properties of resisting the drying influence of the 
atmosphere, by which it is less aflected than any other known sub- 
stance. In fact, there seems to be no more limit to the variety of 
its uses, than in those of gutta percha. 

Hitherto, we have been depending upon London druggists for 
this valuable article, for which so high a price has been demanded, 
that it could not be retailed in the United States for less than one 
dollar and fifty cents per pound. It can now be supplied to the 
consumer at half that price, and as we obtain glycerine from lard, 
while the foreign article is extracted from palm oil, the home arti- 
cle excels the imported in the degree that animal extracts are 
stronger than the corresponding vegetable article. 

If it should be asked, after all, what is glycerine, the reply may 
be made — it is the saccharine principle in oil — in pure English — 
the sugar of fat. 

It is but a few years since that wood ashes were extensively 
bought for soap making; at present, they are worth nothing, for 
that purpose, being superseded entirely by soda ash. 

The largest share of our lard and tallow reaches here from va- 
rious points south and west, and as long as these two products find, 
as they now do, their best market here, it becomes of little impor- 
tance to us that we should maintain our ascendency in the meat 
department of the hog and beef market. 



88, - 


- 81,936,000 


5i, - 


352,000 


4, - 


630,000 


- 


76,000 


36, - 


- 2,520,000 


29, 


- 81,000 


22, - 


308,000 


- 


- 212,500 



2G6 MA^'UFACTUKES AND INDUSTKIAL TRODUCTS. 

The value of products, in this line, is: 

242,000 boxes star candles, at 

64,000 " tallow " 
157,500 " soad, 
Fancy toilet and shaving soap, 

70,000 bbls. lard oil, at 

3,000 " tallow oil, at 

14,000 ''' red oil, at 

Glycerine, - - - - 

$6,114,500 

These products, which, it will be seen, do not include our pork 
and beef preparations, exceed in value the entire hog and beef 
product of 1851 ; raw material, 75 per cent. 

Proctor &L Gamble, factory. No. 830 and 832 Western Row, 
warehouse, 24 west Second street, are probably engaged more ex- 
tensively in manufacturing operations, than any other establish- 
ment in our city. They consume seven hundred barrels rosin, 
and three hundred tons soda ash; ten thousand carboys — or six 
hundred thousand pounds — sulphuric acid ; one hundred and fif- 
teen thousand pounds candle-wick, and thirty thousand barrels, of^ 
two hundred and fifty pounds each — or seven million five hundred 
thousand pounds — lard, annually, in their various products. 

Their sales have largely exceeded one million dollars yearly ; 
and in consequence of the high price of the great staple, lard, will 
this year, doubtless, reach much higher figures than heretofore. 
They employ eighty hands, in the various departments of their 
business. 

Peebles & Brother, No. 179 and 184 west Canal street, between 
Elm and Plum, manufacture lard oil, red and tallow oils, star, opal, 
stearin, and tallow candles and soap. This firm are the sole 
manufacturers, in this city, of opal candles. They employ twenty- 
seven hands, with a yearly product in value, of three articles, of 
one hundred and ninety-five thousand dollars ; raw material, 80 
per cent. 

The opal candle is produced from lard stearin, and is a hand- 
somer, and at the same time, a lower-priced article than the star 
candle ; requires thrice the time to prepare it for market, and the 
yield of lard for opal, is much less than to star candles. Most 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 267 

candlemakers, therefore, direct their operations to the last named 
article, in preference. 

An opal candle is so transparent, when newly made and held up 
to the light, as to exhibit the wick in the centre as distinctly as if 
it were passed through a glass tube. If it had the property, like 
sperm or star candles, of consuming its own snuff, it would be the 
most popular of all candles. As it is, there is a ready demand for 
all that this firm are prepared to make. 

It haS been already stated that lard, by pressure, separates into 
lard oil and stearin. The stearin, under Peeble & Bro.'s process, 
yields opal candles and slush stearin — which last, saponified by 
lime and decomposed by sulphuric acid, produces star candles, red 
oil and glycerine. The red oil is the basis of the ordinary soaps. 
One million pounds lard, and three hundred thousand pounds of 
stearin added thereto, produce — five hundred thousand pounds of 
lard oil ; three hundred thousand pounds opal candles ; two hun- 
dred thousand pounds star candles, and three hundred thousand 
pounds of soap. The loss and waste of lard, in this manufacture, 
being equal in weight to the soda ash which enters into the soap — 
so that product and raw material are alike, in point of weight. 

F. W. Meyer <fe Co., at the Buckeye Lard Oil Works, No. 15 
Buckeye street, manufacture lard oil and star candles — Office, No. 
31 Main street, employ thirty-five hands in their factory, produce 
six thousand barrels lard oil, and twenty-five thousand five hundred 
boxes star candles annually. Value of products, four hundred and 
fifty-eight thousand two hundred and fifty dollars. 

Candy Factories — Of which there are thirteen, several of which 
are on a small scale. They employ one hundred and thirty-two 
hands, and make confectioneries and candies to the value of two hun- 
dred and sixty-two thousand dollars ; raw material, 60 per cent. 

E. Myers &. Co., No. 52 Main street, consumed last year, sugar 
to the value of fifteen thousand one hundred and fifty dollars. 
Employ six men, seven boys, seventeen girfs, and produces a 
value of thirty-six thousand dollars. 

Myers & Co., No. 40 Main street, employ twenty-four hands ; 
product, fifty thousand dollars. 

These two establishments are owned by the sons of John Myers, 
the oldest confectioner in this city, who has retired from business, 
and resides in the country. 



268 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Cap and Hat Body Factories. — Of the latter there are two, who 
furnish bodies for the cheap hats finished up in cap factories. 
They make a value of twenty thousand dollars. Of these cap 
manufacturers there are seven, all wholesale. They produce a 
value of one hundred and twenty thousand dollars, and employ one 
hundred and sixty hands ; raw material 50 per cent. 

Carpenters and Builders. — Three hundred and ten shops. Em- 
ploy two thousand four hundred and twenty-four hands. Value of 
products, two millions seven hundred and sixty thousand dollars ; 
raw material, 6 per cent. 

Carpet Weavers — Fifteen shops, seventy hands ; seventy-five 
thousand dollars product ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Carpenters'* Tools. — Charles G. Siewers, cabinet, joiner and 
mechanics' saw and tool factory. Eighth street, east of Broadway, 
manufactures and keeps constantly for sale, try squares, slide bev- 
els, mortice guages, spirit levels, billet, web, buck, coopers'", butch- 
ers', machine, felloe and turners' saws, coach tools, etc. Employs 
ten hands, and manufactures to the value of eight thousand 
dollars annually. 

Carriages, Buggies, Omnibuses, Spring Wagons, etc. — Thirty- 
two factories, four hundred and fifty hands. Value of product, 
four hundred and sixty thousand dollars ; raw material, 70 per 
cent. 

I. & B. Bruce, salesrooms south-east corner of Third and Vine 
street ; factory at the intersection of Second and Elm, and occu- 
pying a front on both streets ; manufacture every variety of 
wheeled vehicles, including carriages, buggies, barouches, omni- 
buses, hose reels and spring wagons. They employ ninety to one 
hundred hands, with a product of one hundred thousand dollars. 
This firm carries on the largest manufacturing and repairing busi- 
ness in this line in Cincinnati. 

B. R. Stevens, No. 56 and 57 Fifth street, between Sycamore 
and Broadway, south side ; coach and carriage maker, keeps con- 
stantly on hand a large assortment of carriages of his own manu- 
facture, which he will warrant and sell low for cash. Orders re- 
ceived for all kinds of carriages, and promptly executed. Also, 
repairing done on the shortest notice, and at the most reasonable 
rates. Employs thirty-five hands, and manufactures and repairs to 
the annual value of forty thousand dollars. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 269 

Carvers — Wood. — Four shops, twenty hands; value of product, 
thirty thousand dollars ; raw material, 5 per cent. 

Henry L. Fry, architectural carver and designer, north-west cor- 
ner Sixth and Western Row, executes Corinthian, Ionic and other 
capitals, brackets and every kind of ornament furnished in wood, 
iron, etc. Ornamental pattern work designed and made in supe- 
rior style. All the fine and elaborate carving in our best buildings, 
public and private, has been executed by Mr. Fry. The Central 
Presbyterian Church, Carlisle building, Pike's opera house, and 
Messrs. Dexter, Este and Worthington's splendid mansion houses 
bear abundant testimony to the skill and taste of Mr. F., in their 
architectural designs and carved work. 

Charcoal Pulverizers. — Three establishments, eighteen hands; 
product, thirty thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Cistern Builders. — Three, employ thirty hands ; value of pro- 
duct, seventy-five thousand dollars. 

Chemicals. — Eight laboratories and factories, which make sul- 
phuric, nitric and muriatic acids, ether, prussiate of potash, prus- 
sian blue, glycerine, and a variety of modern chemical and phar- 
maceutical preparations and extracts. 

Harwood & Marsh, Hamilton Road, west of Elm street, and Eu- 
gene Grasselli,on Front street, east of the Little Miami Railroad 
Depot, have laboratories constructed on the large and expensive 
scale required in their line of business. The value and amount 
of their products are nearly equal. They make, annually, twenty- 
four thousand carboys of one hundred and sixty lbs. each, or three 
millions eight hundred and fifty thousand lbs. nitric and muriatic 
acid. They have the capacity of manufacturing twice these quan- 
tities. Grasselli makes other chemicals to a minor extent. They 
each employ thirty hands, who work day and night, in relief par- 
ties. Value of product, four hundred thousand dollars. 

I. C. Baum, Plum street, below the Mohawk bridge, over the 
Miami canal, makes prussian blue and prussiate of potash, works 
fifteen hands, employs hydraulic power, and uses cracklings mainly 
as his raw material. This is the only establishment in the United 
States, if not in the world, in which machinery is applied to this 
manufacture. Produces sixty thousand lbs. prussiate of potash ; 
value, twenty-five thousand dollars. 

Proctor & Gamble have recently commenced the manufacturing 
of glycerine, and expect to make two hundred and fifty lbs. per day. 



270 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

F. W. Meyer & Co., at their Buckeye lard oil works, No. 15 
Buckeye street, also make glycerine to the extent already of one 
hundred and twenty-four lbs. per day, a quantity they expect soon 
greatly to increase. These glycerines are made under the agency 
of J. F. Wisnewski, a practical and thoroughly educated chemist, 
who produces a purer article than can be obtained in any of the 
foreign markets. The London glycerine is made from palm oil, 
ours from lard, which is a better material in the degree of strength 
that the animal surpasses the vegetable basis. In a few years Cin- 
cinnati will become the great centre of production of glycerine 
for foreign as well as domestic markets. 

Wm. J. M. Gordon & Brother, chemists and druggists, north- 
east corner Western Row and Eighth streets, who have been for 
several years past supplying of their own manufacture various rare 
and Hew chemical and pharmaceutical preparations of a quality 
and purity which has won the confidence of professional men, have 
been compelled by the enlarging character of this branch of their 
business, to erect a laboratory by which they might be enabled to 
carry it on to increased advantage, and successfully compete with 
eastern and foreign establishments. Here are manufactured chem 
ical and pharmaceutical preparations of all kinds, reliable for pu- 
rity as well as accuracy in their components for medical or other 
uses ; also, photographic and analytical chemicals, extracts and 
other concentrated principles of vegetable substances. For the 
purpose of manufacturing to the best advantage, and obtaining re- 
liable products, they have fitted up vacuum pans for the concen- 
tration of their vegetable preparations. 

It is obvious that advantages for carrying on these operations 
exist in Cincinnati that can be found at no point eastward, or in 
any foreign market, owing to the fact that alcohol and the native 
vegetable substances are nowhere to be procured as cheaply as 
here. They anticipate supplying chemical and pharmaceutical 
preparations, from syrups, ointments and plasters, to the finest veg- 
etable alkaloid and the rarest chemical compounds. With its local 
advantages, their manufactory will doubtless be, in a few years, one 
of the most extensive in the country. 

W. J. M. Gordon, the senior of the firm, has been for twenty 
years past engaged in the study and pursuits of chemistry and 
pharmacy, and brings to the business a large share of experience, 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 271 

as well as a naturally sound judgment, which has inspired past, 
and will inspire future confidence in a high degree. 

Cloaks, Mantillas, etc. — There are five establishments which 
manufacture largely of these articles. They employ two hundred 
and forty girls, working nine months of the year, for spring and 
fall sales, and produce a value of two hundred and eighty thou- 
sand dollars. The smaller factories in this line will swell this 
amount to four hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 
60 per cent. 

Clothing Manufactories. — This is the largest business carried 
on in Cincinnati, comprehending, as it does, forty-eight wholesale, 
and eighty-six retail establishments. It gives employment to seven 
thousand and eighty seamstresses, who use ten hundred and six- 
teen sewing machines, besides seven thousand five hundred more, 
who sew by hand. Every year, by increasing the use of sewing 
machines, will lessen the proportion of hand sewing, and add to 
that by the machine. Value of product, fifteen millions dollars. 
Six of the heaviest of these shops, or stores, alone make up four 
millions in value of clothing ; raw material, 60 per cent. Cincin- 
nati is the largest market for ready made clothing in the country, 
east or west. 

Coffee Roasting and Grinding, Spice Mills, etc. — Two estab- 
lishments in this line. Harrison & Wilson, successors to Harrison 
& Eaton, Nos. 99 and 101 Walnut street, and Geo. R. Dixon & 
Co., Nos. 243 and 245 Sycamore. The first named is the longest 
established house, but there is no great diflference in the character, 
and amount of business done in these factories. They roast and 
grind coffee for the grocery trade, and grind mustard, pepper, all- 
spice, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, etc. Make baking, powders, and 
roast peanuts, all on an extensive scale. Employ forty-five hands, 
and produce a value of two hundred and twenty-five thousand 
dollars. 

Cooper Ware. — There are one hundred and thirty shops, with 
seventeen hundred and fifty-six work hands. Value of produc- 
tion, one million five hundred and ten thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 30 per cent. A large, share of this enlargement of cooper 
business during the past eight years has been furnished by the in- 
crease in breweries and of lager beer, which, besides requiring 
large numbers of casks in its sales, demands an extensive stock of 
vessels in which it is kept to ripen after being made. Of this last 



272 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

class of casks, the Cincinnati brewers are obliged to keep a stock 
on hand of more than six hundred thousand dollars in value. 

In barrels and hogsheads for pork and bacon packers, one estab- 
lishment alone works one hundred hands, and produces to the 
value of one hundred and twenty thousand dollars yearly. 

Copper, Tin and Sheet Iron Workers. — One hundred and fifteen 
shops; seven hundred and sixty hands; value of products, six 
hundred and ten thousand dollars. Of raw material, 60 per cent., 
tin and sheet iron ware, 30 per cent.; average value of raw ma- 
terial, 48 per cent. 

G. A. Shaddinger, 123 and 125 east Pearl street, manufactures 
engine and distillery work, pumps of all kinds, and every descrip- 
tion of work belonging to either alcohol or whisky distilleries; 
alcohol stills, columns, etc. Works twenty-eight hands, and pro- 
duces a value of forty-eight thousand dollars; raw material, 60 
per cent. 

Copper and Steel Plate Engravers and Printers. — Two estab- 
lishments, employ twenty-two hands ; labor product, forty-eight 
thousand dollars; raw material, 10 per cent. 

Cordage, Hemp, Manilla, etc. — Six factories, one hundred and 
forty hands, with a product of two hundred and thirty-four thou- 
sand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Kennett, Dudley & Co., manufacturers of machine bale rope, 
will turn out during this year, seventy-six tliousand lbs. of baling 
rope; work four men and twenty boys; value of product, sixty- 
five thousand five hundred and twenty dollars. 

Cotton Yarii, Batting, Candlc-Wick, Cordage, Twine, etc. — Five 
establishments, employ five hundred and eighty hands, and pro- 
duce a value of six hundred thousand dollars; raw material, 70 
per cent. 

Covington Cotton Factory, R. Buchanan & Son, 26 east Front 
street, agents, manufacture three hundred and fifty thousand lbs. 
yarn, besides largely of candle-wick, carpet warp, batting and 
twine. 

Gould, Pearce & Co., manufacturers of star and chandlers' can- 
dle-wick, twine, cotton cordage, carpet warp, coverlet yarn, calk- 
ing, batting, etc.; also of Pearce's plantation spinning machines. 
Factory, corner Fifth and Lock streets, on the Miami canal; store 
and office. No. 48 Walnut street. Gould, Pearce & Co., manufac- 
ture two thousand bales of cotton per annum, into cotton cordage, 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 273 

different varieties of star and chandlers' wick, twine, batting, car- 
pet warp, etc., etc.; also, plantation spinning machines, work four 
thousand spindles, besides batting, machinery, and machine shop; 
use steam and water power, about sixty horse power. Value of 
product, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 

Gould & Wells, dealers in cotton and cotton goods, manufactu- 
rers of cotton cordage, seamless bags, twine, yarns, colored and 
white carpet warp, coverlet yarn, candle wick, batting, etc. Fac- 
tory at Wellsburg, Va.; office, 48 Walnut street, between Front 
and Second streets. Employ one hundred and twenty hands, and 
manufacture a value of one hundred and twenty-five thousand 
dollars. 

Franklin Cotton Factory, Harkness, Strader & Fosdick, corner 
Third and Smith. Number of hands, two hundred and thirty. 
Cotton used per annum, seventeen hundred bales, manufactured 
into coarse sheetings. No. 14 yarn. They turn out two millions two 
hundred and fifty thousand yards ; use about sixty thousand bush- 
els of coal ; and three hundred and twenty-five barrels of flour 
annually. 

Cured Beef , Tongues, Etc, — Fourteen establishments, one half 
of which are on a small scale. One million seven hundred and 
eighty thousand lbs. beef, and sixty-three thousand tongues are the 
product of this business, in value two hundred twenty-five thou- 
sand five hundred dollars. Employ three hundred hands ; raw 
material, 62 per cent. 

Cutlery, Surgical and Dental Instruments, Tailors ' Shears, etc. 
— Ten workshops and depots, fifty hands: value of product, eighty 
thousand dollars ; raw material, 20 per cent. 

John Luther, manufacturer of tailors' shears, scissors, sheep- 
shears, knives, pruners' shears and knives, and almost every kind 
of cutlery, No. 16 Fifth street, north side, between Main and Syc- 
amore streets. Shears, sheep-shears, scissors, razors and knives 
ground in the best manner and at the shortest notice. Employs ten 
hands with a product of nine thousand dollars. 

Dental Furniture. — One shop, which makes every article re- 
quired for the equipment of a dental establishment ; employs nine 
hands, with a product of ten thousand dollars. 

Dentistry. — There are forty dentists, with as many more en- 
gaged as assistants. The value of dental operations here, annu- 
ally, will reach to one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. 



274 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Five alone of these establishments do a business of forty thou- 
sand dollars of the amount. The delicacy and accuracy of first 
rate operations here are not surpassed in the United States. It is 
not necessary to include Europe, as it is a conceded point that the 
best operations in the world are executed in this country. All the 
principal dentists in Paris are Americans ; and the family dentist 
of the last sovereign of France had removed to Paris from this 
city. Among the most thoroughly qualified in this line of business 
here are Drs. Taylor & Irwin, and Taft&:Roudebush,both resident 
on Fourth street, west of Walnut, and Drs. Hamlin & Smith, oppo- 
site the First Presbyterian Church, Fourth street, west of Main 
street. 

Die Sinkers. — Three shops, six hands ; value of product, seven 
thousand five hundred dollars ; raw material, 10 per cent. 

Drain Pipe., Stone. — The article of drain pipe is now being ex- 
tensively used in the city and vicinity. The best pipe for pur- 
poses of drainage is brought from northern Ohio. The clay in 
our limestone region not being suited for making this article, A. 
W. Gilbert, 200 Vine street, has a variety of kinds. The glazed 
stoneware pipe is a superior article, the inside surface being glazed 
so as to present quite a high polish. Keeps every size, from one 
and a quarter to eighteen inches. It is being much used by our 
builders for soil pipes, and for conveying water from the spouts of 
houses to cisterns. 

Drugs. — Two drug grinding establishments ; employ twelve 
hands, and produce a value of sixty thousand dollars annually ; 
raw material, 60 per cent. 

J. C. Shroyer, Phcenix Steam Drug and Spice Mills, 17, 19 and 
21 Home street, grinds mustard and spices of all kinds. Also 
manufactures marble dust for mineral water factories, of which he 
turns out six hundred barrels yearly. Makes more of this last ar- 
ticle than any other establishment in the West. He also grinds or 
powders every species of drugs to order, and prepares concen- 
trated extracts of vegetable medical articles, such as podophyllin 
or mandrake, sanguinarin or blood-root, macrotin or black cohosh, 
leptandrin or black-root extracts. 

These articles are so highly concentrated by chemical processes, 
that the active principle of an article worth not more than ten or 
fifteen cents the pound, acquires a value of one dollar per ounce* 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 275 

These preparations are sent out the whole length and breadth of 
the United States, and even into Canada. 

The vegetables whose roots furnish these extracts are indige- 
nous to the West, abounding especially in Indiana and Missouri. 

This is a rapidly growing establishment, whose operations must 
become in a few years very extensive ; value of products, twenty 
thousand dollars. 

Dyeing. — Fifteen dye and scouring establishments, forty-five 
hands ; value of work done, sixty thousand dollars ; raw material, 
25 per cent. 

Wm. Teasdale, New York Dye House, Walnut street, west side, 
between Sixth and Seventh. Dyeing, scouring, steam finishing, 
etc., etc. Particular attention will be given to cleaning white 
crape, broche and printed shawls. Also, damask curtains, carpets, 
rugs, druggets, etc., etc. Orders from the country promptly at- 
tended to. 

Mr. Teasdale carries on an extensive business in this line. He 
has invariably received premiums and diplomas at the respective 
State exhibitions and mechanics' fairs, when competing with other 
dyers. 

Edge Tool Making and Grinding. — Nineteen factories, prin- 
cipally on a small scale. Seventy-two hands ; value of products, 
one hundred and thirty thousand dollars ; raw material, 35 per cent. 

A visit to the workshop of A. Cunningham, on Eighth, near 
Main street, will deeply interest a judge of edge tools. Here are 
made every variety in this line, of a pattern and finish scarcely 
to be found elsewhere. Such as coopers', carpenters', and 
wagon makers' draw knives; foot, gutter, ship and coopers' adzes; 
socket chisels and drivers, millwright and corner chisels; coopers' 
and carpenters' broad axes ; hand, ship and chopping axes ; frees, 
hatchets, pump and spout augers ; tanners' and fleshers' knives ; 
pork and ham cleavers ; plane bitts, stone hammers, post-hole au- 
gers, railroad tools of all descriptions, machine knives of all sorts; 
also, grinds edge tools. There are specimens of work here, espe- 
cially of currying knives, which cannot be surpassed, if equaled, 
anywhere. Cunningham works sixteen hands, with a product of 
twenty thousand dollars. 

Engraving, Seal Presses, etc. — Eight establishments, employ 
twenty hands, product thirty thousand dollars. 

C. F. Hall, 14 west Fourth street, engraver. State, court, no- 



276 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

tarial, lodge and other seals ; makes lever and percussion presses. 
Twelve highest premiums and diplomas have been awarded him 
witliin the last two years, b}^ various State, county and mechanics' 
fairs. Value of product, fifteen thousand dollars. 

The establishment of P. Evens, Jr., 187 Walnut street, and his 
different agencies in Cincinnati, has supplied the great majority 
of seals and presses used in the United States, Havana and Can- 
ada. His work rooms are of great completeness. Every part of 
the seal presses has a distinct machine or tool for its manufacture. 
The lettering and designs of seals are elegantly engraved by labor- 
saving tools, everything requisite having been provided to cheapen 
and improve this article of merchandise. Mr. Evens' order book 
exhibits more than thirty thousand seal impressions, such as State, 
notary, lodge, court, society and business seals, and no two alike, 
ordered from every city and village in the country, and many from 
Europe. All the principal seal engravers of this and other cities 
are supplied by him with press and seal complete. 

Mr. Evens, in connection with the above, manufactures seuring 
machines, models for patents, and every variety of light machinery. 

Engraving, wood — Twelve establishments ; value of work, sev- 
enty-five thousand dollars ; raw material, 10 per cent. 

Stillman & Crump, No. 8 Carlisle building, employ twelve en- 
gravers, and produce a value of twenty thousand dollars. Mr. 
Stillman, of this firm, has been long known and appreciated pro- 
fessionally, and the present firm maintains the reputation of tlie 
past for first class performances. They employ machinery in the 
execution of certain parts of their operations, which, of course, 
insures accuracy more perfectly than can be obtained by the hand 
aided by the eye, while they bring the highest skill into service, 
for the artistic residue. This facility enables them to execute or- 
ders upon short notice and with unexampled rapidity. A number 
of the engravings in this volume, it may be seen, were executed 
at their office. 

Files. — Two factories, in which rasps and files are cut in the 
very best style. They employ nineteen hands ; value of product, 
eighteen thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. These es- 
tablishments import their own steel from Sheffield, England. 

Florists, Nurserymen and Seed Dealers. — A large amount of 
plants, etc., are disposed of in this market. Strawberry plants by 
the million or more can be readily filled in the proper season, on 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 277 

orders. There are twenty-five sale gardens and depositories here, 
whose sales annually reach three hundred thousand dollars. 
Among the best of these establishments are those of 

M. Kelly, Clifton nursery. Sale flower garden, shade and fruit 
tree nursery. Occupies fifty acres in four separate lots in this 
vicinity, the principal one of which is in Clifton on the bank of 
the Miami canal, two miles from Cincinnati. This has been occu- 
pied and under fine improvement for the past twelve years. The 
ground slopes handsomely to the west and south, mainly to the 
west, and the flower and shrubbery garden in the season of veg- 
etation makes a charming appearance. His extensive and varied 
catalogue composes everything that a lover of flowers or fruit could 
desire. The choicest and newest varieties, as well as the old 
standard favorites, are sure to be found at this establishment. 

D. M'Avoy, Fifth street, near the Dennison House, is prepared 
to furnish at shortest notice, in the proper season, all the popular 
and standard trees, shrubbery of every description, gooseberry, 
strawberry and currant bushes of all varieties, and the best quality, 
asparagus roots, grape vine roots and cuttings, ornamental trees 
and green house plants, etc. 

Wm. Heaver, proprietor of the Reading Road Nursery. Fruit 
and ornamental trees, shrubs and plants ; bouquets at all seasons. 
Orders through the post office, or left at Suire, Eckstein & Co.'s, 
Fourth street, promptly attended to. Employs twelve hands in the 
cultivation of about fifty acres ; annual sales, fifteen thousand 
dollars. 

S. W. Haseltine has recently opened, at No. 171 Walnut street, 
opposite the Cincinnati College, an extensive suite of rooms for the 
display and sale of choice articles in the horticultural line. There 
can be little doubt, from his excellent taste and his advantageous 
location, so easily accessible to the business community, and the 
throng of ladies who make Fourth street in fine weather a daily 
promenade, that he will make a decidedly favorable impression on 
the public. 

Anthony Pfeiffer, ornamental flower gardener, Lebanon and 
Reading turnpike, two and a half miles from Cincinnati ; store, 
201 Walnut street, between Fifth and Sixth streets. Roses of 
every variety, hyacinths, tulips and other bulbs. Bouquets at all 
seasons. 

Flour and Feed Mills — Twenty-one. Six of these grind flour 



278 MANUFA rURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

only, or principally, of which they turn out one thousand barrels 
daily. They employ forty-five hands. The feed mills grind corn, 
oats, barley, etc., to the extent of seventy-five hundred bushels 
daily. Annual value of product of flour and feed, three million 
two hundred and sixteen thousand dollars ; raw material, 75 per 
cent. 

KaufTman & Co., 157 Clay street, grind wheat and rye flour 
principally ; also grind corn and chopped feed.. Value of product, 
one hundred thousand dollars. 

Foundery Castings. — This, one of our heaviest branches of 
manufacture, is carried on in every variety in which iron can be 
cast, from a butt hinge to a burial case. A number of these foun- 
deries include finishing shops. A few of them supply castings in 
the rough ; others finish work to the highest degree of polish ap- 
plicable to its use. A share of these confine their manufacture to 
a great staple product or two, and in the case of others a thousand 
difi'erent articles are the industrial result. It is difficult to re- 
duce these founderies, therefore, to distinct and separate classes. 
The aggregate being first stated, the operations of a few will be 
given, as samples of each class. In making out the general state- 
ment, the products which are comprehended earlier in these pages, 
as agricultural machinery, are not included. 

There are forty-two founderies, generally on a large scale. Of 
these, one fourth are mainly or entirely in the stove line, which is 
a heavy department in castings, one thousand having been made 
here in one day alone. 

The value of foundery products is six millions three hundred 
and fifty-three thousand four hundred dollars. Number of hands 
employed, five thousand two hundred and eighteen; average value 
of raw material, 22 per cent. 

Miles Greenwood's manufactory, well known as the Eagle Iron 
Works, on the corner of Canal and Walnut streets, extending north- 
wardly to Twelfth street, eastwardly to Main, and on the west to 
Jackson street, embraces in its operations, besides its iron and 
brass founderies, machine shops, a steam heating department, etc., 
and gives constant employment to about five hundred hands, its op- 
erations having never been suspended for a single business day 
since its establishment in 1832. 

Extensive as are the manufactures and business of this house, 
perhaps its most noticeable feature is the great and increasing va- 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 279 

riety of its products, which vary from machine castings of ten tons 
each, to the minutest article that weighs but the twentieth part of 
an ounce ; and it is doubtless this variety.that enables Mr. Green- 
wood to congratulate himself on the fact that his works have been 
enabled at all times, even in the severest seasons, and when busi- 
ness was most depressed, to give employment to their many me- 
chanics and laborers. 

All articles made here are manufactured also as largely, and 
most of them in much greater quantities, than in any other estab- 
lishment in the West. 

The machine department turns out every variety of stationary 
and portable steam engines, planing and saw mills, hydraulic 
presses, mill machinery, printing presses, and hundreds of other 
articles of this description. 

Iron House Fronts and architectural castings have been manu- 
factured by Mr. Greenwood since 1843, and been put up through- 
out the north-west and south. Some of the best buildings in St. 
Louis, New Orleans, Chicago, Memphis, Nashville, and the prin- 
cipal cities of Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, etc., are adorned with 
specimens of iron work from this establishment, and entire fronts for 
one, three, four and five story buildings of the finest style and 
finish, are constantly and rapidly produced. An iron front for the 
first story of a building has been manufactured, fitted and put up 
in less than a week from receipt of the order, while a five-story 
block of the finest architectural design, with basement and sub- 
cellar piers also of iron, has been made and put up, including the 
making of patterns for nearly the whole of the work, in about three 
months. 

Stoves are made here in very large quantities, and under the 
name of S. H. Burton & Co., are widely known throughout the 
western country for their fine design and finish, and the excellence 
of their manufacture. 

Butt Hinges, until 1840 exclusively imported from Europe, 
were first successfully made in the United States, in that year, by 
Mr. Greenwood, and by their good quality soon drove the imported 
article out of the market. Now, no hinges of this kind are im- 
ported into our country, while of all made in the United States, 
Mr. Greenwood's are still preferred, and command the highest 
price. 

Stea3i HEATiifG DEPARTMENT. — The busiucss of heating build- 



280 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

ings by steam, but a few years ago one of the novelties of the day, 
has now become of great importance, and has, in Mr. Green- 
wood's hands, been made one of the heaviest branches of his bu- 
siness. Two modes are now in general use—that known as high 
steam, or heating by dried radiation from the steam pipe itself, ar- 
ranged in convenient coils ; and the other introduced much more 
lately, and termed low steam, in which the steam is conducted to 
radiators or metallic cases of such various forms as convenience 
or taste may demand. The former is more adapted to large build- 
ings, which will warrant the employment of a practical engineer, 
while the latter, which requires no more attention than a parlor 
stove, is more suited to the business house or private residence. 
Here again the spirit of western improvement has displayed itself, 
in the introduction of cast instead of sheet iron radiators. The 
latter have been used by all the eastern heating works, while the 
cast iron radiators are in this establishment rapidly superseding 
them, being of much more elegant design, and infinitely superior, 
both in durability and in the more regular distribution of heat. 
Many of them are finely ornamented, and when covered with slabs 
of marble, add to the furnishing and appearance of the drawing- 
room. A very large portion of the western and southern country 
visit us for the heating apparatus of their best buildings, and 
Mr. Greenwood has introduced them largely into the capitals and 
principal cities of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee, 
and through the West and South generally. The price varies from 
two hundred and fifty to thirty thousand dollars, and more, accord- 
ing to size and arrangement of the building. 

The manufacture of all kinds of steam and gas fittings, and or- 
namental brass work, is also carried on in this department, on a 
large scale. Iron and brass valves for steam and water gauges, 
oil cups and globes, cylinders, air, frost and oil cocks, and a gen- 
eral assortment of articles suitable to every class of steam ma- 
chinery. Of these, many articles are new inventions, in which the 
greatest care has been taken to make their adaptation to the pur- 
poses for which they are designed as nearly perfect as possible, 
and no judge of steam fittings or brass work can examine these 
articles without admitting their superiority of material and finish 
to work of the same class imported from the eastern establishments. 

The entire apparatus for the manufacture of gas, both for large 
buildings and private residences, is also manufactured by Mr. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 281 

Greenwood in this department of his works, and is guaranteed 
perfect in its operation. To dwellers at a distance from larcre 
cities, no luxury is more desired than this. 

Mr. Greenwood's steam heating or pipe department is person- 
ally superintended by Messrs. Charles M. Wilson and Jno. L. 
Frisbie. 

Hardware and Malleable Iron. This branch of the Eagle 
Iron Works was established in 1844, under the name of M. Green- 
wood & Co. — M. Greenwood, Chas. R. Folger, and Nelson Gates 
present proprietors. 

The principal object in the commencement of the business was 
the manufacture of malleable iron castings, and such articles of 
hardware as are required for building purposes ; but the rapidly 
increased demand for articles of these descriptions, and hardware 
generally of American manufacture, rendered it necessary to ex- 
tend, not only the facilities for manufacturing, but also the number 
and variety of articles, which have increased to such an extent 
that the catalogue now numbers more than fifteen hundred distinct 
articles ; and in addition to these, they are executing orders for an 
endless variety of castings, plain and ornamental, in iron, brass, 
and other metals. 

In the list of goods may be found about thirty varieties of house 
locks and latches, varying from the plainest cast to the most supe- 
rior styles of wrought locks in use ; in addition to which they man- 
ufacture vault, safe and bank locks. In this latter article they 
have brought before the public one of the most ingenious locks of 
its kind, as it possesses at the same time, all the desirable requi- 
sites of simplicity of arrangement, strength and durability of con- 
struction, superior workmanship, and that more desirable merit of 
being burglar and powder proof 

Shutter fasteners, wardrobe hooks, door bolts, a great variety ; 
and in fact almost everything required in house building. 

Piano stools, store stools, ottomans, shovel and tongs stands, ta- 
bles with marble tops, garden seats and chairs, toilet glasses, etc., 
of beautiful designs and finish, furniture castors, thirty sizes, of 
iron and brass ; bridle bits and stirrups, a large variety ; buckles, 
rings, snaps, etc. 

In malleable iron castings, a full stock of which is always on 
hand, may be found all articles required by carriage and wagon 



282 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

makers, machinists, and for agricultural machines, garden imple- 
ments, and for other purposes. 

Silver Plating. In connection with house furnishing articles, 
and carriage trimmings, this establishment is at all times prepared 
to execute orders for plating at short notice and upon favorable 
terms, and guarantee all work of the best materials. 

Having a brass foundery, supplied with every convenience, they 
furnish to order any description of brass castings for machinery, 
steam or water, gas fittings, lock work, etc., etc. 

This description of the extent and variety of the operations of 
Miles Greenwood, and M. Greenwood & Co., while it falls short 
of doing justice to the ground it covers, affords ample evidence 
that there is not probably in the United States, and certainly in no 
other country, so wide a range of articles manufactured in any one 
establishment. 

Anchor Iron Works, Chamberlain & Co., proprietors. Foun- 
dery, Hunt street, east of Broadway. Sale and sample rooms, 
northeast corner of Main and Ninth streets. This is probably the 
largest stove and hollow ware establishment in Cincinnati. The 
stoves are of every variety of pattern and form, and adapted either 
to the use of wood or coal as fuel. They also make sad and dog- 
irons, caldrons and sugar kettles, and a variety of other articles. 

The building occupied by the firm as their works, is one of the 
most extensive and best arranged for operations in this line of any 
in the city. It is built of stone and brick, four stories in height, 
with a deep basement, having a front of two hundred and two feet 
on Hunt street, with a depth of one hundred and sixty-four feet, 
is fire proof, and has a metallic covering. The moulding room is 
one hundred and eighty-six by one hundred and thirty-six feet, 
with a lofty ceiling supported by cast iron columns, and is thor- 
oughly lighted and ventilated. There are three cupolas in the 
centre of the moulding floor, the largest being a wrought iron cyl- 
inder sixty-seven feet high, seven feet in diameter, and lined with 
fire brick. Two engines are employed in driving two blowing cyl- 
inders, and one for driving the cleaners, grindstones, emery wheels, 
etc. The engine blowing cylinders and machinery shops occupy 
a space of two hundred and two feet by twenty-eight in the base- 
ment story, while the salesroom and office are in the front part of 
the first story. In the second story are the pattern and finishing 
rooms, and the third and fourth stories arc devoted to storage, etc. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 283 

Chamberlain & Co. melt in these works three thousand two hun- 
dred tons pig iron per annum, and employ in their establishment 
two hundred and twenty-five hands, two-thirds of whom are mould- 
ers ; and the value of the various products of their manufacture 
reaches three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 

This firm has recently commenced the manufacture of Sawyer's 
patent heating and ventilating stoves and furnaces, which are ex- 
pected to inaugurate a new era in this department so deeply af- 
fecting health and comfort, and one so long the subject of abortive 
experiment and repeated failure. The present invention is claimed 
to have accomplished all it professed to perform, in more thorough 
and efficient ventilation, as well in the saving of fuel in heating, 
to a greater degree than in any other apparatus of this nature now 
in use. It has been introduced with marked success into Wesley 
Chapel in this city, and the trustees of that church certify that that 
building, as tested by thermometers distributed over the house, 
varied but a single degree in any one part of the chapel from that 
of any other part, the air in the upper portion of the edifice being 
only to that extent warmer than along its fioor. They are also sat- 
isfied that it is equally successful in driving out impure air, and 
restoring a pure current from the external atmosphere. As this 
heating and ventilating apparatus is constructed on strictly scien- 
tific principles, its superiority becomes at once apparent to all in- 
telligent persons. 

First. — For its extraordinary heating capacity, and consequent 
economy of fuel — whereby a saving of from 20 to 30 per cent, is 
effected in the expense of warming buildings. 

Second. — Its perfect ventilating qualities, insuring a full supply 
of pure and wholesome air to every apartment with which the fur- 
nace is connected. 

Third. — An equal distribution of the heat, giving an even tem- 
perature throughout the space to be warmed. 

Fourth. — The perfect control, by means of dampers, which this 
apparatus affords over the warm and cold air, each independently 
of the other, by which any desired degree of temperature may be 
obtained and held for any length of time, or varied at will by the 
operator. 

Fifth. — For the ventilation which in summer may be carried on 
without heating the rooms, by placing a small lamp in the ven- 



284 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

tilating chamber, whereby a current of pure air will be diffused 
through any room in the house. 

These stoves and furnaces have become extensively known and 
used at the East, and approved in the same degree. Thus far they 
have been introduced in the West only at Chicago, Indianapolis 
and Milwaukee, not having yet been manufactured in this section 
of the United States. There can be no doubt that they will rap- 
idly work their way into general use, and engross largely the field 
of usefulness which the article already occupies. 

Kentucky Stove Works, G. W. Ball &- Co., proprietors; office 
and warerooms, 32 and 34 Main street These works are situated 
on Fourth near Russell street, Covington, Ky., and cover an extent 
of nearly three acres. 

Here are made in large quantities every description of stoves, 
hollow ware and other castings, for the western and southern mar- 
kets. Pig iron from the Hanging Rock region is used exclusively. 
They melt the best brands of this metal, so celebrated for strength 
and tenacity, and challenge competition in the durability of their 
wares, the smoothness of the castings, and the careful manner in 
which they are mounted. 

Various new and important improvements in facilities for mould- 
ing operations have been introduced in this establishment, and the 
number and variety, as well as beauty, of the patterns of every 
shape and description, are unsurpassed anywhere, an efficient corps 
of pattern artists being constantly occupied in producing novel and 
original designs. 

With their facilities, and the constant efforts of the firm directed 
to such improvements as observation and experience suggest, they 
will always be in the front rank in this important branch of man- 
ufactures. 

This firm manufactures castings in an infinite variety. Fancy 
stoves of the highest class for design and finish ; sad irons, tea- 
kettles, as well as the simplest utensils for the Indian tribes of the 
west and south-west. 

It may be added, that the capacity of the '^ Kentucky Stove 
Works " is equal to that of any other establishment in the Union, 
and the fact that to the business activity and energy of G. W. Ball 
and Thomas R. Elliott, who constitute the firm, this city is indebted 
for a large amount of new and valuable business attracted for the 



3IANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 285 

past ten years to this market, is a guarantee that the business of 
this establishment will ever rank among the first in this line. 

I. <fe E. Greenwald, foundery and machine shop, steam engines, 
boilers, and mill machinery. No. 190 east Pearl Street, near Miami 
canal. Manufacture steam engines of all sizes, flour, saw and oil 
mill and general machinery ; hydraulic presses, circular saw mills, 
etc., etc. Number of hands employed, seventy-five; value of pro- 
ducts, eighty-five thousand dollars. These figures are exclusive 
of their agricuhural machinery operations, which are already stated 
in that department. One-tenth of their work is for home consump- 
tion ; the residue finds its market in the west and south. Their as- 
sortment of gearing patterns is one of the largest in the city, and as 
they have recently purchased the extensive machine shop formerly 
occupied by Niles & Co. as a locomotive factory, their machinery 
operations must greatly enlarge with the capacity of the edifice. 

In addition to the manufacture of the various kinds of castings, 
of which illustrations have been thus far furnished, there is a class 
of founderies in which various articles are manufactured exhibiting 
a high degree of ornament and polish, and which connect, also, 
wrought iron fabrics, such as irryi jails, iron railing, etc., to aconsider- 
able extent. Of these, the architectural iron works of Macy, Ran- 
kin & Co., corner of Elm and Pearl streets, is, in extent and 
importance, second to but few in the west, and the increasing de- 
mand for many of the articles of comparative recent introduction, 
which they manufacture, prouiises greatly to enlarge its operations. 
Their architectural department, strictly speaking, comprises iron 
fronts for buildings, coluums and lintels, capitals, sidewalk plates, 
stairs, railing, balustrade work, etc., but no inconsiderable portion 
of their business consists in the manufacture of marbleized man- 
tles, which are made of cast iron, and finished in imitation of every 
description of marble, Brocatelle, Egyptian, Agate, Pyrenees, etc. 
Nothing can surpass the imitation in eff'ect. This material re- 
commends itself by its cheapness and durability, its capacity of 
resisting a high degree of heat, and the fact that neither oils nor 
acids penetrate the surface. So nearly does it approximate the 
material it imitates, as to require considerable skill, as well as close 
inspection, to detect the difference. Tiiis manufacture is already 
superseding the use of marble to a great extent, not only in the 
cheaper forms of mantles, but for furniture tops, statuary posts, and 
many articles of architectural ornament. 



286 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

This firm turns out a large amount of enameled parlor grates, 
some of which are finished with electro plating of silver. The 
enamel is put on in such a manner as to give a fine effect, and at 
the same time is as durable as the cast iron which it decorates. 

Many different articles of iron furniture are here made, such as 
toilet stands, fire stands, tables, hat racks, chairs and settees, bed- 
steads, vases, etc. 

They have now on hand for finishing, several iron fronts, and are 
turning out some very extensive jobs of columns. Those for the 
new State house at Madison, Wisconsin, were cast at this estab- 
lishment. The dimensions of these are forty-nine and one-half 
feet high, fifty inches in diameter at the base, and thirty-seven 
inches in diameter at the top, surmounted with an ornamental iron 
cornice ten feet high and projecting five feet. They weigh nearly 
three hundred tons, and cost thirty thousand dollars. 

These columns are put together in sections, having been made 
hollow, and of staves like a wash-tub, only the hoops are on the 
interior, the staves being provided with flanges, to which the rings 
or hoops are bolted. 

The establishment occupies a front of one hundred and fifteen 
feet on Ehn, and the same distance on Pearl, thirty by sixty feet 
on Burrows street, and thirty by sixty feet on Columbia street. The 
principal building is five stories high, and is closely filled with 
machinery and workmen. Of their principal staples they keep 
ample supplies constantly on hand. The original establishment, 
which is now represented by this, was commenced in 1829, and 
has been constantly enlarging in importance during the thirty years 
of its existence. 

One of the departments in the business of Macy, Rankin &. Co. 
is iron jail building, which is on a pretty extensive scale as respects 
size. These jails are constructed entirely of iron, and made of 
any required dimensions, and two or more stories high, if thus 
wanted. When all the parts are completed, it is put together here, 
and every part fitted to its proper place, when it is taken down and 
removed to its place of destination. The walls are made of boiler 
plate, strongly riveted, and the doors of the cells are of iron lat- 
tice work. These iron jails are not only secure, and fire-proof, but 
they afford every facility for ventilation, and their general business 
arrangement is admirable. They are finished very neatly, but not 
sufficiently so as to render them a too attractive home. 



MAXUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 287 

These jails form the interior of a square brick wall, which sur- 
rounds them on all sides, but which supplies a passage way through- 
out, between the iron and brick walls. 

One of these jails, twenty by thirty feet, and two stories high, 
intended fer Muncie, Ind., has just been sent off. These prison 
novelties are highly approved wherever introduced, as they afford 
peculiar facilities for promoting health and cleanliness among the 
tenants, the absence of which has been so long and extensively a 
source of regret to the philanthropist. 

- The number of hands employed, when the works are running 
to their full capacity, is two hundred, and the amount of work 
turned out annually, two hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. 
These products find a market in almost every direction, but mostly 
to the south and west. 

Valleau & Jacobs, late E. Jacobs & Co., Nos. 86, 88, 90 and 
92 Elm street, iron jail builders. Mr. Jacobs, of this firm, is the 
original inventor of a *^ wrought iron plate jail," which has become 
deservedly popular. Within the two years past, the firm have 
built these jails in the following counties ; Fayette, Champaign, 
Crawford, Winnebago, McLean and Edgar, in Illinois ; Gasconade, 
Lewis, Platte, in Missouri ; Randolph, Sullivan and Clark, in Indi- 
ana; McCracken and Graves, in Kentucky ; Chicot, Jefferson and 
White, in Arkansas; Van Buren, Iowa; Crawford, Ohio, and Doug- 
las, Kansas Ter. 

As to the merit of this peculiar style of jail work, a better judg- 
ment can be formed from the subjoined testimonials, than from any 
description, however elaborate, that can be furnished here : 

A. J. Merriman, county judge of McLean county, Illinois, says: 
" I take pleasure in saying to you that we are well satisfied with 
the jail you built for our county last season. In fact, it is consid- 
ered a model jail throughout the centre of our State." 

Thomas Rankin, county judge of Van Buren county, Iowa, 
writes : " You ask my opinion of the iron jail you built for our 
county. I am happy to say I am well pleased with it. I believe 
that for safety, convenience and comfort, it is not excelled in the 
west. It gives good satisfaction to the people of the county, and 
is a terror to evil doers." 

A. J. Stephens, county judge of Jefferson county, Arkansas, and 
his associates, certify as follows: " We, the undersigned, judges 
and officers of the county court, think it due to Messrs. E. Jacobs 



288 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

& Co., contractors and builders of the Jefferson county jail, now 
just completed, to say that it is built in strict accordance with the 
stipulations of the contract made with them, and in the particulars 
of convenience and construction, beauty of design, and perfect 
safety, it exceeds our anticipations. We deem the escape of pris- 
oners from within the walls, whe.n due precaution is exercised, as 
almost an impossibility. 

To the counties of our State that may be in need of a building 
of this description, for the better security of criminals, we take a 
pleasure in recommending E. Jacobs & Co. as every way reliable 
in any contract of this character that they may enter into. We 
also express ourselves on the part of the county, as in every way 
satisfied with the execution of the jail contract entered into with 
this county, and consider that they have fulfilled their part in every 
particular." 

Julius Hondhousen, county judge of Gasconade county, Missouri, 
writing to the commissioners of Platte Co., Mo., says: 

" As you desire information from me relative to the iron jails 
lately invented by E. Jacobs &- Co., of Cincinnati, and now being 
manufactured by them, I can only say that said firm are now build- 
ing one for this county, as to the merits of which I can judge bet- 
ter when it is done. However, for your satisfaction I will say that 
previous to contracting with them, we had corresponded with some 
ten or eleven counties, where Jacobs <fe Co. had built iron jails, and 
in every instance their work was spoken of in the most flattering 
terms. These correspondents also state that Messrs. E. Jacobs 6l 
Co., are gentlemen of high respectability, and in all cases fulfill 
their contracts to the letter."" 

The firm have applications pending for a patent for this jail, and 
for several important improvements upon the same, embracing an 
" improved joint," " register," " cell door fastener," " lock," etc. 
The jail when completed, is furnished with two iron bedsteads, 
water closet, and wash-basin in each cell, skylights in the ceiling, 
double entrance doors, and double grated hall window. It is, with- 
out doubt, one of the most perfect arrangements for the security 
of prisoners known to the present age. 

Messrs. Valleau & Jacobs are also furnishing all other kinds of 
iron work peculiar to a foundery and iron railing manufactory, 
which they have attached to their establishment. 

Nilcs Works. H. A. Jones, President ; C. W. Smith, Secretary 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 289 

and Treasurer — successors to Niles & Co. — iron and brass found- 
ers and machinists, No. 222 east Front street, Cincinnati. Manu- 
factures every variety of steam engines, sugar mills, saw mills, 
draining machines, etc., and steam apparatus for making and refin- 
mg sugar. Iron and brass castings of every description ; boilers, 
heavy forgings, tyre-iathes, boring mills, planing machines, etc., 
etc., made to order. This is a foundery which turns out princi- 
pally heavy castings. In addition to the above, they make heavy 
castings for rolling mills, marine engines, oil presses for cotton 
seed ; saw mill engines and saw mill machinery ; powder ma- 
chinery ; machinery for blast furnaces, all of a more or less heavy 
class. Every article required in Louisiana or Missis'sippi, can be 
furnished to the planter by these works more cheaply than by the 
Philadelphia founderies, for the reason that it is delivered at once 
on the spot wanted, thereby saving the delay and expense inci- 
dent to its reception via New Orleans. 

These works employ three hundred hands, and produce a value 
of four hundred thousand dollars ; raw material, 33-^ per cent. 

James Todd, north-west corner Seventh and Smith streets, found- 
ery and machine shop. Established 1836. Employs one hundred 
nands, and turns out over one hundred thousand dollars' worth of 
work per annum, in the shape of steam engines and boilers, cir- 
cular, sash and mulay saw mills, planing and flooring machines, 
portable corn and flour mills, cotton, tobacco and other screws, ma- 
chinery and castings in general, principally for the southern mar- 
ket, where the work of this establishment has gained an enviable 
notoriety for durability and finish. 

W. R. Dunlap <fe Co., Cincinnati machine works, corner of Law- 
rence and Front streets, manufacture steam engines of all sizes, 
from two to one hundred horse power, from new patterns, possess- 
ing all the late and valuable improvements. Cylinder, flue and 
tubular boilers, gearing and machinery for flouring mills and dis- 
tilleries, portable flouring mills, with bolts, elevators, and all the 
machinery complete, burrs, bolting cloth, smut mills, bran dus- 
ters, Kinman's celebrated flour packer ; mulay, sash and cir- 
cular saw mills ; Parker water wheels ; Farnham's double-acting 
lift and force pumps ; hydraulic rams y Judson's patent governor 
valves and combined governor ; brass and iron castings generally. 
They also manufacture ornamental fountains, made of cast iron, 
richly carved, comprising a great variety of figures, from which they 



290 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

combined over one hundred different styles. Prices ranging from 
ten to fifteen hundred dollars. 

The foundery of S. S. Ashcraft, on the canal, near Liberty 
street, is devoted principally to the manufacture of water and gas 
pipes, of which a very large amount is furnished for the water and 
gas companies in this city and elsewhere. 

The works are under the superintendence of Mr. Ashcraft and 
Mr. J. A. Dyett. This foundery was established in 1847, and now 
occupies a front of three hundred feet on the canal, and extends 
back about one hundred and fifty-six feet to Providence street. 
Tliere are five buildings, including the pattern shops, carpenter 
shop, office, etc., and the foundery proper measures eighty by two 
hundred feet. 

About thirteen tons of iron are melted daily, and the yearly ag- 
gregate is about fifteen hundred tons. 

Aside from the manufacture of water and gas pipes, a large bu- 
siness is done in gas apparatus, castings for coal oil works, retorts, 
etc., steam and water pipes for heating buildings, and some ma- 
chine castings. 

He has a contract with the United States government for two 
hundred tons of eight inch cannon shot and shells. 
- He employs about one hundred hands, and does all the work for 
the gas company in this city, including those heavy columns, weigh- 
ing five tons each, for the gasometer. He also furnishes the cast- 
ings for nearly all the gas works in the west. 

Breed, Barstow ck Co., office, 28 Sycamore ; foundery, Eighth 
street, west of Freeman. Employ thirty hands. Manufactures 
stoves of a great variety of patterns and beauty of design, to the 
value of sixty thousand dollars. 

G. P. Lawson, stoves, grates, hollow ware, etc., salesrooms. No. 
21 east Pearl street. Value of yearly sales, thirty-six thousand 
dollars. 

Furniture. — By this article is usually understood various equip- 
ments for housekeeping; such as bedsteads, bureaus, tables, stands, 
wardrobes, desks, bookcases, cribs, sofas, settees, lounges, divans, 
plain and fancy chairs, ottomans, etc. It would have been desira- 
ble to classify these by assigning them to their respective work- 
shops, but in point of fact, these establishments are so various in 
their fabrics, some confining themselves to one or two prominent 
articles, others making every possible variety, and others, again, 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 291 

blending the chair business with what is called cabinet ware, that 
such classification becomes imperfect and unsatisfactory, and fails 
to exhibit a clear statement of this important department of our 
manufacturing interest ; a general synopsis of the business will, 
therefore, be given in the aggregate of products, and number of 
workmen, and the various descriptions illustrated, as in the case of 
the founderies, by the statistics of particular establishments, as spe- 
cimens of the various classes that exist. 

Furniture is made here by a few shops for the supply of auction 
sales, but the great bulk, beyond what is wanted for our own citi- 
zens, finds its market throughout the entire west, south and south- 
west. The entire product of one hundred and twenty factories, 
large and small, of cabinet ware, chairs, etc., amounts to three 
millions six hundred and fifty-six thousand dollars, the business 
affording employment to two thousand eight hundred and fifty 
hands. Value of raw material, 30 per cent. 

H. B. Mudge, factory and salerooms, Second below Vine street. 
This is the most extensive bedstead factory in the west, and well 
worthy of being shown to a stranger, as a means of impressing him 
with a suitable sense of the industrial and mechanical energies of 
Cincinnati. 

The building, which is of brick, is five stories in height in front, 
and seven in the rear, and one hundred and ninety-five by seventy 
feet on the ground. The machinery consists of seven planing and 
two tapering machines, sixteen turning-lathes, six boring, and two 
tenoning machines, four splitting, and four buff saws, all which are 
driven by steam. Two hundred and forty hands are employed in 
this establishment. A very vivid impression of the power of ma- 
chinery is given in this case, by the fact that two hundred and forty 
bedsteads are made and finished, as an average, in one day, or one 
bedstead to each workman ; while under the hand system of man- 
ufacture, a first rate bedstead is more than a week's work for one 
journeyman. The escape steam is employed not only in warming 
the building in winter, but softens the glue, ^nd being taken through 
a cylinder in which the veneers are steanied, fits them for being 
fastened to the bedstead. Five million feet of lumber are annually 
worked up here into bedsteads, of which, three hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars is the aggregate value. The stock of lumber on 
hand is never less than two million five hundred thousand feet, and 

.25 



292 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

of bedsteads a value of fifty thousand dollars. The lumber used 
here is seasoned by steam, and air exposure afterward. 

These bedsteads are of every variety of pattern and material, 
and degree of finish and cost; not less than ninety-five varieties 
being manufactured on the premises. They range from one dol- 
lar thirty-seven and a half cents, to seventy-five dollars in price, at 
wholesale. 

Poplar, sycamore, black walnut, and cherry, are the lumber; and 
black walnut, mahogany and rosewood the veneers employed in the 
fabrication of these bedsteads. 

The headboards of the finer kinds of bedsteads are not morticed 
into the post, as usual, but are fastened at the ends by iron hooks, 
secured to the head posts, and are let down by mortises into the 
head rail. This is obviously a very great improvement, and greatly 
facilitates their being taken to pieces and put together, when ne- 
cessary. The market for these bedsteads is throughout the west, 
south and south-west. All the principal hotels in Memphis, Nash- 
ville, Mobile, and New Orleans, have been furnished with bed- 
steads from this factory. 

Mitchell & Rammelsberg, factory on John street ; sample and 
salesrooms, Nos. 23 and 25 east Second street, and 99 west Fourth 
street. This is not only the largest furniture establishment in the 
city, but probably in the United Slates ; and does not, as most fac- 
tories in Cincinnati, confine its operations to two or three staple 
articles, but comprehends in its fabrics almost every description of 
cabinet ware and chairs. 

Every description of machinery may be found here, calculated 
to facilitate the saving of manual labor, and lighten its severity, by 
relieving the workmen of the coarsest and roughest part, such as 
rough planing and ripping, and allotting him the more delicate ope- 
rations, which give play to the exercise of skill and judgment. 

So great and rapid has become the constantly increasing value 
of building and materials in this city, that it has become necessary 
in the construction of both workshops and sales establishments, to 
make the ground space occupied by this concern, available to the 
utmost extent for its appropriate use. 

The factory consists of two buildings, extending on John street 
one hundred and seventy-five feet, from Second to Augusta streets, 
with the exception of a space between the buildings, which has a 



% 

MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 293 

fire-proof basement for the boilers, with a fire-proof iron door 
vault for the shavings. 

Each of the buildings is eight stories high, and has been provi- 
ded with steam elevators for raising and lowering the work, in one 
case extending to the roof, upon which the work is sometimes ta- 
ken to facilitate the drying of the varnish. In nearly every story 
these buildings are connected by bridges, forming passage-ways 
from one to the other, by which the work can be carried from the 
machinery department to the finishing rooms. 

The building which contains the machinery is sixty feet by one 
hundred and twenty feet, and every portion of each of the eight 
stories is advantageously occupied. The first story, or basement, 
contains two steam engines for driving all the machinery, sixteen 
turning lathes, a tin punching machine, three of Bettgemen's pat- 
ent machines for cutting dovetails in bed rails, two of Wright's 
patent machines for turning bed spring discs, and in one end is a 
large fire-proof room occupied as a blacksmith and machine shop, 
for the exclusive use of the establishment. 

In the second story are found three Daniels' planing machines, 
two of Woodworth's planing machines, two mortising machines, 
one grooving machine, four rip saws, three cross-cut saws, and 
three scroll saws, all of which, as well as the other machines men- 
tioned are run by steam power. 

In the third story is one of Daniels' patent planers, two tenon- 
ing machines, two friezing machines, three scroll saws, one mould- 
ing machine, one mitre saw, three fine rip saws, three fine cross- 
cut saws, one grooving machine, four boring machines, and four 
jointing machines. The fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh sto- 
ries are occupied by workmen engaged in |)utting work together, 
with the exception of the carvers, thirty-six hands, who occupy a 
portion of the fifth story. 

The eighth story is used for storing the work as it comes from 
the difi'erent machines, and this large loft, sixty by one hundred and 
twenty feet, is piled nearly to the roof, leaving passage ways only, 
with stuff, dressed, veneered and ready to be put together. These 
prepared material are all arranged so as to be convenient of ac- 
cess. In each story of each building there are steam pipes for 
heating the buildings, and glue ove-ns heated in the same manner, 
no fire, gas, or lights being admitted into any part of the factories. 

The other building referred to is eighty feet square, and each 



f 

294 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

of the eight stories is occupied for finishing, varnishing, polishing' 
etc., after the wood work has been completed in the machinerj 
building. In the basement are large quantities of mahogany, wal- 
nut, rosewood, and other veneers ; and in the other stories, large 
assortments of looking glass plates, marble tops, etc. With the 
exception of such space as is needed for the workmen, this im- 
mense building is densely filled with work in a variety of stages 
of progress. The number of different patterns of the various de- 
scriptions of furniture exceeds five hundred. 

In adjoining squares from the one occupied by the factory build 
ings, are lumber yards, the aggregate area of which is seventy-five 
thousand feet, and this space, with the exception of the passage 
ways, is piled full of lumber to the height of about twenty feet. 
The kinds of lumber used are poplar, black walnut, cherry, oak, 
pine, ash, maple, solid maliogany, and solid rosewood. Several 
million feet of these various kinds of lumber are used in this es- 
tablishment annually. 

The wholesale department is accommodated by a large five-story 
building on Second street, between Main and Sycamore. It is 
irregular in shape, but its space is equivalent to thirty-five by one 
hundred and thirty feet. A portion of this building is devoted to 
the manufacture of cane bottoms for chairs, stools, etc., but the prin- 
cipal portion of it is filled with manufactured work ready for market. 

Their retail store is a handsome seven-story building on Fourth 
street, adjoining the custom-house and post-ofiice, and extends 
through to Burnet street, opposite the Burnet House. It is thirty- 
four by one hundred and fifty feet, and is one hundred feet high 
on Fourth street, above the sidewalk. Each story is divided into 
two sections, the stairs in the centre approaching alternately first 
to one end of the building and then to the other. This is a novel 
and desirable arrangement, and affords to the visitor a view of the 
furniture on three diff'erent sections at any stand point, and this 
plan also admits light to much better advantage than the ordinary 
form, and as the customer passes up only half a story at a time, it 
is less fatiguing. This building is filled with sample goods, there 
being but one piece, or one set of each kind in the whole building. 
The price of bedsteads ranges from Si to ^150 ; bureaus, from 
$7 50 to $150; and sets of chairs, from $'3 to $150. 

In one of the upper lofts of this building, is an apartment for 
doing the upholstery work, which is approached by a circular stair- 



MAXUFACTURES AND IKDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 295 

way, at the rear end of the building. This stairway is only three 
and one-half feet in diameter, and is seventy feet high ; the stairs 
are iron, and the whole fire proof. The entire floor surface of the 
factories and salesrooms is equal to two hundred thousand square 
feet, or about five acres. 

It is only about twelve years since the wholesale furniture trade 
began in this city, and this firm alone now turns out over a value 
of five hundred thousand dollars yearly, without running their 
machinery and hands to the utmost capacity. 

A branch house has been established by this firm in St. Louis, 
under the title of Mitchell, Raramelsberg &, Co. They occupy 
sixty by one hundred feet of the fine six-story block at the corner 
of Washington and Fourth streets, and a large share of their stock 
is manufactured at their factory in this city. 

This factory has been twice burned out, at a cost of fifty thou- 
sand dollars, but the indomitable energy of the firm has prevailed 
over all adverse circumstances, to build up their business to its 
present position, and second to none in this line on the American 
continent. 

Fringes, Tassels, etc. — Four establishments ; employ fifty hands, 
with a product of sixty-six thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per 
cent. 

Gas Fitting. — There are eleven gas fitters in this city, who em- 
ploy fifty-six hands, with a product of one hundred and ten thou- 
sand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Gas Generator, Portable. — J. L. Drake, No. 65 Sixth, between 
Walnut and Vine streets, manufactures this article for country res- 
idences, public buildings, manufacturing establishments, steam- 
boats, halls, hotels, offices, stores, etc., and all places out of the 
reach of regular gas works. These gas generators manufacture 
benzole gas. The apparatus is simple, free from danger by ex- 
plosions, managed with ease and aff'ords a light superior to all oth- 
ers of the stationary kind, in cheapness, convenience and efiSciency. 
Mr. Drake manufactures coal oil lamps, and deals in benzole burn- 
ing and lubricating coal oils. Value of product, fifty thousand 
dollars ; employs fifteen hands ; raw material, 67 per cent. 

Gilders. — Eleven establishments, seventy-five hands; value of 
product, sixty thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Cincinnati Ornamental Composition Works, and Gilding Estab- 
lishment, No. 135 Sycamore street, between Fourth and Fifth 



29G MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Streets, Thomas Bown, proprietor. Miunifiictures to order, and 
keeps constantly on hand, pier and mantle mirrors. Also, window 
cornices, portrait and picture frames of all sizes, and the latest 
styles. Oval frames of all patterns and sizes, .gilt mouldings, 
brackets, bases, tables, cards, and tassels, oval turnings. Steam- 
boats and store rooms decorated with composition. Old frames re- 
gilt, repaired etc., etc. The trade and dealers supplied with any 
article in the line. Ovals in the wood, and mouldings, constantly 
on hand. 

An infinite variety of ornamental designs may be found here un- 
equaled this side of New York or Philadelphia. 

Gilding on Glass. — This is a novel, ingenious, and remarkably 
handsome style of ornament, applied to a great variety of purpo- 
ses, and supplying a deficiency of the past, which was met by 
importations from London and our eastern cities. It comprehends 
glass signs in burnished gold, of all styles, and suited for every 
business ; druggists' gold labels, and jars labeled, and enameled 
inside ; porcelain pots and drawer knobs, elegantly decorated with 
labels burnt in, with ornamenting of every descrij)tion on glass. 
All this is applied to an inconceivable variety of subjects. I shall 
specify one only. At this establishment may be seen, executed in 
this line, a strikingly elfective and handsomely executed portrait 
of Mayor Thomas, which surpasses, in my judgment, for life-like 
character, any other species of portrait, oil, miniature, ambrotype, 
or photograph. Emj)loys live hands, with a yearly product of ten 
thousand dollars. Tiiis is a business of daily increasing im- 
portance. 

Glass Worhs. — Gray, Ilemingray <fe Bros., employ eighty hands ; 
value of product, one hundred thousand dollars. 

This is equal to any establishment in Pittsburg, in importance, 
and excels any there in the variety of articles which it manufac- 
tures. To enumerate the principal ones only, would be to furnish 
a general and extensive catalogue ; many of these are peculiar to 
their works: such as glass milk pans, atmospheric fruit jars, etc. 

Every description of flint glass ware, apothecaries' furniture, 
and chemical apparatus made to order on siiort notice. Perfum- 
ers' ware, telegraph glasses, and lightning rod insulators. Patent 
self adjusting lanterns for railroads, steamboats, and for general 
purposes. 

Grease Factory. — Joseph Whiltaker, office No. 355 Broadway ; 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 297 

factory on Deer creek. Employs one hundred and twenty hands, 
who are engaged in the winter in this department, and in the 
summer upon cleaning and dressingbristles, hair, etc.,of the hog — 
value of product, one hundred and thirty thousand dollars; raw 
material, 40 per cent. 

Glove Factories. — Three ; employ forty hands,, principally fe- 
males; value of manufactures, thirty thousand dollars; raw mate- 
rial, 60 per cent. 

Glue. — Six factories, forty hands; value of product, thirty-six 
thousand dollars. 

Gold Leaf and Dentists* Foil. — One factory, that of James Les- 
lie, No. 181 Walnut street, employs seven hands; value of product, 
fifteen thousand dollars; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Mr. Leslie has been twenty years in this business, and his pro- 
ducts are unsurpassed in purity, pliability and toughness. Few 
persons are aware of the extensibility of gold, A piece of gold 
equal in weight to ten grains No. 1 shot, will beat out into seven 
thousand five hundred square inches, and each shot into a surface 
of gold large enough to cover an extra imperial sheet, such as th.e 
Cincinnati Enquirer. 

Gold Pens. — Two shops, five hands ; value of product, sixty-five 
hundred dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Gunsmiths. — Six establishments, which make rifles, shot belts, 
etc. Thirty hands; value of product, forty-five thousand dollars; 
raw material, 40 per cent. 

B. Kittridge & Co., dealers in guns and sporting app.aratus, 134 
Main street, and 55 St. Charles street. New Orleans. Are exten- 
sively engaged in the manufacture of rifles, shot belts, pistol 
belts and holsters, and leather gun covers and cases. They 
are heavy importers of single and double shot guns, percussion 
caps and general sporting apparatus. Large dealers in shot; only 
agents in the west for the sale of the well known Colt's pistols and 
other arms. Dealers in English and American sporting, cannon 
and blasting powder. Agents for the Orange gun powder, which 
is becoming very celebrated, and is well known by the orange stain 
which it leaves in burning. 

Established in 1845, the first important wholesale house estab- 
lished in the west, and by far the most extensive at the present 
time. 



298 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Hat Block Factory. — One, with four hands, and product of four 
thousand dollars ; raw material, 10 per cent. 

Horse Shoeing. — Twelve shops ; forty hands ; product, fifty 
thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Ice. — Twenty dealers, who employ one hundred and thirty hands ; 
value of product, two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 6 per cent. 

Iron — Bar, Boiler, Plate, Sheet, etc., Iron, and Nails. — Ten 
rolling mills, some of which are outside of the city, but as they 
manufacture entirely for this market, they enter into the general 
aggregate. Number of hands eighteen hundred and twenty-five ; 
value of product, four millions three hundred and thirty-four thou- 
sand dollars ; raw material, 45 per cent. 

Licking Rolling Mills, Phillips & Son ; employ two hundred and 
seventy-five hands, and their works are in constant operation 
throughout the year^ Sundays excepted. They consume, annu- 
ally, five hundred thousand bushels coal. Yearly products are, 
three thousand tons small round and square and hoop iron, etc.; 
two thousand tons large round and square, railroad chair iron, etc.; 
two thousand tons fire bed and sheet iron; one thousand tons boiler 
iron, heads, etc. ; eight thousand tons iron of all descriptions, aver- 
aging eighty-seven dollars and fifty cents per ton ; aggregate value, 
seven hundred thousand dollars. The sheet iron made here is an- 
nealed on the surface, which renders it apparently equal to the 
Russia sheets. 

Five thousand tons pig iron, two thousand tons Tennessee clear 
blooms, and one thousand tons scrap iron, are annually consumed 
at this establishment. 

The works occupy an extent of six acres, one half of which is 
covered with buildings. 

Globe Iron Works, Worthington »Sc Co., proprietors. Office, 42 
and 44 west Second street. Manufacture every species of rolled 
iron, such as bar, sheet, boiler plate, fire bed, etc. Also make 
galvanized tubing for wells. Yearly product, four thousand tons. 
Also, make railroad chairs, iron rivets, and iron wire of all sizes. 
Work one hundred and sixty hands, with a product of three hun- 
dred and fifty thousand dollars. 

Iron Bridges — Tubular Wrought. — This is one of the great in- 
ventions of modern times, which will doubtless supersede all other 
descriptions of bridges. 



^-?1^ >' 



ei^'K 













EHRGOTT 4: FORBRlGERj LITH. CINCINNATI, 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 299 

Their advantages are, 

1. They can be built almost as cheap as those of more perisha- 
ble materials. 

2. Owing to their material and mode of construction, they are 
less liable to injury by either floods or winds. 

3. They are indestructible by fire or the lapse of time. 

4. As they do not weigh one sixth as much as ordinary wood 
bridges of the same length, they do not require one half the ma- 
son work and stone for the abutments, an important item of ex- 
pense, whe'n the right kind of stone, as is often the case, cannot be 
found convenient. 

5. Being made in sections, they are convenient to handle, and 
are therefore portable by canal boat, wagon, or railroad, to their 
place of use. 

6. For the same reason, they can be fitted together and put up 
in less time and with less number of hands than any other descrip- 
tion of bridge, and are therefore admirably fitted on short notice to 
replace frame structures, on railways or other roads, that have been 
carried off by high waters. 

Lastly. This is the strongest bridge that can be made. They 
will bear about two hundred times their own weight. A model 
weighing eighteen lbs., and of four feet span, was recently tested 
in Cincinnati, in the presence of intelligent and scientific judges, 
and found capable of bearing, without the slightest deflection, five 
thousand lbs. pig lead, equal to a weight of three hundred and 
sixty tons on a bridge forty-eight feet in length. 

T. W. H. Moseley, of the firm of Moseley & Co., iron bridge 
and roofing works, 497 west Third street; ofiice, 57 west Third 
street, is the inventor, patentee and constructor of these bridges. 
The firm works seventy-five men, and consumes ten thousand tons 
pig iron in their bridge and roofing operations. As this is manu- 
factured into bars, sheets and rods by our rolling mills for these 
uses, the original cost of the pig metal, three hundred thousand 
dollars, acquires in the process an aggregate value of more than 
a million of dollars, the importance to the community of this 
bridge and roof manufacture, as an industrial feature of Cincin- 
nati, becomes manifest. A large amount of productive industry, 
beyond that amount, however, is created or sustained by this estab- 
lishment. I refer to the putting up of these bridges with their 
roofs, which at the present ratio of production and sale, requires 



300 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

more than one thousand persons for this purpose. This involves a 
business additional of one million dollars in value. Large as are 
these figures, the proprietors consider their business but in its 
infancy. 

A remarkable feature in this business is the large proportion of 
orders from distant States and territories, where these bridges are 
superseding the erections of the past thirty years. They have been 
constructed here, transported by river and railway as far as Rich- 
mond, Virginia, and put up there at a greatly less cost than any 
other species of bridge could be constructed in the vicinity. 

Japaning Tin Ware, and Tinners^ Machines and Tools. — One 
establishment, working seventy-four hands, and producing a value 
of one hundred and thirty thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per 
cent. 

Ladders, etc. — There are half a dozen shops in this line, most 
of which make rough or cheap articles. Number of hands, twelve; 
value of products, twenty thousand dollars. 

Thos. J. Magee, No. 46^ cast Third street, patent ladder factory, 
manufactures the article in every variety and for every purpose. 
They are .so constructed by braces and supports, and in some in- 
stances by slides, that they are made to any length requisite for 
reaching the highest buildings, and at the same time are both light 
and strong. Mr. Magee also makes fruit stands, and fits up stores 
to order, and executes all kinds of job work in his line. 

Lever Lochs, etc. — Ten shops, mostly on a small scale ; work 
sixty hands ; produce a value of seventy-five thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 40 per cent. 

Lightning Rods. — Three factories; employ thirty-five hands; 
produce in value one hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars; 
raw material, 50 per cent. 

Lead Pipe, etc. — One factory, with a capacity of turning out 
more than one million lbs. of manufactured lead annually, to a 
value of sixty-one thousand dollars ; raw material, 85 per cent. 

Here are made bar and sheet lead pipe of every size, from one 
fourth inch to four inch calibre, and of every grade of strength, 
that may be needed ; aqueduct pipe, pipe for chemical and other 
uses. 

Liquors, Domestic. — Brandy, gin, wines, cordials, etc., are man- 
ufactured in Cincinnati to a great extent, and there are as many as 
forty establishments, employing two hundred and forty hands. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 301 

which make of these articles three hundred thousand barrels of 
forty gallons each, annually, worth, at twelve dollars per bbl., three 
millions six hundred thousand dollars ; raw material, 60 per cent. 

Lithographers. — Six establishments. Some of these are prin- 
cipally employed upon maps and plats of property ; others upon 
portraits and landscapes, and others again upon mercantile and 
bank lithographs, such as notes, drafts, checks, etc. 

They employ sixty-six hands, and execute work annually to the 
value of one hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars ; raw mate- 
rial, 35 per cent. 

The increase of business in this line, from one lithographer with 
four hands, in 1840, turning out four thousand dollars worth of 
work, to four establishments in 1850, with twenty hands, and a 
product of twenty thousand dollars, and now six lithographers, with 
sixty-six hands, exhibiting a product of one hundred and sixty-five 
thousand dollars, is not more remarkable than the continued ad- 
vance in the art as respects taste in design and excellence in the 
finish of what is now executed here. It requires a good judge to 
distinguish some of our Cincinnati lithographs from steel en- 
gravings. 

Gibson & Co., lithographers, engravers, fine job printers, and 
paper dealers, north-west corner Third and Main street, are exten- 
sively engaged in executing every variety of commercial and bank- 
ing engraving, such as bonds, scrip, drafts, certificates of stock and 
deposit, notes, checks, bill and letter heads, show and business cards. 
They also get up and supply every variety of drug, wine, liquor and 
perfumery labels; also, label books for druggists. 

By having constantly extensive supplies on hand of just the arti- 
cles needed by purchasers, they do a very large and increasing 
business throughout the west, south, north and south-west to a much 
greater distance than would be generally supposed ; filling orders 
from points as distant as Canada and Nova Scotia. 

Middleton, Strobridge & Co., north-west corner Walnut and 
Third streets. In this establishment are embraced all kinds of lith- 
ographing, such as views of cities and buildings, landscapes, etc., 
in one or more colors ; portraits, maps, bonds, certificates of stock, 
etc. ; drafts, checks, etc., in all kinds of commercial work, almost 
equaling the finest engraving on steel. Value of work per annum^ 
twenty-five thousand dollars. Hands employed, twenty. 

G. A. Menzel, No. 99 west Sixth street, employs twelve hands, 



302 MANUi JTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

and produces an annual value of thirty-six thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 25 per cent. 

Execute in the best style maps, plates, portraits, buildings, plats, 
landscapes, diplomas, labels of all kinds ; also topographical and 
historical pictures. Mr. Menzel has occupied a high standing pro- 
fessionally, for many years here. 

Ehrgott & Forbriger, practical lithographists, Carlisle Block, 
south-west corner Fourth and Walnut streets, are prepared to exe- 
cute in the very best style every species of work on stone, plain 
and in colors, as landscapes, portraits, show cards, diplomas, music 
titles, book illustrations, maps, bonds, checks, drafts, notes, bill 
and letter heads, cards, labels, machines, etc., etc. 

The establishment of Messrs. Ehrgott & Forbriger is in a great 
state of completeness, and those who may require lithographic 
work cannot do better than give them a trial. They guarantee their 
work to be equal to any executed in the country, and at the most 
reasonable cost. They are experienced workmen, and strive to 
excel in their department. 

It will be seen that several embellishments in this volume are 
from this establishment. 

Machine?'!/, Wood WorJdng. — Two factories, which work eighty- 
two hands, and produce a value of one hundred and seventy-five 
thousand dollars annually ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Lane & Bodley, corner John and Water streets, manufacturers 
of Woodworth planers, Daniels' planers, Lane & Bodley's patent 
power mortising and boring machines, sash sticking and moulding 
machines, tenon machines, hub boring machines, hub hewing 
machines, turning lathes, spoke lathes, felloe bending machines, 
scroll saws, wheelwright's machinery. Lane & Bodley's patent 
portable circular saw mill, and a great variety of other wood-work- 
ing machinery. They employ fifty hands, and produce one hundred 
thousand dollars. 

Lane & Bodley's power mortising machine enjoys an enviable 
celebrity. Orders for them have been filled from Russia, Germa- 
ny, Cuba, South America, Canada, and every State in the Union. 
Their circular saw mills possess some strikingly original peculiari- 
ties, that lessen the number of hands necessary to operate them, 
and increases their products to such an extent as to create a large 
demand for the article. They make every description of machi- 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL TRODUCTS. 303 

nery that takes the log from the woods, and makes it up into every 
variety of products. 

Steptoe & McFarlin, Western Machine Works, No. 218 Second 
street, between Plum and Western Row. This establishment also 
makes a variety of machines for working in wood, comprehending 
Steptoe's mortising machines, sash moulding and slat machine, im- 
proved resawing machine, Woodworth's planers, Steptoe's improved 
mortise machine, Daniels' improved planer, tenon and sash stick- 
ing machines. Fay's patent mortising machine, circular saw man- 
drels, journal mandrels, etc., etc. This firm makes more mortise 
machines than any other in the United States, and in respect to the 
Woodworth planing machine, they have entirely driven the eastern 
article from the market. Of these last, they make fifty to sixty 
annually, varying in value from five hundred to one thousand 
dollars. 

It has been the constant aim of the senior partner of this con- 
cern, for the last twenty years, to supply from Cincinnati the de- 
mand of the west with this kind of machinery. He has spared no 
expense to make the various articles of his manufacture both bet- 
ter and cheaper than the products brought from the east, so as to 
overcome the tendency of persons purchasing abroad what they can 
get at their own doors. Steptoe & McFarlin work thirty-two hands, 
and produce an annual value of seventy-five thousand dollars. 

Malt. — This article is manufactured in the city and vicinity for 
brewers' and distillers' use, principally for the first named class, 
for home consumption in beer and ale, and for export. Value of 
product, five hundred and eighty-nine thousand four hundred 
dollars. 

Marhle Worhs. — There are twenty-two marble yards in this city, 
many of which are, however, not on an extensive scale. They em- 
ploy two hundred and ninety hands, and produce a value of three 
hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Value of material, 50 per 
cent. 

It is but a few years, comparatively, since the manufacture of 
marble, as one of the industrial arts, was first established in this 
city, and in the march of progress this branch of business has ta- 
ken most rapid strides. The little shops in which the pioneers in 
this branch of manufacture first carved the epitaphs of our loved 
and lost ones upon imperishable marble, have given way to more 



304 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

extended establishments, fitted up with all the appliances which 
machinery can furnish to facilitate their work. 

The beneficial influence which this branch of manufacture ex- 
erts in a community is not restricted to those immediately engaged 
in the business, either as employees or workmen. Its value to our 
city must not be measured merely by the number which it feeds 
and clothes. The influence which it exerts on our community, 
cultivating the tastes of the masses, and fitting our youth to adorn 
a higher grade in the scale of civilization, is of incalculable value. 
For proof of this, advert to the old graveyards. The hand of 
friendship has there raised a plain memorial of the honored dead, 
whose relatives have homes sufficiently near to protect the struc- 
ture from vandal hands, yet how neglected and dilapidated it be- 
comes in a few short years. How widely different now ! the sur- 
viving friends erect memorials of much greater cost and value ; 
they call in the aid of the artist, and supplant "the frail memorial 
with shapeless sculpture decked," by a chaste memento, where, 
scattered oft 

" The earliest of the year, 

By hands unseen, are showers of violets found ; 
The redbreast loves to build and warble there, 

And little footsteps lightly print the ground." 

The monument now erected is guarded by a tender care, and 
the highest, holiest feelings of our nature find exercise in con- 
templation: the thoughtless schoolboy, whose noontide sport found 
vent in playing leap-frog over the headstones in our ancient church 
yards, is impressed with a feeling of veneration when he ap- 
proaches our beautiful rural cemeteries, and feels that the ground 
on which he stands is indeed " sacred to the memory" of the hon- 
ored dead. 

We may not, however, moralize too much in a work devoted to 
facts rather than fancies, and so advert to more critical notices of 
the establishments engaged in this manufacture. 

The old pioneer of marble working, David Bolles, is still engaged 
in the business, but at a much more extensive and convenient es- 
tablishment, than at my last notice of the growth of Cincinnati. 
The establishment of Chas. Rule & Co. is, however, at the head 
of the list in point of the magnitude and variety of the articles 
manufactured ; everything now-a-days made of marble, from the 
plainest headstone to the most costly mausoleum, can be obtained 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 306 

at this marble yard at the shortest notice. Their establishment is 
not only the largest in the west, but will compare favorably with 
any works of the kind in the United States. They ordinarily em- 
ploy from sixty to seventy-five hands, and in the busiest seasons a 
much greater number ; their products are valued at about one 
hundred thousand dollars annually ; and a comparison of their 
marble work at Spring grove cemetery with that which has been 
imported from the oldest establishments at the east, will convince 
our citizens that it is unnecessary to go away from home in order 
to procure specimens of marble work as good as the best. 

Space will not permit us to notice singly all the other estab- 
lishments, of which there are between twenty and thirty, employ- 
ing from five to twenty-five or thirty hands each, and whose manu- 
factures add annually large sums to the productive capital of our 
city. 

Monumental Marble Works, 243 Vine street, D. Bolles, proprie- 
tor. This establishment, among the oldest in the west, being of 
some thirty years' standing, is entitled, not so much for its magni- 
tude as for its excellence, to a much larger notice than the limits of 
this volume will admit. 

No pains are spared in getting up the best designs for cemetery 
work, and equal care is given in the execution of the same, no job 
of work being permitted to pass out of his hands unless it is well 
finished, whether it be plain or ornamental, cheap or costly ; and 
the better to enable him to succeed, he employs no more hands, 
fifteen in number, than he can personally attend to, and those al- 
ways such as command the highest wages. 

His wareroom is ample, and at all times well filled with a great 
variety of highly finished marble work, such as monuments, tombs, 
gravestones, tablets, enclosures, and corner posts for cemetery lots, 
sarcophagi, urns, pedestals, statuettes, effigies of children, doves? 
lambs, slabs, mantle pieces, fountains, etc., etc., which cannot fail 
to attract the attention of purchasers and visitors. 

Much credit is due him in contributing his full share in building 
up a branch of business which, within the last few years, has 
advanced in magnitude and perfection beyond the expectations of 
the most sanguine, and in artistical excellence will not shrink in 
comparison with similar work in any city in the world. 

About twenty-five thousand dollars in value of manufactured 
work is turned out annually at these works. 



306 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Mathematical, Optical and Astronomical Instruments. — Five 
workshops, mostly on a small scale. Some of them construct in- 
struments with a finish and accuracy that cannot be surpassed else- 
where. Employ twenty hands; value of product, forty thousand 
dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Mat Maker. — One workshop, three hands ; value of product, 
eight thousand dollars ; raw material, 30 per cent. 

Mattresses., Bedding, etc. — Fifteen establishments, one hundred 
and ten hands ; value of product, one hundred and eight thousand 
dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Masonic and Odd Felloivs'' Regalia. — Four factories, eighteen 
hands ; product value, twenty-five thousand dollars ; raw material, 
60 per cent. 

Medicines, Patent. — Fifteen factories, employing fifty hands, 
with a product of nine hundred and sixty thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 20 per cent. 

Millinery. — Three hundred Rnd fifty shops. Number of hands, 
eleven hundred and twenty ; value of work, one million seven 
hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 

Mineral Water, Artificial. — This business consists of two classes, 
one of which is properly termed soda water, and is drawn from 
fountains by the glass, or sold by the bottle, at places of resort for 
the purpose, as an article of summer refreshment. The other ar- 
ticle is a scientific imitation of the well known medicinal waters of 
Europe. 

The manufacture of soda water, a very refreshing beverage du- 
ring the heats of summer, has been carried on in this city for some 
years quite extensively, and the consumption of it at home and 
abroad, is increasingly great. 

Soda water is made by impregnating water with carbonic acid 
gas, in the proportion of five parts in bulk of one, to twelve of the 
other ; the gas in a fountain of any given capacity, being condensed 
into a volume of one twelfth its natural space. 

It is the expansion of that gas, when discharged, which creates 
effervescence, and the pungency of the soda water when taken at 
a draught. 

The following is the process of manufacture. The gas is gene- 
rated in a strong leaden vessel by the action of diluted sulphuric 
acid, on marble dust — carbonate of lime. It is passed into a gas- 
ometer, and thence forced by steam power, acting on air pumps, 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 307 

into a fountain or the bottles, compressing fifty gallons of carbonic 
acid gas into the space of seven gallons in an inconceivably short 
space of time. The safety valve on the machine indicates a pres- 
sure of one hundred and fifty pounds to the square inch. 

There are ten of these factories here, employing eighty hands ; 
value of product, one hundred and seventy-six thousand dollars. 
Four fifths of this value is contributed by labor alone. 

Another class — the medicinal waters, has recently been intro- 
duced into Cincinnati, by Dr. S. Hanbury Smith, long known as a 
scientific physician here. His establishment is at No. 128 Fourth, 
west of Race street, where are compounded artificially all the in- 
gredients of Carlsbad, Marienbad, Kissingen and Pyrmont, in 
the due and exact proportions of these elements as they exist in 
their natural localities. These waters have been selected by Dr. 
Smith as models of their several classes, and afford the necessary 
variety which the discriminating physician may find it necessary to 
prescribe. They are kept on draught at this establishment, and 
are extensively drank on the spot. Besides these, there are 
Kreutznach, Heilbrunn, Spa, Selters, Ems, and other various min- 
eral waters supplied to order in bottles. There is a rapidly in- 
creasing conviction in the public mind as to the value of these wa- 
ters, and a corresponding increase in their use. 

Morocco Leather. — Ten establishments for tanning and dressing 
this article. Three hundred thousand sheep skins are annually 
converted into moroccos here, which are supplied to the bookbind- 
ing, trunk, pocket book, saddlery and shoe trade. During tbe last 
eight years, a large share of these skins have been colored cochi- 
neal, maroon, and blue, and finished with a high gloss, to adapt 
them to the finest binding and lining uses. The supply of sheep 
skins has increased almost ten fold since 1841. The skins, di- 
vested of the wool, are worth twenty cents each, and the dressed 
article commands four to nine dollars per dozen ; aggregate value, 
one hundred and sixty-seven thousand dollars ; raw material, 30 
per cent. 

J. H. Ballance, on the Miami canal, near Race street, tans and 
dresses forty thousand sheep skins yearly, which are sold for shoe- 
makers' and saddlers' use. Mr. B. is also extensively a wool dealer- 

Mouldings. — Two establishments, which work sixteen hands, 
and produce a value of thirty thousand dollars. 

Musical Instruments. — Pianos are made here in four shops, but 
26 



308 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Oil quite a small scale, as the aggregate of the whole is ten hands, 
and nine thousand dollars of product value. There is also an or- 
gan factory, which employs twenty-four hands, and produces a 
value of forty thousand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Music PuhlisJiing, etc. — W. C. Peters & Sons, Nos. 50 and 76 
west Third street, are publishers of various works of instruction 
for the piano, guitar, violin, etc., of which they are the authors, or 
hold the copyrights. They also issue the newest and most popu- 
lar music ; of which their catalogue presents a variety of solos, 
duetts, trios and glees, adapted to vocal and instrumental use ; 
marches, quicksteps, etc., to the extent of five thousand pieces — a 
new piece, on the average, being published every day. Of these, 
the paper is of Cincinnati manufacture, and the engraving and 
printing are all executed here. The firm supplies eastern publish- 
ers, and the business exchange in this line is largely in favor of 
Cincinnati. Their stock of engraved copper and zinc plates has 
cost more than one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, and 
they pay out annually three thousand dollars for copyrights ; also 
manufacture ruled paper for copyists. Employ seventy-five hands, 
and issue a value of two hundred thousand dollars ; raw material, 
20 per cent. 

They import musical instruments of every description from head 
quarters in France, Germany and Italy. Peters & Sons are the 
largest music publishers in the west. Their " Eclectic Piano Forte 
Instructor " enjoys unrivaled popularity, although only before the 
public for the past three years. The fortieth edition of one thou- 
sand copies each has issued from the press. 

Oil^ Castor. — A marked decline in the cultivation for this mar- 
ket of the castor bean, has reduced the value of the oil produced 
here to thirty thousand dollars. One establishment, five hands. 

Oils — Coal and Cotton Seed. — Two modern products have been 
recently introduced here, which promise to make a revolution in 
material for artificial light, and lubricating purposes. One of these 
is coal oil, made from the Cannel variety, the other, as the name 
purports, is expressed from cotton seed. 

. Coal oil. The manufacture of oils for illumination and for lu- 
bricating, from coals, as commercial products, is of recent origin, 
and limited to the last five years, and mainly to the last two years; 
but though yet in its infancy, and but partially understood by very 
few, if fully by any, enough has been learned and developed to 



3IAXUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 309 

place it in high rank among the valuable gratuities prepared in na- 
ture's great laboratory for the wants and comforts of our race. 

In common terms and in common processes, Cannel coal yields, 
benzole, a light and highly inflammable substance used largely in 
the arts, and in the portable processes of manufacturing gas ; next 
in order, the burning or illuminating oil, being a mixture of the 
benzole and the unctuous or fatty portions of the oil ; next an oil 
admirably adapted for wool in the picking and carding processes, 
its properties tending to dissolve the grease and dirt so intermixed 
with all fine wools ; next the heavy or lubricating oil for machine- 
ry, which as it runs from the stills is mixed with paraffine, a sub- 
stance in its nature and appearance corresponding with the best 
sperm and white wax. These products occur, in varying propor- 
tions, in different coals, and no general standard either of general 
product, or the specific results could be made, the coals from the 
same vein frequently changing materially in their quality in a few 
feet. Most coals yield a large quantity of strong ammonia water, 
a product that will be sought for with earnestness by every farmer 
who fully understands his true interests, and the value of this fer- 
tilizer in connection with spent lime or ashes and barnyard manure. 
This, with the coke, ends the chapter of products. 

There are, probably, in central Ohio, as rich varieties of Cannel 
coal and as fine deposits as exist any where, and in the only coun- 
ties yet explored for the purpose, those of Licking, Coshocton, 
Muskingum, and Perry, it will be safe to estimate there is an 
area equal to ten miles square, underlaid to the average of three 
feet in depth of Cannel coal and shale. 

This would give four thousand and five hundred tons to the acre, 
and three hundred and seven millions and two hundred thousand 
tons to the district referred to, and would, at the low price of five 
cents to the ton, afford a raw material value of fifteen millions and 
three hundred and sixty thousand dollars, which, manufactured 
into oil, and made to yield, as it may, thirty gallons to the ton, 
would be a product of nine thousand three hundred and sixty mil- 
lions of gallons, which, at sixty cents per gallon, equals the enor- 
mous sum of five thousand six hundred and sixteen millions of 
dollars. Tiiese are large figures, but every reader will acknowl- 
edge the five cents per ton — twenty-eight bushels — is a low price 
for an article that will command in any market ten cents per bushel, 
and that almost any burning oil we have cannot be bought at less 



310 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

than ninety cents per gallon, wholesale. Xow to say nothing of 
the extensive beds of Cannel coal in western Virginia, Missouri, 
Illinois, and other sections of the west, these four counties form a 
small proportion of the Cannel coal region of our own State. There 
is obviously no danger, therefore, of the raw material giving out 
for centuries. 

No substance has ever been used for lubrication that more fully 
realizes the wants of the mechanical world, when properly pre- 
pared for that purpose, and it can be afforded at a much less price 
than any of the good oils heretofore used. 

For illumination there is nothing but gas that can vie with it for 
brilliancy, and on the score of economy, it takes precedence even 
of gas. 

The following statement, illustrating this point, is made from an 
experiment of my own, for the purpose of testing the comparative 
merits of lard oil and coal, simply as a light. 

One pint of coal oil, costing twelve cents, has fed one coal lamp 
during six evenings, for the space of twenty-eight hours, averaging 
four hours and forty minutes to the evening — the lamp being first 
placed on the supper table, and afterward transferred to the sitting 
room table. Two lard oil lamps to each place, were needed here- 
tofore to perform the same service. The cost of lard oil, five cents 
per evening, and that of coal oil, two cents. But there was not 
only a cheaper, but a brighter and clearer light. With a ground 
shade to mellow and subdue the extreme brilliancy of coal oil light, 
and a regulating screw to the lamp referred to, for graduating the 
amount, as high a grade of light as is desirable can be obtained, 
Avithout exposure to the injury which gas and other naked intense 
lights inflict on the eyes. 

There are four coal oil establishments in Cincinnati and adja- 
cencies, all which, aided by supplies from the interior of the State, 
Kentucky, and Western Virginia, fall short of meeting the demand 
which has already sprung up for the article. 

Newport Coal Oil Company, factory in Newpovt, opposite the 
city. Sales here. E. Grasselli, president. Operates on Coal Riv- 
er, Va., coal, of which fifteen hundred bushels are consumed 
weekly. These works manufacture ninety thousand gallons oil 
annually ; of this, one half is burning oil, the other half lubrica- 
ting oil and paraffine. There are fifty retorts in operation in 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 311 

this establishment, and the number will be increased as fast as the 
demand for lubricating oil becomes developed. 

Eugene Grasselli is manufacturing coal oil adjacent to his oil of 
vitriol works, on Front street, operating on a scale and with a pro- 
duct precisely one half of that at Newport. 

The Great Western Coal and Oil Co., of Newark, Ohio, owned 
principally in Cincinnati and Covington, manufactures, daily, 
twenty-four hundred gallons coal oil, of which ten per rent, is 
consumed here. In a few weeks they expect to supply the mar- 
ket with oil to the extent of three hundred thousand gallons annu- 
ally. Henry Worthington, president. Office, No. 13 Front street, 
between Main and Walnut streets. 

Cotton Seed Oil. — For a quarter of a century or more, experi- 
ments have been made, in various parts of the country, to accom- 
plish the extraction and purification of oil from the seed of the 
cotton. Many patents have been granted, and large sums of money 
lost in these experiments ; but until very recently, the results have 
been anything but satisfactory. 

The first difficulty in the way of extracting the oil has been to 
get rid of the husk, with its coating of fibres that envelops the 
kernel of the seed, in which, with the starch, gum, etc., destined 
to nourish the germ of a new plant, the oil is deposited. This dif- 
ficulty was finally overcome by Wm. R. Fee, of this city, in 1857, 
by the invention of his cotton-seed huller, which was patented that 
year, and which has been found in practice to answer all the re- 
quirements. 

The remaining difficulty was the purification of the oil, after its 
extraction from the seed. The oil, when first pressed out, is of 
the color of molasses, containing gum, mucilage, and other protein 
compounds, which destroy its qualities as a lubricator or burning 
oil. This difficulty has been partially overcome in Boston, but at 
great loss of material, and expense of manipulation. This pro- 
cess is in use in New Orleans, and with a modification borrowed 
from Watts' palm oil processes in St. Louis ; but the oil produced 
is not of a very desirable or marketable quality. And it is to Cin- 
cinnati that we are again to look for the perfect solution of the 
difficulty. 

Within the past year, the manufacturers of this city have per- 
fected a cheap and expeditious process for the complete and 
economical purification and bleaching of the oil, which yields an 



312. MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

article in appearance not inferior to the best samples of fresh olive 
oil, possessing very superior qualities for burning, and with the ad- 
vantage of never becoming rancid. Specimens of this oil cnn be 
seen in this city, which have been exposed in open vessels to light 
and air for eighteen months, which are now perfectly sweet and 
odorless — qualities not to be met with in any otiier oil that exists. 
This refined oil also has the advantage of resisting cold to a won- 
derful degree, remaining limpid at 30*^ Fahrenheit, and quite fluid 
at 20°, hardening only at 8 and 10°. 

The principal manufactories of this crude oil are at St. Louis, 
where there is a mill capable of turning out three thousand gallons 
per week ; and at New Orleans, a mill pressing weekly four thou- 
sand gallons. 

The process of manufacture, after the seed is bulled, is almost 
identical with that of linseed oil, and need not be described ; and 
the cake produced is said to be fully equal to that of linseed, which 
is always in demand in the great commercial centres, for the feed- 
ing of stock, milch cows, etc. 

The extent of this manufacture need only be limited by the de- 
mand, for the production of seed is estimated at two millions of 
tons annually — each ton of which will yield one barrel, or forty 
gallons of oil, making in the aggregate eighty million gallons oil 
per annum ! This is a prodigious amount, especially when we re- 
flect that scarcely two hundred thousand gallons per annum are 
made, the remainder of the seed being thrown away, or used for 
manure on the poorer cotton lands. 

From this data, it will be seen that the future of this trade prom- 
ises enormous results, and that the invention of a good and cheap 
refining process, such as exists here, is likely to prove of im- 
mense value to the cotton planters of the south, and of lasting ben- 
efit to the world at large, by giving a permanent value to a great 
staple product, which has hitherto been regarded, beyond a certain 
amount, as worse than valueless. 

Individaels refine three hundred to four hundred gallons per 
day, although they are but in the infancy of the business; value of 
annual product, one hundred thousand dollars. 

Let us now briefly contemplate the extent to which this manu- 
facture must operate on the two prime necessities of the commu- 
nity — food and light. Although the production of the seed will 
ever be confined to the south, it can hardly be doubted that its 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 313 

manufacture into oil and cake will be carried on principally, if not 
entirely, in a region like ours, where machinery and skill are occu- 
pied in working out the highest as well as most economical results, 
and where at the same time, besides being a great central distribu- 
ting point, facilities of communication and transportation exist in 
the highest degree. 

Without speculating what share of the value of this product, in 
both its manufacturing and mercantile aspect, shall be created here, 
it may be worth while to exhibit some calculations of that value 
itself. 

The recent cotton crop has reached, it appears, to three millions 
three hundred thousand bales of five hundred lbs. each, or eight 
hundred and twenty-five thousand tons. As the seed is well known 
to form five sevenths of the whole cotton crop, as respects weight, 
we have then two millions tons of seed as result. From this de- 
duct for oil, seed and waste one fifth, and there remains sixteen 
millions tons of oil cake, which, at twenty-five dollars per ton, its 
very lowest value in competition with other food for horses, cattle, 
hogs or sheep, at average rates, and the value of that cake reaches 
forty millions dollars. Add to this sixty millions dollars, as the 
value of eighty millions gallons oil, and we have an aggregate of 
one hundred millions dollars, more than one half of the value of 
the entire cotton crop, even at the present high price of that great 
staple. What our Cincinnati huUers and oil mills will thus do for 
the south, may be more fully comprehended by the fact that this 
entire and increasing product will be gathered from what has here- 
tofore been thrown into the Mississippi as of no value, or merely 
been used for manure. 

Oil, Linseed. — Three mills, which employ fifty-three hands, and 
manufacture a value of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars- 
raw material, 75 per cent. 

Faints. — There are three establishments here, which manufac- 
ture white lead, dry and in oil, litharge, red lead, colored paints, 
whiting, putty, etc., to the value of four hundred and eighteen 
thousand dollars. They employ one hundred and eighty-five hands; 
raw material, 70 per cent. 

Wm. Wood &L Co., Spring street, between Court and Hunt 
streets, manufacture white lead, dry and in oil, red lead, litharge, 
colored paints, castor oil, boiled linseed oil, clarified linseed oil, 
putty, whiting, cider vinegar, etc., to the value of one hundred and 



314 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

sixty thousand dollars. They import their chalk direct from 
England. 

Painters and Glaziers. — Ninety-four workshops, eight hundred 
and ten hands ; value of labor product, four hundred and fifty-six 
thousand five hundred dollars. 

W. L. Davis, 72 west Third street, north side, between Walnut 
and Vine, house and sign painter. Sign painting neatly and 
promptly executed; block letters made to order; gilt lettering on 
glass ; wall paper sized and varnished : glazing, etc. 

Paper. — Cincinnati having a large book and newspaper publish- 
ing business, the manufacture of paper in and for this market, is 
correspondingly extensive. Seven mills in and adjacent to the 
city, supply book and news, and three others, wrapping paper, to 
the value of six hundred and sixteen thousand dollars ; raw mate- 
rial, 45 per cent. 

Nixon & Chatfield, Nos. 77 and 79 Walnut street, manufactu- 
rers and wholesale dealers in paper. Theirs, which is the only 
paper mill in Cincinnati, is on Bedinger street, east of Broadway. 
Here is manufactured a very substantial printing paper of fine tex- 
ture and fair color, made largely from straw, which, together with 
the cotton rags, is bleached by chloride of lime. In this es- 
tablishment, two hundred and twenty-five tons straw are annually 
consumed, and produce a first rate article of news printing paper^ 
of which the Times and Enquirer prints afford specimens. They 
manufacture a value of sixty thousand dollars, and have the capa- 
city of doing 20 per cent. more. Expect shortly to produce book 
paper. Work twenty-eight hands ; raw material, 30 per cent. 
The paper is made under Martin Nixon's patent process. 

This firm also owns and drives a mill at Clifton, Greene county, 
where they manufacture for this market, news, book, manilla and un- 
glazed colored paper of the finest quality. 

Pattern Mahing. — Most of the pattern makers here are con- 
nected with founderies, but the business is carried on, also, for the 
purpose of getting out new designs for stoves and other ornamen- 
tal work, the patterns of which are sold in the market to the trade. 
Value of product, twenty-seven thousand dollars ; employ fifty 
hands. 

Perfumery, Fancy Soap, etc. — Twelve manufactories, many of 
which are on a small scale. They employ, as an average, seven- 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 315 

ty-five hands, and produce a value of one hundred and ninety 
thousand dollars; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Photographs, Daguerreotypes, etc. — Forty-five artists, with sixty- 
eight assistants. Produce to the value of one hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars; raw material, 60 per cent. 

Our daguerreotypists stand high in the ranks of the art. Kellogg 
&, Read exhibited in France and Italy, pictures in this line, taken 
in Cincinnati, that were recognized at a glance as American pro- 
ductions, and superior to anything of the kind on the continent of 
Europe. 

Pickles, Preserves, Sauce. — Two establishments, twelve hands; 
value of product, thirty-five thousand dollars; raw material, 40 per 
cent. 

Planes and Edge Tools. — One factory, employs twenty-five 
hands, and manufactures a value of thirty thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 35 per cent. 

Planing Machines. — Three establishments ; produce a value of 
eighty thousand dollars ; thirty-two hands ; raw material, 30 per 
cent. 

Plating, Silver. — Besides silver plating, strictly so called, of 
which there are four shops, producing a value of twenty-five thou- 
sand dollars, there is an equal number of electro-platers, which 
increase these figures to thirty-five thousand dollars ; raw material, 
40 per cent.; twenty hands. 

Plumbers. — Of these there are twenty-four establishments, em- 
ploying two hundred and ten hands, with a product in value of four 
hundred and six thousand dollars. 

Hugh M'Collum, No. 101 Sixth street, between Vine and Race? 
has put up the plumbing of the court house and of the new luna- 
tic asylum near Carthage. Employs a new principle in the con- 
struction of water closets, especially adapted to lunatic asylums 
and hydrants. Are such that they never freeze in winter. Man- 
ufactures a product of thirty thousand dollars, and employs fifteen 
hands. Keeps for sale iron and block tin pipes, and the greatest 
variety and largest stock of plumbing materials of any plumber in 
the west. 

Pocket Books, etc. — Two factories, employ twenty hands, and 
manufacture pocket books, porte-monnaies, bankers' cases, jewelry 
cases, etc., to the value of forty thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 
per cent. 

27 



316 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Pork and Beef Packing, Sugar Cured Hams, etc. — Pork is our 
great staple, and at no business point in the world does the article 
exist in greater perfection, either as regards quality, quantity or 
size. Hogs to the number of four hundred and ninety-eight thou- 
sand one hundred and sixty have been put up in a single season, 
although the average for the last ten years does not exceed three 
hundred and eighty-five thousand. Last year's crop vv^as a trifle 
over three hundred and sixty thousand. But the market here is 
greater than ever, much more than these deficiencies being received 
in hogs cut up in the vicinity. 

There are as many as thirty-three pork packers on a large scale, 
besides several petty establishments. The number of hands em- 
ployed in the business averages, annually, two thousand four hun- 
dred and fifty, for the various departments. 

The amount of beef put up, although inferior in quantity to that 
of pork, is large, and constantly on the increase. At no point in 
the United States is a finer article supplied to packers. Value of 
beef and pork packed and cured here, is six millions three hun- 
dred thousand dollars ; raw material, 85 per cent. 

The following table of weights for hogs packed in Cincinnati 
and its vicinity, up to 1857, affords some idea of the size and con- 
dition of the hogs raised in the west. 

Net weight. Average. 
52 hogs, 19,604 377 

320 " 104,000 325 

657 " 200,355 305 





Net weight. 


Average. 


3 hogs. 


2,031 


710 


5 " 


3,200 


640 


7 " 


5,040 


720 


22 " 


8,866 


403 


50 " 


18,750 


375 



1116 " 361,846 313 

These averages, great as they are, have been last season largely 
surpassed, as follows : 

Net weight. Average. Net weight. Average. 



11 hogs. 


6,732 


612 


107 hogs, 


43,014 


402 


20 " 


15,452 


772 


200 " 


71,800 


359 


30 " 


15,180 


506 


346 " 


139,092 


402 


35 " 


15,785 


451 


400 " 


150,000 


375 


35 " 


15,712 


449 









43 " 15,738 366 1227 " 488,505 398 

These last ten lots, for extraordinary weight, taking quantity into 
account, have probably no equal, and the lot of twenty, sold by G. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 317 

& P. Bogen, and raised and fed for market in our own county, has 
certainly no parallel in the wide world. 

Pottery Ware. — Twelve shops, seventy hands ; value of pro- 
duct, ninety thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 per cent. 

Printing Ink. — Two factories, employ ten hands, and manufac- 
ture a value of twenty thousand dollars. 

Publishinff, Book and Newspaper. — There are six large printing 
estahlishments, which issue largely for the periodical press. Of 
these are the Gazette office, corner Vine and Fourth streets ; E. 
Morgan & Sons, on the Miami canal ; the Methodist Book Concern, 
at the corner of Eighth and Main streets; Moore, Wilstach, Keys 
& Co., on Fourth, between Main and Walnut ; and W. B. Smith & 
Co., on the corner of Walnut and Baker streets. Besides these, 
there are several establishments on a less important scale. All of 
whom, except W. B. Smith & Co., print books, newspapers, etc., 
to ordey. In addition to these, there are the various newspaper 
publishers, who print at their respective offices. The value of 
these book and newspaper publications is two millions six hundred 
and ten thousand and fifty dollars ; number of hands employed, 
twelve hundred and thirty ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

The firm of Robert Clarke & Co., composed of Robert Clarke, 
R. D. Barney and J. W. Dale, purchased the law publishing and 
bookselling business of H. W. Derby & Co. — established in 1840 — 
which, adding the senior partner's business as bookseller, stationer 
and importer, they now carry on at their beautiful and convenient 
store. No. 55 west Fourth street, between Walnut and Vine, in 
Carlisle's building. Their publications comprise the most impor- 
tant list of law reports and treatises in the west, as follows : 

Kentucky State Reports, 54 vols, in 39. 

Ohio Reports, 27 vols. 

Nash's Digest of Ohio Reports, 1 vol. 

McLean's U. S. Circuit Court Reports, 6 vols. 

Johnson's N. Y. Chancery Reports, 7 vols, in 3. 

Handy's Cincinnati Superior Court Reports, 1 vol. 

Barton's Suit in Equity, 1 vol. 

Holcombe's Equity Jurisprudence, 1 vol. 

Gwynne on Sheriffs and Coroners, 1 vol. 

Swan's Revised Statutes of Ohio, 1 vol. 

Swan's Treatise for Justices in Ohio, 1 vol. 

McDonald's Treatise for Justices in Indiana, 1 vol. 



318 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS 

JST ash's Pleading and Practice under the Codes of Ohio, Kansas 
and Nebraska, 1 vol. 

Moiehead's Kentucky Practice, 1 vol. 

Oilman's Indiana and Illinois Digest, 1 vol. 

Taylor's Manual of the Ohio School System, 1 vol. 

Stanton's Kentucky Code of Practice, 1 vol. 

These alone represent a capital of $40,000. 

Beside the above they have several other important vi'orks in 
press and preparation. They have no manufacturing establish- 
ment ; but have their books printed and bound by contract, as they 
require them. Beside their own publications, they have the only 
regular stock of law books in the city, embracing all the publica- 
tions of the eastern law houses, and all the State and Federal re- 
ports, digests, statutes, etc. Their own publications, especially 
the reports, which are used over the whole United States, give 
them peculiar advantages in the way of exchange, by which means 
they can furnish books of eastern houses at eastern prices. 

The distinctive feature of their business, which makes their store 
the resort of literary men, lovers of fine books and bibliomaniacs, 
is the importing branch. Their shelves are kept supplied with 
not only the most important British works in all departments, as 
they are issued, but an unusual collection of standard, curious and 
rare old books, fine editions, elegantly printed and handsomely 
bound books. Their business connection in London is such that 
they can supply orders for foreign books, either recent or old, very 
fully and promptly, and we are glad to know that they have met 
with so much encouragement, that they now make up orders weekly, 
and receive returns in from six to ten weeks, according to the 
season. 

They are special agents for the well known houses of Routledge, 
Warnes & Routledge, and J. Novello — music — London, and 
Blackie & Sons, Glasgow, whose list embraces very superior classes 
of works ; and also keep a regular supply of the publications of T. 
& T. Clark, and T. Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh, and H. Bailliere, 
London. They are also in regular receipt of the catalogues of over 
a hundred of the old book dealers of London, Edinburgh, Dublin, 
and the principal provincial cities of Great Britain, and Ireland, 
from which they import selections, thus affording rare opportunities 
of procuring old, curious, out-of-the-way books, as also music, 
coins and autographs. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 319 

They receive subscriptions for British and French periodicals. 
Their theological department is very complete, embracing Ameri- 
can and British works, both in and out of print, from the ponder- 
ous folios of the old divines, to a choice collection of the little vol- 
umes suitable for Sabbath school libraries. 

The medical profession are indebted to this house for first sup- 
plying them with the latest and best of the British and French 
works pertaining to their profession, which, with all the standard 
American medical works, gives them an attractive stock in that 
department. Their scientific, mechanical, mathematical, classical 
and school departments include all the important works in the va- 
rious branches. 

A peculiarity in their stationery business is their trade in steel 
pens and lead pencils. Of the former they have twelve excellent 
varieties, manufactured for them in Birmingham, England, bearing 
their imprint. Of the latter they have thirteen qualities, most of 
them each having four or more degrees of hardness. Those are 
manufactured expressly for them near Nuremberg, Germany; these 
also have their imprint stamped on them. The finer qualities are 
fully equal to the celebrated " Faber," as is testified by many of 
the artists and drawing teachers of the city, by whom they have 
been used. 

Applegate & Co., booksellers and publishers, 43 Main street. 
This is a long-established house, which carries on the publication 
of books with great spirit, and on an extensive scale. They pub- 
lish, probably, a greater number of large volumes than any other 
house in the trade — such as Clarke's Commentary on the New 
Testaments, etc. Of this work they have issued forty thousand 
copies. The works of Dr. Thos. L. Dick, eighty thousand ; Plu- 
tarch's Lives, thirty thousand ; vSpectator, fifteen thousand ; Rol- 
lin's Ancient History, seventy thousand ; Mosheim's Church His- 
tory, ten thousand ; Speeches and Writings of Hon. T. F. Mar- 
shall, ten thousand; Works of Lorenzo Dow, twenty thousand; 
Dick's Theology, five thousand ; Chain of Sacred Wonders, four 
thousand. In addition to these, large editions of various publica- 
tions of lesser size, one of which. Elements of the German Lan- 
guage, by Professor Soden, has reached its eighty-sixth edition. 
They publish largely for authors, not enumerated here, of our own 
region and age. 



320 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

W. B. Smith & Co. This is our oldest Publishing house, hav- 
ing, with a slight modification of its firm, existed here for nearly 
twenty-five years as Booksellers and Stationers. Its enterprise 
and energy have always kept pace with the giant strides, to great- 
ness, of Cincinnati. 

They are now, and have been for years past, the most important 
publishing house in the United States, in their line — that of edu- 
cational books in their various departments. Theirs is known as 
the Eclectic Series of School Books; and as the common schools 
are the glory of the whole land, so this Series is the efficient en- 
gine of the common schools, for diffusing popular knowledge 
through the entire West, at least. From the Allegheny mountains 
to the Pacific coast, and from the Gulf of Florida to the great Nor- 
thern Lakes, these school books are in general use, having been 
prepared for publication as the mature experience of some of the 
most distinguished instructors of the age. This Series, under suc- 
cessive revisals and improvements throughout its use for the past 
twenty-five years, now embraces what may be termed the great 
standard educational lessons for primary and common schools, as 
well as higher seminaries of learning — forming manuals of instruc- 
tion for every class of pupils. 

There is no higher evidence of their merit, than the great fact, 
that two millions of these volumes are published annually, aftbrd- 
ing class books to five hundred thousand pupils, or more than two- 
thirds of the whole number under educational influence or instruc- 
tion west of the Alleghanies. 

There can be no doubt, they are justly entitled to the liberal 
favor with which they are regarded; for the most scrupulous care 
has been exercised in their selection, and no expense or labor 
spared in improving and perfecting them; while it has been a lead- 
ing object, and one worthy of all tommendation, so to economize 
the cost of manufacture, by adopting all the improvements of labor- 
saving steam machinery, as to furnish them to schools at the 
lowest prices admissible. 

Messrs. Smith & Co. have always, and persistently refused to 
add to their list of Educational Works, only so far as they could 
procure those of the highest value, in their moral tone and intel- 
lectual influence. 

Under the widely extending and rapidly increasing business of 
this firm, during late years, they have been obliged to seek more 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 321 

facilities, to meet the wants in this line, of the community. They 
have accordingly constructed three spacious and commodious build- 
ings on Walnut and Baker streets, whose close contiguity to each 
other, renders them efficient means of carrying on every depart- 
ment of their business to the best advantage. One of these, and 
the principal one, faces on both the streets referred to. The main 
exterior is of iron, gothic style of architecture, and presents a mas- 
sive and solid front. The building is one hundred feet long, and 
five stories high above ground. The first story is the business 
room. Above and below, the books are carefully stored, and clerks 
and porters are constantly employed in packing them for for- 
warding and shipment. 

The second building is in the rear of, and connects with, the 
first, through arched passage ways, closed by double sets of iron 
doors. It fronts on the south side of Baker street, and is thirty-two 
by eighty-four feet, and six stories high. The lower story is level 
with Third street, from which it is accessible by a private alley, 
and through which are received the enormous quantities of printing 
paper used by the establishment. This paper is forwarded on a 
steam railway through this building, and, by a subterranean pas- 
sage under Baker street, to the printing-house. The upper stories 
of this second building are occupied entirely by the bindery. In 
one room neatly-dressed, intelligent females are engaged in folding 
the sheets — in another, arranging them in proper order — and in 
another, stitching and sewing them, with the aid of machinery. 
From their hands, the half-finished volumes pass to the binder, who 
completes the work ; and then, steam forwards the finished books 
to the store-rooms. 

The third building is on the north side of Baker street, and is 
connected by a subterranean tunnel with the other buildings. To 
the left of this funnel, beneath the street, fire-proof vaults have been 
excavated, walled up and arched over by solid masonry, in which 
the valuable stereotype plates of the firm are deposited, and where 
they are secure from accident and injury. 

The north building is forty, by ninety feet, and six stories high, 
with an apparatus in -the centre of the stairway, for hoisting or 
lowering, by steam power, the contents of one story as it may be 
needed in others. The steam engine and wetting machinery oc- 
cupy the cellar, or front story; the entire floor of the second story 
is filled with power presses, which are driven by steam, and can 



322 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

throw off seven hundred and fifty impressions, each, per hour. 
These are arranged in perfect order, standing side by side, and 
forming lines, which extend down the long rooms, where, from 
morning till night, day after day, and month after month, they toil 
unweariedly on, multiplying the means of instruction and intelli- 
gence to thousands upon thousands of the children of the land. 

Order, system, and perfect execution of duty prevail here, as in 
all other portions of the establishment. Above the printing rooms 
is another branch of the bindery. 

These buildings are models in their way. The visitor is deeply 
impressed with the cleanliness and order witnessed in every de- 
partment, and the quiet air that prevails throughout. The proprie- 
tors have spared no expense in providing every convenience and 
comfort for the operatives. To the female departments are attached 
neat and pleasant dressing-rooms, rendered every way convenient 
and set apart for their use exclusively. 

The best plans have been consulted as to light and ventilation, 
so essential to health, and tlie rooms are remarkably pleasant and 
cheerful. The buildings are fire-proof, and are heated throughout 
by steam, conveyed through iron pipes to every room of the estab- 
lishment, rendering the different departments uniformly warm and 
comfortable, for the great number of persons to which the house 
gives employment. 

These details have been entered into with more minuteness than 
would otherwise have been deemed expedient, because the moral 
and educational influences of this establishment are of vast public 
importance, and radiate from Cincinnati, as a centre, all over the 
Union. Wherever children congregate, in their far-away school- 
rooms, or by the happy firesides of home, sit down to learn their 
lessons out of Eclectic School Books, there this influence is active, 
and none may measure the untold good it is accomplishing. This 
establishment, devoted exclusively to the diff'usion of useful knowl- 
edge in the various branches of elementary education, may be re- 
garded as a great benefactor of the youth of our land. In it, talent, 
capital, and the improvements of steam machinery are combined in 
producing School Books for the million, a.nd, with commendable 
fidelity, furnishing them at the least possible cost. 

An enterprise so wisely planned and ably carried out for sup- 
plying the children of the Free Common Schools of the country 
with excellent, high-toned, moral, and instructive elementary class- 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 323 

books, richly deserves the highest credit, and a widely extended 
patronage. 

This firm has electrotyped their entire Series, by which means 
no typographical error can exist, to mar the text or to offend the 
taste of the most fastidious teacher. 

W. B. Smith & Co. employ, in the various departments of their 
publishing business, one hundred and twenty hands, and consume 
twenty-four thousand reams of the largest size printing paper an- 
nually, at a product of four hundred thousand dollars. 

Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co., No. 25 west Fourth street, suc- 
cessors to Wm. H. Moore & Co., and Phillips & Co. This firm is 
the pioneer establishment in Cincinnati of general publishing lit- 
erature, and is, and for years has been one of our most important 
book publishing houses, their business perhaps exceeding the en- 
tire aggregate of the twelve houses engaged in 1850, in producing 
other than school books. 

The rapid increase of their business keeping pace for the last 
ten years with the enlargement of Cincinnati itself, had compelled 
them to remove from their former location on Main street, and ren- 
dered it necessary for them to lay broad and deep business foun- 
dations for the future, in extensive and convenient arrangements 
for heavy operations. Accordingly, in 1854, the present spacious 
building on the south side of Fourth, between Main and Walnut 
streets, was erected for their occupation and use, having been ar- 
ranged and planned expressly for the various departments of print- 
ing, binding and salesrooms of a publishing establishment on a 
large scale. Its size is thirty-four feet by two hundred; the ground 
floor being occupied as salesrooms, the basement by a steam en- 
gine and the book and job presses, which it drives. A sub-base- 
ment beneath forms a wareroom. The printing office and bindery 
occupy five stories, being in single rooms to the entire floor, thirty- 
four by one hundred feet, all well lighted — warmed by steam — the 
printing oflSce supplied with beautiful fonts of book and job type 
in every variety, and warranted by the agency of ten Adams' and 
other book and job presses, to execute work of either kind in the 
highest style of the art. 

They have been prompted by theis various facilities to devote 
special attention to the production, on the largest scale and in tlie 
greatest variety of patterns and styles, of blank books; itself one 
of the most important branches of the stationery business, as well 



324 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

of the more ordinary as of the finer grades, adapted both for the 
use of the mercantile classes here and to the country trade. The 
manufacturing department is under the supervision of C. F. Wil- 
stach, of the firm, who proposes to produce all styles of blank 
books, and especially the finer qualities of paged work, to order, 
for merchants, bankers, county officers, insurance and railroad com- 
panies ; and, also, to bind printed work, in various plain and orna- 
mental styles of binding. 

The machinery is all of modern and approved construction, and, 
as far as possible, worked by steam — thus giving every facility for 
producing at the lowest possible cost. 

Moore, Wilstach, Keys & Co. are agents for the sale of various 
finest styles of paper, unsurpassed for quality of material and ex- 
cellence of finish, made expressly to their own order ; and have 
constantly for sale the usual assortment and variety, of general 
stationery. 

The publishing department of this establishment occupies a wide 
range of subjects in the religious, medical and miscellaneous liter- 
ature of the age. In the first class are family Bibles, embracing forty 
varieties, from the lowest price to the highest quality in paper and 
style of illustration and binding. One variety is embellished with 
handsome engravings and lithographic illuminations. Those of the 
finest style of binding are handsome centre-table ornaments. Some 
of these are sold at prices below those of corresponding descrip- 
tions by the Bible depositories. 

Two years since, this firm published " Bayard Taylor'' s Cyclo- 
pedia of Modern Travel,''^ an octavo volume of about 1000 pages; 
an intensely interesting digest of the discoveries and adventures of 
the celebrated travelers of the present century, prepared by one 
who has no living superior in qualifications for such a labor ; the 
work is well illustrated by maps and engravings. A new edition, 
considerably enlarged by adding the more recent discoveries of 
Barth, Livingstone, and others, will be brought out the coming 
autumn. The compiler has already received as copyright on sales, 
several thousand dollars. 

About the same period they will issue a handsomely illustrated 
and very important work to western agricultural interests, written 
by J. H. Klippart, Secretary of the Ohio State Board of Agricul- 
ture, entitled " The Wheat Plant, its origin, varieties, diseases, 
etc., etc., with a few remarks on Indian corn, its culture, etc." 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS 325 

A few weeks since, they issued the fifth edition of '' The Amer- 
ican Dispensatory,''^ 1 vol. 8vo.; and are now bringing out new 
editions of the works of Beach, the well known medical reformer, 
comprised in six or seven large volumes. Some of these have 
passed through forty editions, of a thousand each. His large 
work, in three volumes, costs twenty dollars. They have just is- 
sued " Oriola,'"' a Hymn and Tune Book, by Bradbury, of New 
York, brought out under the sanction of the Cincinnati Sunday 
School Union, and admirably adapted for Sabbath Schools. 

Their medical publications comprehend the writings of the most 
diligent authors of the present age, in the popular and progressive 
literature of this subject, embracing well known works in demand 
throughout the whole United States, of the various schools. Regular, 
Eclectic, Reformed and Homoeopathic. 

They are, also, prepared to contract for manufacturing books or 
pamphlets, for authors or others, in the handsomest typographical 
styles, and bound in any usual manner to suit the tastes of those 
who desire to publish on their own account. 

As to the building itself, there is no finer one of the business 
kind in the city, as respects its exterior, among the costly erec- 
tions of 1858 and 1859, It has, in fact, given the impulse to that 
style of construction in fronts which has filled up Pearl, Walnut, 
Vine and Fourth streets with the splendid erections of the past 
five years, to most of which it has served as a model, and to all of 
which it has in hints and improvements, suggested the outlines. 

The publications of Moore, "VVilstach, Keys & Co. are on an ex- 
tensive scale, and the materials, means and results correspond ac- 
cordingly. They employ one hundred and thirty-five hands, and 
the aggregate products reach a value of two hundred and seventy- 
five thousand dollars. 

Anderson, Gates & Wright, Main street. This is also a large 
publishing house, but being of more recent establishment than 
those already referred to, the extent and variety of their bu- 
siness will not compare with the largest. They are engaged prin- 
cipally on miscellaneous literature, such as the Arabian Nights' 
Entertainments, Life of Daniel Boone, Pilgrim's Progress, Life of 
Lorenzo Dow, and various other works of the same class. They 
are doing an increasing business in this line to the value of thirty 
thousand dollars, besides a large general stationery business. 

Pumps, etc. — One factory, with twenty-five hands, and a product 



326 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

of thirty thousand dollars, where are made hoisting and pumping 
engines, vertical, steam and double acting pumps, hose nozzles and 
couplings, etc. 

Railway Chairs^ Spikes, etc. — F. P. Corby & Co., west Front 
street, at the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi, Cincinnati, Ham- 
ilton and Dayton, and Indianapolis and Cincinnati railroads. Here 
are manufactured wrought iron railway chairs, spikes, hot pressed 
nuts, bridge bolts, boiler rivets, etc., on a large scale. 

The machinery of the works comprises one large Patent chair 
machine, one large and powerful vertical shearing machine, for 
cutting the chair plates ; two powerful punching machines, on the 
toggle joint principle ; four of Burden's patent spike machines, 
the largest size made; and three large rivet machines for manufac- 
turing boiler and other rivets, besides smaller machinery for manu- 
facturing bolts, nuts, washers, etc. 

The machinery is wholly driven by an engine of about forty 
horse power, and the steam for this engine is generated entirely 
by the waste heat from the chair furnaces. 

The chair machine has a capacity for turning out from nine to 
twelve tons of chairs daily. The chair is finished from the blank 
plate at one operation, or one revolution of the machine In this 
process of manufacture, the plate undergoes at the same instant, 
the double operation of being cut and bent over, and in such a 
manner that the lips are made considerably thicker at the base, or 
where the greatest strength is required, and the liability of strain- 
ing at the bend entirely obviated. So great is their superiority, 
that one of these chairs weighing eleven lbs., is equal to the ordi- 
nary article of thirteen lbs. weight. 

These chairs, as they are technically called, are clamps by which 
the rails are firmly secured to the railway ties, on which they are 
spiked. They are nearly eight inches square, and from three 
eighths to seven eighths inch in thickness, and such is the accu- 
racy as well as the power of the shearing machinery, by which 
they are cut, that a chisel passes through these iron bars, which 
are eight inches broad by three fourth inch thick, with less appa- 
rent effort than is made by a carpenter pushing a sash chisel into 
soft pine, and exhibiting an edge to the chair as smooth as if planed. 
This machine can cut up twenty tons iron daily. 

One great advantage which the manufacturers claim over the 
rolled chair is, that the lips are cut and bent across the grain of 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 327 

the iron, while in the rolled chair they are formed in a line with 
the grain ; consequently, as the deflection of the chair in use is 
greatest through the centre, lengthwise, the latter is more liable to 
part or break. By the spike machines, about fourteen tons of 
spikes may be manufactured daily, and of any desired pattern. 

The rivet and bolt machines can turn out sixty pieces per min- 
ute. None but the best quality iron, such as Hanging Rock, Mis- 
souri, and Tennessee, is used at these works. And it is a striking 
instance of the reciprocal advantages of the department of manu- 
factures, that this establishment supplies with these various rail- 
way materials the region of country from which they derive their 
identical raw materials. The facilities enjoyed at this establish- 
ment for receiving iron and shipping goods, are apparent. They 
have both a river and canal front, and the works are convenient to 
the tracks of all the railroads. 

Corby & Co. employ thirty-five hands, and manufacture a value 
of three hundred and sixty thousand dollars ; raw material, 70 per 
cent. 

Ranges, Cooking, etc. — Three establishments, employ forty-five 
hands ; value of product, seventy-five thousand dollars ; raw ma- 
terial, 40 per cent. 

Refrigerators. — Two factories, employ eighty hands, and manu- 
facture a value of seventy-five thousand dollars ; raw material, 60 
per cent. 

Roofing, Tin, Composition and Metallic. — Eighteen factories, 
employ one hundred and fifty hands ; value of labor product, three 
hundred and sixty thousand dollars. 

Caldwell & Co., 132 west Second street, are proprietors of the 
Outcalt roofing patent. This is a sheet iron roof, in the prepara- 
tion and construction of which ample provision is made for allow- 
ing the material to undergo its usual contraction and expansion, 
without affecting the permanency of fit and iraperviousness to wa- 
ter of the covering. This is done by scrolling the edges of the 
sheets, which are then encased one within another, and the whole 
fastened by elects to the board sheeting which is to receive it, these 
elects being again covered by the roof. The entire surface of this 
roof is covered with fire-proof paint, before being put up, which 
resists the action not only of water and fire, but is so little affected 
by atmospheric or other influences, as to bear on its surface with- 
out injury, the severest tests of sulphuric acid, either diluted or 



328 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

concentrated. In lightness, it has the advantage of all other roofs, 
tin excepted, and it is not one fourth the weight of a shingle or 
composition roof. Its durability, in view of the material employed, 
has hardly any assignable limit. 

So simple is the application of this roof, that any man of ordi- 
nary mechanical knowledge can put it up without difficulty, which 
gives the article great advantages over ordinary roofing. The pro- 
prietors allege that when they once get the roof introduced into a 
neighborhood, it forms the best local advertisement they desire. 

This establishment employs sixty hands, and manufactures an 
annual value of seventy-five thousand dollars. 

Christopher & Beall, 378 Main street, put up tin, copper and sheet 
iron roofing on the most favorable terms. All work warranted. 
Job work of all kinds in tin, copper and sheet iron. They employ 
sixteen hands, and execute work to the value of thirty-six thou- 
sand dollars: raw material, 65 per cent. 

Saddlery, Collars and Harness. — Fifty-six shops, employing 
three hundred hands, and producing a value of six hundred and 
sixty-three thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Wilson & Hayden, 22 and 24 Main street, manufacturers of 
saddlery and coach hardware, carriage trimmings, saddle trees, hog 
skins ; are engaged in the handling and finishing of saddle and 
harness leather, which they make to the Value of two hundred 
thousand dollars ; saddle trees and saddlery hardware, to the value 
of one hundred thousand dollars ; raw material, 80 per cent. 
Their annual sales of saddlery, etc., including those of their own 
manufacture, extend to five hundred thousand dollars. 

The store rooms which they occupy form one of the most spa- 
cious business buildings in Cincinnati, being thirty-two feet in front 
by two hundred feet deep, and five stories high, with a two-story 
warehouse adjoining the rear. To the public spirit of Mr. Wilson, 
Cincinnati owes the erection of the fine block two hundred feet by 
one hundred feet, which adjoins south on Main extending to Front 
street. 

Saddle Trees. — One shop, with five hands, manufactures ten 
thousand dollars of value ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Safes, Vaults, etc., Iron. — Two establishments of nearly equal 
importance ; employ one hundred and thirty-five hands, and man- 
ufacture a value of four hundred and eight thousand dollars annu- 
ally ; raw material, 45 per cent. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 329 

Wm. B. Dodds & Co., late Urban, Dodds & Co., office and sale 
room, southwest corner Vine and Second streets. This establish- 
ment has existed for the past fifteen years, during which time it 
has grown from a small workshop of eight or ten hands, and a pro- 
duct of fifteen thousand dollars, to its present extensive operations. 
The factory is located on the south side of Pearl street, west of 
Elm, and embraces the occupancy of a building measuring on the 
ground sixty-five by one hundred feet, and four stories high, be- 
sides the basement. 

This establishment makes safes of every description, but is de- 
voted especially to the manufacture of heavy bank and mercantile 
safes and vaults, and the articles it produces cannot be surpassed 
anywhere. They are provided with an interior safe or sub-treasu- 
ry, made of plates of iron and hardened steel, and secured with 
locks of the most approved manufacture ; the inner doors with a 
Bramah lock, and the outside doors are doubly secured against the 
efforts of the most adroit thieves. 

Locks for these safes are made on the premises, and are so con- 
structed and protected as to be alike burglar and powder proof. 

These safes have been thoroughly tested as to their capacity in 
resisting the flames, are impervious to damp, and have come out of 
the severest trials with their contents uninjured in every instance. 

The full capacity of the works requires the employment of about 
one hundred hands, with which force they can turn out from five to 
six safes per day, having an average value of one hundred and 
fifty dollars each. 

Sash, Blinds and Doors, and Portable Houses. — Twenty facto- 
ries, the larger share being hand operations. Value of product, 
thirteen hundred and eighty thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 
per cent.; employ four hundred and ten hands. 

Sausages. — Twenty-eight shops, one hundred and eighty hands. 
Value of product, two hundred and fifteen thousand dollars ; raw 
material, 50 per cent. 

Saiced Lumber, Laths, etc. — Twelve mills, one hundred and 
fifty hands; manufacture a value of eight hundred and twenty 
thousand dollars; raw material, 35 per cent. 

Saws. — Two factories, employ thirty hands ; manufacture circu- 
lar, cross-cut, mill, billet and web saws, plastering trowels, etc., to 
the value of ninety-five thousand dollars; raw material, 70 per 
cent. 



330 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

Scales, Platforms, etc. — There are seven factories here, at which 
scales with or without platforms are made. Forty hands ; value of 
product, eighty-five thousand dollars. These consist in hay, plat- 
form and counter scales, brass and iron scales, beams, skids and 
truck wagons. 

Screw Plates. — Three factories, eighteen hands ; value of pro- 
duct, twenty-one thousand dollars. 

Shirts, etc. — Twenty-five workshops, which employ two hundred 
hands, all females ; value of product, five hundred and seventy-five 
thousand dollars; raw material, 60 per cent, 

Shoiu Cases. — Two shops, employ six hands, and manufacture a 
value of six thousand dollars. 

Silver and Goldsmiths. — Five shops, fifty hands ; value of pro- 
duct, one hundred and ten thousand dollars ; raw material, 75 per 
cent. 

Spokes, Felloes, Hubs, etc. — Royer, Simonton & Co., 375 west 
Third street. This is a very spacious establishment, comprehend- 
ing a variety of buildings for manufacturing the various component 
parts of carriage wheels, etc., for fitting and finishing, and ware- 
housing the manufactured articles. 

This factory is undoubtedly the largest of the kind in the world. 
The yearly product of spokes is about one million; of felloes, one hun- 
dred and sixty thousand, and sets of shafts and bows in proportion. 
The building in which these are manufactured is ninety by thirty- 
three feet, consisting of nine rooms, which are crowded with ma- 
chinery and workmen. This is on the lower side of Third street, 
and nearly opposite to which is a building three stories high, and 
thirty-five feet by eighty feet on the floor, in which the finishing 
work is carried on. 

Carriage and buggy hubs are made of gum and elm, and wagon 
hubs of locust. Of these, more than two hundred thousand are 
annually made. Of the spokes, six thousand are made and fin- 
ished daily. The timber for the spokes is hickory and oak, princi- 
pally hickory, and the felloes, shafts, poles and bows are made of 
hickory, ash and oak. Every stick of timber used here is selected 
in the woods, a small proportion only of what grows of these sev- 
eral species being adapted for their purposes, as the very best alone 
is put to use. One hundred hands are constantly occupied in the 
labor of getting out suitable timber for this establishment. 

None of the products of this factory are put together until they 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 331 

have undergone in the first place a steaming, and afterward a six 
months' seasoning process. 

They work eighty hands, and produce a manufactured value of 
one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. 

Stained. Glass. — Two shops, which employ six hands, and man- 
ufacture a value of nine thousand dollars. 

Painting in glass, which is another name for stained glass, is one 
of the long-lost, but finally recovered arts of antiquity. It is car- 
ried, in modern times, however, to a degree of perfection unknown 
to the ancients. Glass of this description is employed extensively 
in churches and in the finest class of private dwellings, where it 
serves admirably to distribute a mellowed light, more grateful to 
the eye, than that which passes in its full strength through per- 
fectly transparent glass. 

Stained glass is prepared by coating one side of the plate with 
phosphate of lime in a flux of pulverized glass, in cases where it 
is designed to render the plate semi-opaque or obscure. This 
gives it the appearance of being ground on one face. Where the 
various brilliant colors are sought, oxydes of almost all the metals, 
such as iron, zinc, tin, antimony, cobalt, manganese, lead, silver 
and gold, are the agents resorted to ; silver being the base of the 
yellow, as gold is of the purple, and cobalt of the blue. The coat- 
ing, in a liquid state, being brushed over the surface of the plate, 
and lime sifted over it to prevent the adhesion of the glass, the 
plates are lodged in a furnace, where they are submitted to a de- 
gree of heat which blends the coloring matter with the outside of 
the glass, which is then suflfered gradually to cool to its final and 
permanent temperature. 

The white color is imparted by grinding figures upon glass made 
transparent, and colored on one side in the first instance, the grind- 
ing barely penetrating through the colored side. 

Starch. — Six factories, which employ fifty hands, and make a 
value of two hundred and thirty thousand dollars. 

Starch has heretofore been made principally from wheat, and a 
portion of it is still made here from that grain. Of late years, In- 
dian corn has been resorted to in the manufacture of starch, and 
with great success, although the discovery is comparatively recent. 
Yet it is found to contain almost as great a proportion as wheat. 
The per centage of starch, in the best varieties of corn, is about 
60 per cent.; nitrogenous substances, 16 per cent., with a consid- 
28 



332 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

erable portion of sugar, and 10 per cent, of oil and gum. All 
practical men are well aware of the great superiority of corn over 
every other kind of grain for fattening purposes. 

The amount of starch, in sweet corn, is very small, not over 18 
or 20 per cent.; but the per centage of sugar is very great. The 
nitrogenous matter about 20, gum 14, and oil 11 per cent. If it 
could be made to yield as much per acre as the more hardy kind, 
it would be the most profitable, because the most nourishing of all 
the varieties. 

Steamboats. — There are three steamboat yards. The building 
of steamboats has been declining here for years, but there is still, 
and always will be, a large amount of repairing and refitting boats 
which transact business here, as most of those on the Ohio do. 
Building and repairing employ four hundred hands ; value of pro- 
duct, four hundred thousand dollars. 

Stocking Weavers. — Four shops, eighteen hands ; value of pro- 
duct, eighteen thousand dollars ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Stone Cutters. — Twenty yards, employ two hundred and thirty- 
five hands ; value of product, including the setting in the wall, 
eleven hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars ; raw material, 
20 per cent. 

The building stone in general use here is brought from the Sci- 
oto free stone region, limestone costing too high in the transport- 
ation, sawing and dressing, for general building purposes. 

Stone Masons. — Fifty builders, employ four hundred and thirty- 
five hands. Value of labor product, seven hundred and seventy- 
five thousand dollars. 

Stucco Workers. — Four shops, sixteen hands ; value of product, 
eighteen thousand dollars. 

Sugar Refineries. — Of these there are four, all recently estab- 
lished. They work one hundred and six hands, and refine forty 
thousand lbs. per day. Value of the refined sugar, seven hun- 
dred and fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 75 per cent. 

Tailoring. — Of those who make to measurement, we have one 
hundred and sixty merchant tailors, who employ one thousand three 
hundred and forty hands, exclusive of women who sew at their 
own dwellings. These produce to the value of two millions and 
thirty-five thousand dollars. 

Tanners and Curriers. — This department embraces thirty estab- 
lishments, which employ three hundred and eighty hands, and 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 333 

manufacture a value of one million five hundred and twenty thou- 
sand dollars. 

Tapers. — The American Taper Company, factory 50 east eighth 
street, west of Broadway ; office, northwest corner Race and Sec- 
ond streets; has introduced a new and very superior light-producing 
article, which for efficiency and convenience excels all others, and 
is free from objections that exist against most kinds of matches now 
or lately in use. The first apparatus for striking a light was a flint 
and steel. Upon this it was thought a great improvement was 
made by the invention of the brimstone match, dipped in sulphur 
at both ends. Next followed the phosphorus bottle, into which 
matches tipped with chlorate of potash were inserted. Lastly 
came the article of matches dipped in sulphur and coated with 
phosphorus in combination with nitrates and chlorates. To all 
these existed various objections. Some lost their strength by ex- 
posure, others required the aid of fire to produce light, and while 
none of them were perfectly reliable, all had an odor extremely 
offensive, if not prejudicial to health, affecting the atmosphere in 
which they were used or even kept. 

The tapers now ofiered for sale by this company are as cheap as 
the cheapest of other kinds, produce an instantaneous and reliable 
igniting light, and are safe, convenient, odorless and unaffected by 
dampness or age. 

For the use of persons called up at night to get or find medicine 
or other necessary article on the spur of the moment, these tapers 
form a special convenience. They can be carried in the hand for 
one minute at least, a space of time usually long enough to perform 
these purposes. This company manufacture five millions of tapers 
daily, and have a capacity of making four times that quantity. 
They work thirty hands, with a product of ninety-three thousand 
six hundred dollars. 

Terra Cotta Work. — One factory, eighteen hands; value of pro- 
duct, twenty-five thousand dollars. 

Tobacco, Cigars, etc. — This business comprehends, first, those 
who in this city and in Covington manufacture tobacco in the whole- 
sale line exclusively. Second, of those who make fine tobacco for 
regular customers ; and third, of various factories, principally on 
a small scale, in which cigars and snuff are the main articles. 

There are ninety-three tobacco manufacturers here. Of these, 
forty factories in the wholesale line, employ one thousand five hun- 



334 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

dred and fifty hands, principally boys ; value of product, ten hun- 
dred and sixty-five thousand dollars. The residue work four hun- 
dred and sixty hands, not including boys, and manufacture to the 
value of six hundred and two thousand dollars ; raw material, 55 
per cent. 

Trunks, Valises, Carpet Bags. — Of these there are twelve fac- 
tories, employing two hundred and seventy-five hands, with a pro- 
duct value of six hundred and fifty thousand dollars. 

Trusses, Braces, Belts. — Eight factories, employ sixty hands, 
and manufacture every species of supports and mechanical reme- 
dies for natural deformities, and diseases aflfecting the spine or 
lower limbs. Value of product, fifty-six thousand dollars. 

Turners. — Eighteen shops, fifty hands ; value of product, ninety- 
five thousand dollars. 

Type, Stereotype, Electrotype and Printing Materials. — There 
are five establishments here, some of which cast type and stereo- 
type plates, without furnishing general printing materials, but most 
of them supply every article in this line. Two hundred and twen- 
ty hands employed, with a labor product of three hundred and ten 
thousand dollars. 

Undertakers. — Twenty-four establishments, of which several are 
small. Most of these furnish coflSns for funerals, in addition to 
carriages. Fifty hands ; value of product, one hundred and forty 
thousand dollars. 

Upholstery and Window Shades. — Eighteen factories, which 
employ two hundred and ten hands, with a product of one hundred 
and sixty thousand dollars in value ; raw material, 50 per cent. 

Varnish, Copal. — Three varnish factories. These employ six- 
teen hands. Value of product, two hundred thousand dollars. 

Veneers. — H. Albro & Co., 196 west Pearl street, between Elm 
and Plum. Here the spectator will behold saws of such tremen- 
dous power as to cut the hardest woods with great celerity and per- 
fect ease, and others operating with such mechanical exactness as 
to cut fifteen veneers to the inch — cut so thin as to fold to any de- 
sired shape, and so exact as to bear the plane over their entire 
surface. 

tieretofore, the great bulk of the veneers used or sold in this 
place has been brought from the east. In making them here, two 
important advantages result — they are bought cheaper, and the 
cabinet makers can get them of the first quality, as cut up from the 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 335 

log, whereas at the east the best selections are made by the piano 
makers working on the spot. 

In former years, foreign woods were principally in demand for 
furniture — as rosewood, zebra and mahogany. But the beauty of 
our American woods — the black walnut, cherry and curled maple 
— has of late brought them extensively into use, and so generally 
are they becoming preferred for furniture, that veneers of these 
kinds are as valuable now as are those of mahogany, except of the 
very finest crotch pieces. 

This firm works twenty hands, with a product of one hundred 
thousand dollars in value. 

Vermicelli, Maccaroni, etc. — Four factories, ten hands. Product 
value, twenty-four thousand dollars. 

Vinegar. — Twenty factories. The entire vinegar manufacture 
employs eighty hands, and reaches the value of two hundred thou- 
sand dollars ; raw material, 40 per cent. 

Wagons, Carts, etc. — Fifty-two shops, one hundred and seventy 
hands. Value of product, two hundred and ten thousand dollars; 
raw material, 40 per cent. 

Wall Paper Stainers and Hangers. — Two factories, employ 
thirty hands ; value of product, eighteen thousand dollars. 

Ware, Earthen and Potter. — M. <fe N. Tempest, Hamilton Road, 
head of Elm street. This firm does by far the largest business of 
any pottery in the city; employs thirty to forty hands, and carry on 
their business with a great deal of that spirit of enterprise which, 
when coupled with judgment, almost invariably insures eminent 
success. Here a great variety of yellow and Rockingham ware 
is manufactured, consisting, among many other articles, of bowls, 
pitchers, jars of all kinds, milk dishes, baking dishes, spittoons, 
teapots, ewers and basins, many of which are chaste and elegant 
in design, and all of excellent quality. 

Messrs. Tempest have recently purchased the exclusive right 
for this market, as also for about seven eighths of all the counties 
of Ohio and Indiana, to " Dayton's Patent Air Exhauster," a very 
valuable invention for putting up fresh fruits and vegetables, by 
means of consuming the air by combustion. 

The process is simple, ingenious, and effective, insuring the 
safety of every can — a thing hitherto found impracticable — and can 
boast of producing fruit fresh, firm and delicate, owing to the fact 



336 3IANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

that instead of being partially cooked by boiling, no higher degree 
of heat need be attained than 180°. 

This firm also manufacture an immense quantity of their air- 
tight fruit jars, which are of an octagon shape, glazed outside and 
in, and twice exposed to white heat for about twenty-four hours 
each time. They are as close in their fabric as glass, incapable 
of breaking by heat, will bear any amount of transportation, and, 
if desired, wMl be found very useful for household purposes. 

The proprietors of this establishment are men suited to the 
times, being alive to every improvement, and well qualified to carry 
into practical operation everything in their line of business calcu- 
lated to add to the economy and comfort of the public. 

Washboards, Zinc. — Two factories, employ ninety hands, and 
produce a value of two hundred and ten thousand dollars; raw 
material, 50 per cent. 

There are more washboards made in Cincinnati than in any State 
of the Union, or any city any where. 

Whisky. — This is the great whisky mart of the whole world. 
The article is manufactured for the Cincinnati market for several 
miles up and down the Ohio, along the lines of the Miami and 
Whitewater canals, along those of the Little Miami and Cincinnati, 
the Hamilton and Dayton Ptailvvays, and within the city and its sub- 
urbs, to the extent of sixteen hundred and fifty barrels per day, as 
an average for the working days of the year. Yearly value of 
product, five millions three hundred and fifteen thousand seven 
hundred and thirty dollars ; raw material, 65 per cent. 

Wigs. — Three shops, seven hands ; value of product, ten thou- 
sand dollars. 

Wine and Brandy, Catawha. — Cincinnati has become almost as 
well known abroad for the manufacture of wine as for that of bacon 
and pork, and eventually, there is no doubt, it will become the 
more important of the two, as regards the extent and profit of the 
business. In the various stages of wine growing and making, not 
less than eight hundred persons are employed; value of product 
in favorable years, six hundred thousand dollars ; raw material, 25 
per cent. 

In addition to wine manufacturers who produce a common arti- 
cle merely, there are seven or eight individuals whose brands have 
already become known and approved abroad, or who are preparing 
for the production of superior wines, principally from the catawba 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 337 

grape. Of these, Longworth is the oldest and best known. But 
there are others who make^fine wines. Among these are R. Bu- 
chanan, G. & P. Bogen, T. H. Yeatman, and M. Werk, whose 
wines have been for several years in market, and find purchasers 
at remunerating prices, as fast as they can be made ready for sale. 
All of these make still catawba, and most of them sparkling ca- 
tawba, which comes in competition to the French champagne, 
which it undoubtedly excels. 

Although the grape crop for the last three years, has fallen short 
greatly of the average yield, owing to unfavorable weather in cer- 
tain stages of growth, yet there is a steady increase in the number 
of acres devoted to vineyard purposes. 

One of our city nurserymen alone sold last year one million of 
cuttings, of the catawba, which would suffice to plant three hundred 
acres, and Wm. J. Flagg, who has had charge of Mr. Longworth's 
wine business for several years past, has recently planted four hun- 
dred thousand cuttings in the freestone region of the Scioto. This 
is the largest grape nursery extant. 

Such is the present extent of vineyards in this vicinity, that if 
they were all in bearing order, and with a full crop this year, they 
would yield one million five hundred thousand gallons wine. 

Owing to the comparative failure of the grape, Cincinnati alone 
consumes the wine product of the past three or four years. The 
demand presses the supply so hard that the wine manufacturers 
have been compelled to furnish their customers for recent years 
with Rhine wine to a great extent. 

Mr. Longworth has a stock of two hundred thousand bottles ca- 
tawba on hand. His ordinary sales annually are one hundred 
thousand bottles still, and the same quantity sparkling catawba. 

T. H. Yeatman, Storrs township, west of Cincinnati, is one of 
our most successful raisers of the catawba grape, and manufactu- 
rers of the wine. For the past ten years, he has had eight acres 
under cultivation, and his crop rarely fails. He has received pre- 
miums on exhibition of his wines at the world's fair in London, in 
1850 ; also at the world's fair in New York, and the United States 
fair at Philadelphia. Four premiums from the Cincinnati wine- 
growers' association and exhibitions, and at St. Louis, in 1858, 
where all the States were invited to compete, the highest premium 
of one hundred dollars, over one hundred rivals. On the 8th Jan- 
uary last, he made sale of one hundred and thirty gallons of ca- 



338 MA]\UFACTURES ATVD INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 

tawba, in casks, at two dollars and fifty cents per gallon, to a gen- 
tleman in New York, who had tasted wine of this brand in that 
city, and purchased this quantity for his own use. 

It may indicate the progress of the wine business here to state 
that side hill lands on the Ohio river, below Cincinnati, too steep 
for cultivation otherwise, for which the proprietors had paid forty 
dollars per acre, have been sold within the last eight years, for 
grape culture, at one thousand dollars and twelve hundred dol- 
lars per acre. 

Yeatman's sales average one thousand boxes yearly of first 
quality wine, which find a ready market as soon as ripened for use. 
His wine cellars are forty feet by eighty feet, and of the usual 
depth. 

Robert Buchanan, in reply to a note I addressed him on the 
subject of the wine manufacture, states . 

Since my last publication, 1851, the production of native wine 
has increased, with grape culture, to more than double the quan- 
tity then reported. In addition to the large cellars for preparing 
sparkling wine, at that time described, belonging to N. Longworth 
and to G. & P. Bogen, Mr. M. Werk has built one as large as his 
neighbors, and his wines are now quite celebrated. 

In these three cellars there is, in ordinary years, an average 
stock of about four hundred thousand bottles of sparkling and still 
wines ; but, owing to the great injury to the grape crop last year, 
the stock of wine is now below half that quantity. It is estimated 
that all other cellars in this city and vicinity, do not contain more 
than half as much as the three large cellars above named ; and 
this may be assumed as a fair proportion for other years. The 
value of the stock of these wines, as prepared for market, at twelve 
dollars a dozen for the sparkling, and six to eight dollars for the 
still, may be set down in ordinary years at four hundred thousand 
dollars at least ; and when it is known that fifteen to eighteen 
months are required to prepare and ripen the sparkling wine, this 
estimate may be considered a low one. 

The demand for our native wines is generally ahead of the sup- 
ply, and the prices paid by the vintners to the wine farmers has of late 
years been fifteen to twenty per cent, higher than in 1851. This 
may in part be accounted for, by the last three or four seasons be- 
ing unfavorable to the production, but more perhaps to the fact. 



MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 339 

that those who use wines find the native far more wholesome than 
the foreign wine. All our physicians concur in this opinion. 

G. <fe P. Bogen. This firm has thirty-five acres in wine, princi- 
pally in the vicinity of Carthage, Two acres are within the city 
limits. Of these, twenty-five acres are in bearing. Messrs. Bo- 
gen have made in favorable seasons as high as from five hundred 
to eight hundred gallons per acre. Grapes for wine are wortli 
three dollars per bushel, and wine newly made, if of good quality, 
one dollar and twenty-five cents per gallon. Of course it is more 
profitable to bottle it oft^, as good catawba commands seven to eight 
dollars per dozen bottles — five bottles holding one gallon of wine. 
Tiiey make both still and sparkling catawba, and their wines enjoy 
a high reputation in this market. They also, to a limited extent, 
make catawba brandy, a first rate article. 

One side of their wine cellar, which is one hundred and sixty 
feet in length by a breadth of thirty, and a depth of twenty feet, 
is filled with wine casks. These hold from three hundred to one 
thousand and fifty gallons each. No pains or expense has been 
spared to make their cellar in every respect what a wine cellar 
should be, the walls and arches being of great thickness. 

They have recently set out to the extent of three thousand roots, 
a new variety of black grapes, termed the Virginia seedling, pro- 
ducing a fine red wine resembling Burgundy. This grape was in- 
troduced into Hermann, Mo., where it has been principally cultiva- 
ted for several years, and is valued there on account of its relia- 
bility as a regular bearer. It is of vigorous growth, although not 
w^ell adapted to propagation by cuttings, being best spread by lay- 
ers ; bears abundantly, is not subject to rot, and being a grape na- 
tive to a region nearly of the same parallel of latitude with that of 
southern Ohio, is sufficiently hardy. They expect next year to 
increase the number of their vines by setting out yet more. This 
description of vines sells readily at wholesale for twenty-five cts. 
each, seven hundred and fifty dollars having been paid by this firm 
for the lot already set out. Sales rooms, at J. & J. M. Pfau, No. 
258 Main street. 

Wire working. — Five establishments, two only of much impor- 
tance. Employ sixty hands, and a product of one hundred and 
fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 35 per cent. 

Bromwell & Melish, 181 Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth 
streets, wove and worked iron manufactory. Ten thousand Japan- 
29 



340 MANUFACTURES AND INDUSTllIAL TRODUCTS. 

ned fancy bird cages of every variety of pattern, are made here 
annually. 

S. E. Burnet & Co., No. 27 Walnut street ; wire workers. Em- 
ploy twenty-one hands, value of manufacture, fifty thousand dol- 
lars. This last is of recent establishment, and has not gone fully 
into operation. The articles made here are substantially those 
made by Bromwell & Melish. 

Woodand WillowWare.—F'ifteen factories, employ ninety hands, 
and manufacture a product of baskets, cradles, wagons, etc., to the 
value of fifty thousand dollars ; raw material, 35 per cent. 

Wool Carding, etc. — Three factories, principally small j ten 
hands. 

Writing Inks. — Five factories, which manufacture one hundred 
thousand dollars annually, employing fifty hands ; raw material, 60 
per cent. 

J. J. Butler, Excelsior Ink Works, enjoys a high reputation in 
the manufacture of writing and copying inks, which entirely su- 
persede the eastern and European articles of the sort. This is 
becoming an important establishment, and already employs twenty- 
five hands, and makes a product of fifty thousand dollars. 

Wrought Nails. — Four shops, twelve hands, twelve thousand 
dollars labor product. 



MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



341 



SYNOPSIS OF MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL 
PRODUCTS. 



NATURE OF PRODUCTS, 



Agricultural machines aud implements 

Alcohol ami spirits wiue 

Ale ami beei' 

Auimal charcoal 

Artificial flowers 

Awuiugs, sails, tents, bags, etc 

Baggiug factories 

Bakeries 

Bakiug Powders 

Baud and hat boxes 

Bells aud bi'ass work 

Bellows 

Beltiug, hose, etc 

Billiard tables 

Blacking, paste 

Blacksmithing 

Blinds, Venetian. 

Blocks, spars and pumps 

Boilei'S, s'^eam engine 

Bolts, nuts, etc 

Bonnet bleaching aud pressing 

Book binding 

Boots and shoes 

Boxes, packing, etc 

Brands- stamps, etc 

Bricks 

Bricklaying aud plastering 

Bristles and curled hair 

Britannia ware 

Brooms 

Brushes 

Buckets and tubs 

Bungs and plugs 

Burning fluid 

Burr mill stones 

Butcliers 

Candies and conf( ctioueries 

Candles, lard oil ,. etc 

Cap aud hat bodits 

Caipeuters aud building work 

Carpet weavers 

(Jarriages, omnibuses 

Carving 

Charcoal, pulverised 

Chemicals 

Cisterus 

Cloaks, mantillas, etc 

Clothiiig, made up 



1841. 



36000 

145000 

126000 

5000 

3000 

12000 

78650 

259000 

6000 

9000 

11000 

82600 

21000 

iiooo 

211400 

12000 

26172 

106000 

6000 

10000 

107700 

4S8000 

39000 

6^40 

87500 

208650 

16600 

12840 

3000 

19000 

21650 

5000 

89000 

10500 

1098015 

54000 

353940 

10000 

418600 

46000 

127000 

2000 

6000 

187000 

21300 

3000 

1223800 



1851. 



78000 

608260 

566000 

25000 

14200 

45000 

270000 

637662 

18000 

36000 

209500 

18000 

96000 

'24600 

285495 
40000 
21000 

.349000 
20000 
22000 

162000 
1182650 

120000 
13500 

207000 

408650 
48800 
36960 
15000 
60500 
84200 
12000 

110000 

24000 

2850000 

128120 

4490900 

39000 

2116000 

56000 

355847 

7000 

18.500 

361000 

75000 

28000 

1947500 



342 



MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



NATURE AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 



Coffee, roasted or ground 

Combs 

Cooper ware 

Copper, irou and sheet iron ware 

Copper ana steel plate engraving. . . . 

Cordage, hemp and manilla 

Cotton yarns, sheetings, etc 

Cured beef and tongues 

Cutlery, surgical, dental, etc 

Dental furniture 

Dentistry , 

Die sinking 

Drugs, marble, etc., ground 

Dyeing and scouring 

Edge tools 

Engi-aviiig, seal, card, etc 

Engraving, wood. . 

Feed and flour 

Fii'e engines aud hydraulics 

Florists and nurserymen 

Files 

Foundery castings 

Fringes.' T 

Furniture 

Gas and coke 

Gas fitting 

Gas generators, portable 

Gilders 

Gilders on glass 

Glass ware 

Gloves 

Glue 

Gold leaf and dentist's foil 

Gold pens 

Grease 

Guusmithing 

Hats 

Hat blocks 

Horse shoes 

Hot air furnaces 

Ice 

lioU; bar, boiler, sheet, etc., and nails 

Irou, wrought, tubular bridges 

Japanned tin ware aud tinner's tools. 

Ladders 

Lead, sheet aud pipe 

Lever locks 

Lightning rods 

Liquors, domestic 

liithography 

Machinists 

Machinerv, wood working 

Malt....' 

Marble working 

Masonic aud Odd Fellows' regalia . . 
Mats 



1841. 


1851. 


1859. 


8000 


38000 


225000 


18550 


18000 





167000 


387000 


1510000 


211300 


258000 


610000 


42000 


50000 


48000 


33600 


180000 


234000 


19.'3600 


661000 


680000 


21000 


135000 


225500 


10700 


40000 


80000 
10000 


6000 


92666 


125000 


1500 


5000 


7500 


10000 


50000 


60000 


15540 


28000 


60000 


41600 


117900 


158000 


5000 


18000 


30000 


22550 


51000 


75000 


816700 


1690000 


3216000 


13750 


65000 


150000 


15000 


120000 


300000 


1500 


7000 


18000 


66-^657 


3676500 


635;!400 


1 5400 


20000 


66000 


676800 


1660000 


3656000 




65000 


160000 




45000 


110000 
50000 


7000 


39000 


60000 
10000 


10000 


40000 


100000 


5000 


20000 


30000 


6000 


28000 


66000 


4000 


11000 


15000 




3500 


6500 


56000 


90000 


130000 


16842 


35000 


. 45000 


312000 


445000 


25000 


2000 


4500 


4000 


10000 


48000 


50000 


3000 


60000 


100000 


20000 


150000 


250000 


394000 


1146000 


4334000 
1 000000 


3000 


58000 


134000 




5000 


20000 




5000 


61000 


39000 


53000 


75000 




150000 


175000 


145000 


726000 


3600000 


3.500 


20000 


165000 


77000 


130000 


450000 




130000 


175000 


89250 


396200 


589500 


10000 


190000 


325000 




21000 


25000 




7240 


9000 



MAXUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODrCTS. 



343 



NATURE AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 



Mathematical, etc., iustrumeuts 

Mattresses 

Medicines, patent 

Millinery 

Mineral waters 

Morocco leather 

Mouldings 

Musical instruments 

Music publications 

Oil cloths and window shades 

Oil, castor 

Oil, coal 

Oil, cotton seed 

Oil, Linseed 

Paints 

Painting and glazing 

Paper 

Pattern making 

Perfumery 

Photographs, daguerreotypes, etc 

Pickles, preserves, etc 

Planed boards, flooring, etc 

Planes, etc 

Planing machines 

Platform scales 

Plating, silver 

Plumbing 

Pocket books 

Pottery... 

Pork and beef packing 

Printing ink . • 

Publications, book, newspaper, etc 

Pumps, force, lift, etc 

Railway chairs, etc 

Ituuges, cooking 

Refrigerators 

Roofing, tin, composition, metallic, etc. . . 

Saddle bags, physicians 

Saddle trees 

Saddlery, harness, etc 

Safes, vaults, etc. 

Sash, blinds and dooi s - 

Sausages , 

Saws 

Saw mills y*. , 

Screw plates 

Shirts , 

Show cases 

Silver ware , 

Spokes, felloes and hubs 

Stained glass 

Starch , 

Steamboats 

Stockings 

Stone cutting , 

Stone masons , 



1341. 




30000 


40000 


70000 


95000 


68000 


952000 


120000 


820000 


20000 


165000 


15000 


67000 


'25666 


'89566 


6000 


50000 


73000 


50000 





60000 


'36066 


26.3666 


121750 


385000 


78000 


385000 


65000 


320000 


3500 


25500 


10000 


120000 


950 


80000 


5000 


30000 


73000 


351200 


95000 


167000 




30000 





60000 





10000 


48000 


195000 


'12666 


'36666 


3074912 


5760000 




15000 


518506 


1276540 


13750 


65000 




"25666 


9666 


25000 




76000 




"4566 


2.31606 


306500 


11400 


96000 


71700 


312000 


21000 


162000 





16700 


73000 


411000 


2500 


16500 


40000 


157000 


'56566 


'96666 


10000 


70500 




15000 


45666 


98000 


592500 


488000 


12000 


1.3000 


83000 


222000 


101000 


308000 



344 



MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS. 



NATURE AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 


1841. 


1851. 


1859. 


Su^av refineries 


"eooo 

276666 
335000 

325666 
226700 

* 28275 
45400 
15500 
84800 
1.5000 

36566 

104300 

34400 

' "6666 
'isono 

3000 
5000 

i 45666 

2800 
63300 


' 12666 

832666 
965000 

931666 

506000 

10000 

152000 

146000 

76000 

OSOiiO 

135000 

66000 

168750 

132000 

30000 

85000 

7500 

150000 

69000 

10000 

15000 

9000 

2857920 

18000 

385740 


750000 




18000 


Tapers 


65000 


Tailoriiia; 


2035000 


Tanneries 


1520000 


Terra cotta ware 


25000 




1667000 


Trunks 


650000 


Trusses 


56000 


T ur n ery 


95000 


Types, stereotypes and printing materials 

Undei'takers 


310000 
140000 




160000 


Varnish, copal 


200000 
100000 


"Vinen'Jir 


250000 


Wacjons, carts etc 


210000 


Wall paper stainino" and liaugina; 


18000 




210000 


Wi^s 


10000 




500000 


'V^'^ire workers 


150000 


^'^ool cardius 


12000 




100000 


WiTino-lif nnils 


9000 


Whisky 


5318730 


Wood and willow ware, . 


50000 
656189 








17780033 


54550134 1 


112254400 



This synopsis affords an opportunity to trace our industrial pro- 
gress from 1841 to this date. 

Of the $112,254,400 in value of these products for 1859, $58,- 
000,000 is embraced in raw materials, and $54,254,400 constitutes 
the value of labor, interest on capital invested, etc. It thus ap- 
pears that the average of raw materials is but 54 per cent, of the 
entire product, leaving the residue as the reward of enterprise and 
industry. 

4 



XIV. COMMERCE 



Our commercial year closes on the 31st August, which date 
makes it impossible to exhibit a table of the imports and exports 
of 1858-9, and renders those of 1857-8, the latest that could be 
made use of as an illustration of the progress of Cincinnati in this 
business department. 

In 1841-2, the value of imports to this place was $41,236,199; 
of exports, $33,234,898. These figures advanced year by year, 
steadily, until 1857-8, when the value of imports reached $74,- 
348,758, and of the exports, $47,497,095 ; both of these amounts 
being a fall off from the previous year — the imports of nearly three 
millions, and tlie exports of more than eight millions of dollars. 
This was occasioned in part by the fall of produce incident to the 
fiscal embarrassments in the eastern cities and Europe, but princi- 
pally by the failure of crops for two years, which, by depriving our 
western customers of the means of meeting their engagements 
here with punctuality, checked the current of importations to this 
point, and to a still greater extent lessened the flow of produce to 
the great markets at the east. But for these circumstances, our 
imports and exports would have greatly exceeded all previous 
years. As far as the register of 1858-9 extends, the means of 
forming any correct judgment on the subject, the imports of the 
current year will reach eighty-five millions, and the exports ninety 
millions. 

It is well known that Cincinnati suffered less by the monetary 
crisis of 1857 than any city of importance in the whole country, 
only one wholesale and a few retail houses having succumbed to 
the pressure of the times. This great fact speaks volumes as to 
the substantial and solvent character of our business. 

Cincinnati has always been a great business centre to the west, 
especially, and when the communication shall be thoroughly opened 
to the distant south, by the completion of the unfinished railways 
to Knoxville and Nashville, a greatly extended business, both com- 
mercial and manufacturing, will be the immediate result. 

(345) 



346 



DRY GOODS. 



TRADE WITH THE COUNTRY. 



Within the last eight or ten years Cincinnati has been gain- 
ing a position as a great centre of supply, by wholesale, to the 
country n'ierchants of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky, of their 
dry goods, groceries, hardware, boots and shoes, hats, drugs, and 
fancy goods. In these various lines of business, it is becoming 
very apparent to purchasers that they can deal here to greater 
advantage than in our eastern cities. The effect of this has been 
to enlarge our sales to country merchants. For example- — dry 
goods, from $4,000,000, in 1840, to $10,000,000, in 1850, and 
to $25,000,000 at this time. There is a corresponding increase, 
also, in all other descriptions of business which go to make up 
general sales to country merchants. 

In the infancy of this species of trade, from twenty to twenty- 
four houses transacted all that was to be done in this line. Now 
there are not less than fifty wholesale dry goods houses, and 
nearly as many wholesale clothing establishments, which last also 
sell dry goods extensively. The amount of goods, of all kinds, 
sold here to the country trade, cannot be less than seventy-five 
millions of dollars value, in which I do not include articles of Cin- 
cinnati manufacture, which would increase those figures to one 
hundred millions of dollars. 

DRY GOODS. 

No one can have passed, or, rather, have attempted to pass, 
through Pearl and its Walnut street vicinity, within the last year 
or two, without being forcibly struck with the conviction that we 
are rapidly becoming independent of the wholesale business of the 
Atlantic cities, and rendering the country merchants of Indiana, 
Ohio, and Kentucky the same. The boxes and bales, occupying 
almost the whole side-walks, and piled one upon another to the 
highest possible point of safety, besides the extent to which they 
occupy the inside of the stores, attest the progress of our whole- 



TRADE WITH THE COUNTRY. 347 

sale dry goods business, and which its present bounds, spacious 
as we consider them, will soon fail to accommodate. 

If it be asked by our friends at the east, how it can be possible 
that we can compete with the jobbing houses in New York, Phila- 
delphia, and Baltimore; it maybe replied, that our large houses 
can always fill a bill at as low rates, adding carriage, as their east- 
ern rivals, being supplied from the same sources, and having 
representatives constantly in the Atlantic cities, while they offer 
facilities and conveniences to purchasers which are not accessible 
at the east. 

1. The merchant who goes east is compelled, in order advan- 
tageously to make up his full assortment, to visit Boston, New 
York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. This is attended with travel- 
ing and hotel expenses, as well as loss of time at home of still 
greater value, which puts at least five per cent, on his season's 
purchases. 

2. By purchasing in Cincinnati, at a distance so short and a 
point of such easy access from home, the western merchant is 
enabled to buy in three or four days what will requires as many 
weeks in a trip east. This is not merely a saving of time, but a 
means of choosing the period of absence, not allowable in long 
and distant journeys. Almost any man can arrange and provide 
for an absence from home of a few days, but every merchant's 
business is sure to sufi'er in the absence of as many weeks. 

3. He can obviate the risk of accumulating unsaleable goods; 
keeping his supplies within the limits of his sales by making 
smaller and more frequent purchases. 

4. In making bills oftener, he has a greater average of credit, 
as well as greater convenience in the division of payments. 

Stocks of goods in Cincinnati are equal in quality and assort- 
ment to any in the Atlantic cities. Here have been concentrated 
at one point, for purchase, articles which to lay in to equal advan- 
tage elsewhere, would require a visit to not less than four of our 
eastern cities. The bonnets, domestic cloths, sheetings, shirtings 
and prints of Boston; the French, German, Italian and Chinese 
silk and fancy dry goods and foreign cloths of New York; the do- 
mestic checks, ginghams, prints and handkerchiefs, pantaloonery 
and umbrellas of Philadelphia; and the sheetings and shirtings, 
drillings, tickings and heavy domestics of Baltimore, uidiy be found 
here in a single store. The beauty, style and variety of the goods 



348 DRY GOODS. • 

for sale here have been unequaled hitherto, and the prices low, 
having been laid in generally during the recent depression of 
prices in the eastern markets. 

Now that accumulation at the west of capital enables our dry 
goods houses to compete at all with their rivals at the east, a posi- 
tion has been assumed by our merchants that will never be lost, 
for without referring to the fact that business expenses here are 
greatly less than in our Atlantic cities, it may be noticed that, to 
a great extent, the very reasons why it is the interest of western 
traders to deal with our merchants, are those why our merchants 
will always be able to sell as low, or, if necessary, lower than their 
Atlantic competitors. What this business intercourse has done 
and is doing for the interests of the sellers here, may be judged 
by the magnificent business structures rivaling anything of the 
kind in the great cities of our eastern States, which have been put 
up during the last few years on our business streets — Pearl street 
especially. 

On the whole we have made for our city one more advance to 
that future of business operations which is our final destiny — as the 
great central metropolis of the United States. 

What has been said here of the dry goods country trade, applies 
in a corresponding degree to the grocery, hardware, crockery, 
boots and shoe, fancy goods, and other departments of business. 

Many of our principal houses in the country trade and commis- 
sion business have cards of addresses at the close of this volume. 
These serve to show the variety and extent of business here. 
Some of the more extensive of these make sales to the extent of 
from five hundred thousand to one million dollars yearly, and the 
aggregate of goods sold by wholesale is equal to seventy millions 
dollars annually. The sales of wool by one house here reaches 
to seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars yearly. 



PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 349 



XV. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 



CINCINNATI WATER WORKS. 

Two combination high pressure engines, cylinders 22 inches 
by 10 feet stroke ; pumps, 14 inches by 10 feet stroke. Three 
boilers, tubular, 52 inches by 16 feet long. Actual horse power 
exerted, 151.56. 

Height to which water is elevated, 176 feet ^ inch ; height from 
base of pumps to top of discharge pipe 162 feet 9 inches. Height 
from low water mark to base of pump, 13 feet SJ- inches. Capa- 
city of pumps per revolution, 2 strokes, 306 U. S. gallons. Ca- 
pacity of pumps per one hour, 197896 U. S. gallons. 

Two condensing engines. Cylinders of each, 45 inches by 8 
feet stroke ; pumps, 18 1-8 and 18 3-16 inches by 8 feet stroke. 

Three boilers, 4 flues each, 72 inches by 30 feet long. Actual 
horse power exerted, 118.25, Height to which water is elevated, 
176 feet i- inch. Height from base of pump to top of discharge 
pipe, 160 feet 9 inches. Height from low water mark to base of 
pump, 15 feet 3^ inches. Capacity of pumps per revolution, two 
strokes,. 208 U. S. gallons. Capacity of pumps per one hour, 
169,201 U. S. gallons. 

Average consumption of water in spring, summer and part of 
fall seasons of 1858, 5,100,649 U. S. gallons. Capacity of reser- 
voir at 21 feet 6 inches depth, 5,981,518 gallons. 

Consumption of coal in 1858, 114,600 bushels. Cost of coal in 
1858, f 11,460. 

20 inch pipe, 18,340 feet ; 10 inch, 29,790; 8 inch, 11,850 ; 3, 
4 and 5, 333,497 ; total amount of pipe laid, 393,477 feet. 

The amount of pipe laid in 1858 — 20 inch, 1,250 feet; 10 inch, 
8,190 ; 4 inch, 23,168 ; total in 1858, 32,608 feet; making over 
74^ miles laid, up to this time. 

Whole number of hydrants, 10,679 ; number of hydrants out of 
use, 967 ; in use January 1, 1859, 9,812. 



350 



PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 



THE CEMETERY OF SPRING GROVE 



This " Necropolis," city of the dead, is situated in the beautiful 
valley of Mill creek, four miles north of Cincinnati, near what was 
known, in the pioneer era of this country, as Ludlow's Station. It 
contains 280 acres, 267 being north of the Cincinnati, Hamilton 
and Dayton Railroad, and inclosed with a hedge of osage orange, 
and platted and laid off into sections and lots, for the purposes of 
sepulture ; and thirteen acres south of the railroad, and bounded 
by Mill creek, which are used for the convenience of the work- 
men employed about the premises. 

The cemetery is laid out in the landscape style, and the princi- 
pal avenues, which are of the liberal width of twenty feet, made 
to conform to the undulating and picturesque features of the 
grounds. A more beautiful spot for the purpose could scarcely 
have been selected. 

From a recent report of the trustees, the grounds and improve- 
ments, up to the first of December last, had cost 8227,580, and 
the improvements by individuals on their own lots, amounted to 
about as much more. Over twelve miles of avenues had been 
opened and graded. The number of lot owners is two thousand 
four hundred and sixty-six. 

Officers — R. Buchanan, president; Cyrus Davenport, secretary; 
D. H. Home, treasurer. 

Directors — R. Buchanan, J. P. Foote, W. B. Smith, A. H. Ernst, 
S. C. Parkhurst, G. K. Shoenberger, D. H. Home, Peter Neff, and 
William Resor. 

Henry Earnshaw, superintendent; Adolphus Strauch, landscape 
gardener. 

Office, Melodeon Building, corner of Walnut and Fourth streets. 

This cemetery has now become one of the most attractive ob- 
jects to strangers visiting Cincinnati. More than fifty-two hun- 
dred persons on foot, thirty-two hundred carriages, and seventy- 
three hundred buggies passed through the entrance gate of these 
grounds during the past year. Among the latest improvements is 
an artificial lake of six acres in extent, fed by springs at the 
north with a descent of 1.10 feet, which will afford a splendid jet 
d'eau, soon to be constructed. A pair of English swans, pre- 
sented by George Selves, give animation and add beauty to the sur- 
face of the lake. 



PUBLIC INSTITUTIOIVS. 351 



PUBLIC BUILDINGS, 



Within the last eight or ten years, a marked improvement in the 
style of our public buildings has become manifest, and there is now 
no city in the west that can exhibit so many of a first class in beauty, 
magnitude and convenience. 

Of those longest erected, are St. Peter's Roman Catholic Cathe- 
dral, the First and Seventh Presbyterian, St. John's — Episcopal — 
churches, House of Refuge, Hughes and Woodward High Schools. 
Of the latest built, are the National Theatre, Pike's Opera House 
— this last being, by the testimony of one of our citizens who has 
traveled extensively for many years, the finest public building put up 
out of private resources in the whole world — the Central Presbyterian 
church and the Masonic temple. Among these might be ranked 
Carlisle's building and Shillito's store, which, although occupied as 
stores and offices merely, have hardly any rivals in their line in 
any of the eastern cities. 

The United States public edifices — the custom house and post of- 
fice building, and the marine hospital, are also admirable buildings, 
not only as respects their exteriors, but for the inside construction and 
arrangements. Two of these various edifices referred to are illus- 
trated in this volume by engravings, which it may be well to ac- 
company by a detailed description. 

The Hughes High School. No cost of labor has been spared to 
render this building a perfect adaptation of means to ends. The 
style and order are collegiate Gothic. 

It has been built facing Mound street, whose southern termina- 
tion is immediately opposite, and occupies a space sixty-six by 
ninety feet upon the ground, and seventy-seven feet to the square, 
and eighty-five feet to the comb of the roof, in height — a parallelo- 
gram in shape, flanked at the corners by octagon towers, which 
give a spirited and novel etfect. 

The first and second floors are arranged for eight recitation 
rooms, each thirty-three feet square, and fifteen feet high. The 
third story will constitute a lecture and exhibition room, entire, as 
needed for either purpose. It is twenty feet in height, and finished 
in the handsomest style. A hall, sixty-six by thirty-three feet for 
philosophical experiments and scientific illustrations, forms one 
half of the basement. The other half will be the depository of 



352 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 

wood, coal, etc. Each floor of the towers already alluded to, will 
afford committee rooms for the trustees, or withdrawing rooms for 
teachers or lecturers, as the case may be. 

The outer walls above the basement are twenty inches thick, the 
partitions sixteen inches. The buttresses around the building are 
in thickness four feet. The joists are all trussed with oak, and the 
floors are of yellow pine, laid double, so that as little sound as pos- 
sible shall be created by walking through the halls. Every open- 
ing to the building is arched, the outer doors beitig three inches 
thick. There is one main entrance in front and one at each side, 
and the passages and stairs being broad and direct, aff*ord every 
facility for escape in case of fire. The roof being metallic, adds 
security in this respect, as regards exposure to fire from buildings 
adjacent. 

The inside woodwork is stained pine, which finishes beautifully, 
and the inner doors' all have mortise locks. The school rooms are 
warmed by hot air, and thoroughly ventilated by modern apparatus 
for that purpose. 

That no proper expense has been spared in this edifice may be 
inferred from the fact that the stairs alone cost five hundred dol- 
lars. The lot on which it stands cost eighteen thousand dollars, 
and the school house twenty-two thousand dollars more. There is 
no building in Cincinnati of equal extent, solidity, capacity and fin- 
ish, which has cost as little. In this amount is included all the out 
door work, paving, front fence, and finishing the grounds. 

The elevation and exposure of this edifice are such as to secure 
during the most intense heats of summer a constant current of air 
from outside. These are almost always from the southwest, fol- 
lowing the course of the river, and its adjacent low grounds, as a 
funnel. The prospect, south and west, from the upper rooms of 
the school house, is of unrivaled range and beauty. 

The building on the left hand side, at the edge of the school 
house, is the fine family mansion of one of our old citizens, Henry 
Brachmann. 

The Masonic Temple. The new Masonic temple now in pro- 
gress of erection on the northeast corner of Third and Walnut 
streets, when finished will be one of the finest specimens of archi- 
tecture of its kind in the Union. It was commenced in the spring 
of 1858, and if the work is not delayed, it will be completed within 
two years from the present time. So much has been constructed 



PUBLIC INSTITUTIOXS. 353 

upon its Third street front, as will give an idea of the general de- 
sign and final appearance of this splendid structure, and the en- 
graving of it in this volume will render that appearance more dis- 
tinct and complete. 

It fronts 195 feet on Third street by 100 feet on Walnut; the 
two fronts composed entirely of freestone. The height will be four 
stories, the first fifteen feet in the clear, the second fourteen feet, 
the third eighteen, and the fourth twenty-two feet. Entire height 
of the edifice, eighty-five feet; of the spire of the main tower, 
180 feet; of the other two, 140 feet. The style of the architec- 
ture is Byzantine. 

The two lower stories will be devoted to business purposes, and 
rented out as bankers', brokers' and other offices, while the frater- 
nity will occupy the third and fourth for masonic purposes. 

In the third story will be a chapter room 28 by 49 feet; a royal 
select council room 21 by 42 feet ; a library 20 by 28 feet ; a ban- 
quet hall 21 by 58 feet; a knights templars' encampment asylum 28 
by 38 feet 4 inches ; a knights templars' royal arch council room, 
24 feet 4 inches by 28 feet 8 inches ; a Persian court, 18 feet by 
42 feet 9 inches; the stair case occupying a space of 20 by 28 feet, 
and thirteen smaller rooms, to be used as parlors, janitor's rooms, 
bed rooms, etc. 

In the fourth story there will be a Grand Lodge room, 42 feet 9 
inches by 70 feet; an entered apprentice's lodge room, 28 by 60 
feet ; a fellowcraft's lodge room, 28 by 56 feet ; a master mason's 
lodge room, 28 by 56 feet, and nine ante-rooms, three bed rooms, 
wash rooms, water closets, etc. All the principal rooms will be 
provided with regalia closets. 

The roof will be of tin, a high pitched mansard roof ornamented 
with dormer windows. 

The main entrance will be through a grand archway on the Third 
street front. 

The temple is estimated to cost one hundred and fifty thousand 
dollars. Hamilton & McLaughlin, architects. 

Among the more recent erections in Cincinnati, are the post- 
office and custom house, at the corner of Fourth and Vine streets, 
and the marine hospital, at the corner of Lock and Sixth streets, 
both constructed at the expense of the United States government. 

The marine hospital has just been finished. It is a handsome, 
though not elaborately ornamented edifice, 100 feet square, of 



354 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 

Italian fagade, with verandahs on front and sides, erected upon a 
two acre lot, and constructed principally of stone, brick and iron, and 
is the most thoroughly fire-proof building in the State. It is warmed 
and ventilated and supplied with all the modern improvements for 
the health and comfort of the inmates. Every floor in the building 
is arched, the arches springing from wrought iron beams, resting 
upon the walls. 

It will accommodate 250 patients.. 

Thomas M. Bodley, constructing superintendent. 



CINCINNATI GAS LIGHT AND COKE COMPANY. 
Capital, ^1,000,000. 

Incorporated by special act of the Legislature of Ohio, April 3, 
1837, and chartered by ordinance of the city council of Cincin- 
nati, June 16, 1841. 

President, James H. Caldwell ; President, pro tern., Henry J. 
Miller. 

^)irectors — James H, Caldwell, Henry J. Miller, Wm. S. Cald- 
well, Reuben R. Springer, James H. Caldwell, Jr. 

Secretary, William L. Clarke. Foreman of works, John West- 
wood. Clerk of works, S. S. Straiten. Inspector of Meters and 
fitting department, Alfred Hopper. Inspector of street lamps, 
Thos. L. Gaussen. Engineer and Superintendent, John Jeflfrey. 

Office, No. 269 Vine street. Gas works. Front street, between 
Rose and Mill streets. 

The Cincinnati gas works were originally put into operation on 
January 14, 1843, under the auspices of James F. Conover and 
James H. Caldwell, since which time the works have grown with 
the growth of the city, and become an extensive institution, with a 
large number of stockholders. The gas works now in operation 
and in progress of construction, will be capable of producing and 
supplying 1,600,000 cubic feet of gas per diem. The main pipes 
laid in the streets measure 55 miles, of diameters varying from 16 
inches to 2 inches. The number of consumers is 1,659, and the 
number of public street lamps is 1,657. The company's pay roll 
shows an average of 250 men constantly employed in the manu- 
facture and distribution of gas, in addition to the large contract? 
for castings, buildings, pipe laying, coal, etc., etc. ; thus giving cir 



rUBLIC TNSTITrTIONS. 365 

culation annually to a large sum of money, and employment to sup- 
port a considerable population. The company pays an annual tax 
upward of ^11,000, and the land occupied by the gas works is over 
three and one half acres. 



FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

Cincinnati, like her sister cities at the east, originally employed 
volunteer companies for the extinguishment of fires, and for sev- 
eral years here, as well as there, the noble emulation of these as- 
sociations in efforts to preserve property and life, developed many 
daring and heroic deeds. But as the older members became less 
fit for active service, by the lapse of years and demands in other 
employments for their time and labors, the institution had, as else- 
where, gradually and silently fell into the hands of boys, compar- 
atively, and the same scenes of strife, disorder and dissipation 
marked our fire department which have disgraced Baltimore, Phil- 
adelphia and other eastern cities. Fire riots, as they have been 
called, attended many instances in which the different engines were 
called into service, and in several cases violence and even murder 
were the result. 

It was also discovered, in the progress of this state of things, 
that the numbers and esprit de corps of the fire department, made 
the members an element capable of being moulded by politicians 
to their own ends for election purposes. The engine houses be- 
came places of resort of evenings and on the Sabbath, not only of 
a large share of the members, but of their acquaintances, and 
every species of immorality was the consequence. Orderly citi- 
zens who deplored this state of things could perceive no remedy 
for it, while they feared it would become worse and worse in the 
future. 

A few individuals, prominent among whom were James H. Walker, 
at the time a trustee to the city council from the fifth ward, did not, 
however, despair of effecting a reform, although they were fully 
aware of the obloquy, pecuniary loss and personal danger which 
had to be incurred in the effort. Just at this juncture, the inven- 
tion of the steam fire engine brought the question of reform to an 
issue, by affording a starting point to it. 

Mr. Walker and his associates in council advocated the intro 
30 



S56 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 

duction of these engines, and the adoption of the pay system for 
firemen, which was its natural result. Violent was the opposition 
in and out of doors. All the baser passions of those interested in 
perpetuating the existing evils, were aroused. Incendiary and 
anonymous letters were received by those actively engaged in the 
reform, especially by Mr. Walker, uttering atrocious threats in case 
the proposed measures were carried into effect. The movement 
Itself was feebly supported or even discountenanced by those who 
at first seemed disposed to co-operate, but who were now intimi- 
dated by the violence of their opponents. But, nothing daunted 
or discouraged by these difficulties, the advocates of reform metj 
and having agreed upon the details of the new system, and having 
drawn up an ordinance in conformity to the proposed measure, 
they resolved to put it through without alteration or amendment, at 
the ensuing meeting of the council. It was accordingly introduced, 
when every artifice was resorted to for tlie purpose of delaying, if 
not defeating, the ordinance, which after a stormy and obstinate de- 
bate, was put to the vote, carried, and without unnecessary delay 
put into operation. 

The next difficulty to be met was to obtain the services of a 
chief engineer to the new organization, so as to carry it success- 
fully into eflect. Miles Greenwood, on being applied to, consented 
to serve in that capacity until the contemplated change should be 
fully carried out, and all resistance to the reform should cease, de- 
voting his well known energies to the cause, and not only paid out 
of his own means an assistant engineer, but generously assigned 
his salary for his entire term of office, as principal, to the treasury 
of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute. 

Patience, perseverance and firmness finally carried the whole 
system to an entire success, and the last and perhaps the greatest 
difficulty, that of adjusting the pecuniary interests of the city and 
of the respective companies, in the buildings and apparatus of the 
department, which had been suffered to become greatly complica- 
ted, was triumphantly overcome. Mr. Walker personally effected 
a settlement between the city and each company of their respec- 
tive interests, which in the main and finally proved satisfactory to 
both parties, and the whole community has now settled down into 
full acquiescence with and support of the new organization. 

It does not comport with the space that can be given in these 
pages, to enter into the harassing and vexatious details of this sub- 



PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 357 

ject, but the nature and degree of the difficulties, and the arduous 
labor of removing them may be inferred from the fact that to this 
day, at Baltimore, Philadelphia, and other places, where a kindred 
reform has been agitated for a length of years, the pressure in and 
outside the public authorities has hitherto successfully resisted the 
desired change. Nothing short of the determination and perse- 
verance of James H. Walker could have here carried it through, 
and the city of Cincinnati owes him a debt for moral and pecun- 
iary benefits which we never can adequately pay or liquidate. 

Among the many mechanical and scientific tropliies of Cincin- 
nati, may be fairly reckoned the invention of the steam fire engine, 
made in this city by Abel Shawk, a well known and ingenious me- 
chanic here. After devoting years of labor in carrying out this 
apparatus to its present degree of perfection and efficiency, under 
discouragements which would have led any ordinary man to its 
abandonment, he has brought the steam fire engine to the perfec- 
tion it now exhibits. 

I regret to add, that his generous and unsuspicious nature has 
been so far abused as to deprive him to a great extent of the just 
pecuniary recompense thus earned; but those who know him best, 
feel that to him, and him only, belongs the credit of having first 
and fully brought this important invention into practical service. 



THE PROTESTANT UNIVERSITY OF THE UNITED STAETS. 

This institution was incorporated by the Legislature of Ohio, in 
the year 1845, and is under the management of a competent board 
of trustees. The following is the second section of its charter, 
which fixes its location, defines its object, and secures to it the 
most unlimited academic powers, viz: " The said university shall 
be located in, or near to, the city of Cincinnati ; and its object and 
purpose are hereby declared to be the promotion and advancement 
of education, the cultivation and diffusion of literature, science, 
and the arts, in all their departments and faculties." It is not Sec- 
tarian. Thus, in the ninth and eleventh sections, it is expressly 
" provided that in the rules and regulations governing the admis- 
sion of students, there shall be no preference on account of reli- 
gious sects, or any other cause, except good moral character, and 
the promise of superior scholarship," and " that the corporation 



358 PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 

shall have no power at any time to establish a sectarian religious 
test, as a condition of enjoying the honors and privileges of the 
university." Bat it is Protestant. And this name was ^iven to it? 
by the Legislature, because of the provision in the eleventh sec- 
tion of its charter, "that it shall always be conducted in subservi- 
ency to the true, reformed, protestant Christian religion, as taught 
in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments." Its gen- 
eral corporate powers are correspondingly liberal in their charac- 
ter. This outline, as it is due to our citizens, will sufficiently ex- 
plain, for the present, the nature and scope of the institution. 

The university has not yet been opened for instruction, but much 
has been done in preparation for this. The Rev. William Wilson, 
D.D., L.L.D., is its chancellor. It has recently been endowed, by 
the munificent bequest of an enlightened, spirited and patriotic 
protestant of the city of New York. The whole protestant world, 
as well as the republic of letters and science, are deeply inter- 
ested in the success of this university. More active steps will 
soon be taken for bringing it into operation. It is the property, and 
ought to be the pride, as it shall one day be, of Cincinnati. Our 
citizens should liberally contribute to its endowment. The Queen 
City herself, even apart from other resources, is able to establish it 
upon a permanent foundation. 



AMERICAN PATENT COMPANY. 

The business of this company is so entirely new in this country, 
as to render it difficult to classify it. It is, in fact, a combination 
of almost every civilized business, as will be presently seen. It 
was incorporated in July, 1858, under the name of the American 
Patent Company, with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars, 
and procures patents from the United States and all European coun- 
tries. It makes models, drawings, etc., for inventions; furnishes 
engravings of all kinds, on wood or stone ; makes out sale and 
transfer papers ; buys and sells patents on commission ; conducts 
patent suits, prosecutes rejected applications for patents ; builds 
machinery ; makes calculations of power ; furnishes designs ; 
prints circulars, pamphlets and books ; publishes the Scientijic Ar- 
tisan weekly ; buys on commission any and everything needed by 
the manufacturer ; and, in fact, does everything pertaining to pat- 



MISCELLANEOUS. 359 

ents and mechanical labor. Such an institution is destined to wield 
a very beneficial influence for the trade and manufacturers of this 
city, as well as the whole country — for it is actually a source of 
protection to both patentees as a class, and to the public. The fol- 
lowing is a list of the officers and directors in the company : 
Wm. Resor, President ; R. S. Newton, Vice President ; H. E. Clif- 
ton, Secretary ; Geo. H. Hill, Thos. Sherlock, and N. Headington 
Directors, as are also the officers above named. The company's 
spacious establishment is represented in one of the pages of this 
volume. 



XVL MISCELLANEOUS. 

RECENT AND PROSPECTIVE CITY IMPROVEMENTS. 

Within a few years a new style of building, both public and pri- 
vate edifices, has been introduced by our principal architects, 
greatly to the improvement of the public taste. Among these 
buildings are 

The Seventh Presbyterian Church on Broadway. 

The Central " " corner Mound and Barr sts. 

V. Worthington's fine mansion on Pike street. 

Robert Burnet's, on Seventh and Vine, and a number of stores, 
single or in blocks, of which the principal are, 

Baker's buildings on Walnut street. 

Taylor's block, on Second. 

Perin, Gould & Co.'s blocks on Front. 

Moore, Wilstach, Keys <fe Co., and Mitchell <fe Rammelsberg, on 
Fourth street, and Messrs. Albert, Day & Matlack, and Stadler's, 
all on Pearl street, which have been put up under the superinten- 
dence of Walter & Wilson, or executed under designs and plans fur- 
nished by them as architects. They are now engaged upon the 
Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, on Ninth street, the Roman 
Catholic Institute on Vine street, W. K. Nixon's, and Heidelbach 
& Seasongood's stores on Vine street, the first at the corner of 
Fourth, and the second at that of Third street ; and the private 
residences of J. Netter on Eighth, and of Messrs. Dixon and Par- 



360 MISCELLANEOUS. 

ker, on Ninth street. Walter & Wilson's office is at the southeast 
corner Walnut and Fourth streets. 

James W. McLaughlin, architect, northwest corner Third and 
Walnut streets. He has furnished designs for, or superintended 
the erection of, several fine buildings, among which are the resi- 
dences of Edmund Dexter, corner Fourth and Broadway, and Judge 
Este, on Fourth near Park street, Derby's building, southwest cor- 
ner Third and Walnut, Jno. Shillito cfe Co.'s dry goods palace, on 
Fourth street : the Masonic building, on Third street ; the Fire- 
men's Insurance Company's block, at the intersection of Main and 
Front — all business edifices ; and of public buildings, the National 
Theatre, on Sycamore street, and the Masonic temple, southeast 
corner of Third and Walnut streets. 

Mr. McLaughlin is now engaged on the new " Commercial 
office, at the northeast corner Fourth and Race, two fine five story 
stores for J. Elsas & Co., on Pearl, near Race street, and three for 
A. & J. Wolf, on Vine, between Pearl and Second streets. A new 
R. C. Church on Mt. Adams, and the R. C. Church, St. Francis- 
cus Seraphicus, at the intersection of Bremen and Liberty street, 
and has furnished designs which have been accepted by the pub- 
lic authorities, for a new and spacious City Hall, which will prob- 
ably be commenced shortly. 

Isaiah Rogers, Son & Co., office 168 Vine street. To the taste 
and skill of this firm, we owe the construction of many important 
public buildings — among the rest, the Burnet House — the latest of 
which is the new Lunatic Asylum at Carthage, which is the largest 
edifice of the kind in the State, having a front of six hundred and 
twelve feet, by a depth of three hundred feet, and which varies 
from three to five stories in height. They are about to commence 
building the new county jail, an edifice of one hundred and fifty 
feet square, with four tiers of cells. Also two stores on Fourth 
street, adjoining the Carlisle building, for W. B. Smith, forty feet 
by eighty-five feet, five stories in height, with Italian fronts. 

Anderson & Hannaford, office 12 Manchester building. This 
is a recent establishment, which has been principally engaged on 
buildings outside of the city. They have furnished designs, plans 
or drawings for Pv. A. Whetstone's private mansion at Clifton, one 
of the largest in the place ; for two stores, five stories high, with 
stone fronts, on Main street, for George H. Brown ; two stores, 
with stone fronts, and five stories, on Main street, for A. H. An- 



MISCELLANEOUS. 361 

drews, of the firm of Miner & Andrews, and Thomas D. Carneal; 
a block of vv-arehouses for John Hall, on Second street, and for 
residences to Chas. E. Matthews, east Walnut Hills, and Lewis 
Mehner, on Eighth near Freeman street, and J. F. Mills, of the 
firm of Mills &l Kline, on Richmond, near Freeman street. 



GRAPE CULTURE IN VINEYARDS. 

This branch of agriculture has, within the last few years, been 
rapidly advancing in the United States, especially in the west and 
southwest. The grape is now cultivated in vineyards, for making 
wine, in twenty-one Stales of our Union. In Tennessee, Georgia, 
Alabama, and in North and South Carolina, the increase in this cul- 
tivation has been rapid and extensive. For the last three or four 
years past, the sales of grape roots and cuttings in Cincinnati, for 
the south and southwest, have averaged about two hundred thou- 
sand roots and four hundred thousand cuttings, annually, and prin- 
cipally of the catawba grape. The yield of wine to the acre, in 
these regions, thus far, exceeds that in the Ohio valley, which 
would appear to indicate a better climate for wine than ours. 

The accounts of vineyard products in California are so very sur- 
prising as to appear like exaggerations, were we not already con- 
vinced of the existence of other remarkable productions in that 
new and wonderful country. If half we hear be true, it must be 
the most favorable M'ine region in the world. With the attention 
now given to wine farming, in so many of the States of our Union, 
it cannot longer be doubted that we shall ere long produce a great 
portion of the wine for home consumption, and probably some for 
export. 

In the Ohio valley, for the last three or four years, the grape crop 
has been much injured by mildew and rot, diseases incident to bad 
seasons, or sudden atmospheric changes. Many remedies have 
been tried, but none has yet been found effectual in these cases. 
It is difficult, by any mode of vineyard cultivation, pruning or train- 
ing, to conquer disease arising from atmospheric causes. The 
sulphur remedy, so efficient in France, in the last two years, has 
failed here, perhaps from imperfect application. 

But with all these drawbacks, the wine planters are not discour- 



362 ^ MISCELLANEOUS. 

aged ; the crop thus far has been more reliable than any othei 
fruit crop, and quite as remunerative. The best evidence of this 
is in the rapid increase of the cultivation of the grape, and the nu- 
merous efforts made to find varieties to suit every portion of this 
fertile valley. 

The number of acres in vineyard culture within twenty miles 
around Cincinnati, is now estimated at two thousand. An average 
yield for a series of years, is supposed to be two hundred gallons 
to the acre, which is about the average for France and Germany. 
From this data may be formed an estimate of the value of this crop 
when prepared for market — the wine being worth at the press, 
one dollar to one dollar and twenty-five cents per gallon, but from 
the cellars of the vintners, twenty-five to fifty per cent. more. 



SALT. 

This is an article which has undergone more changes in this 
market, in price, quality, and source of supply, than perhaps any 
other that can be named. The early settlers had to pay six and 
even eight dollars per bushel for a vastly inferior article than can 
now be bought here for twenty-five cents. Even as late as 1815, 
the wholesale price here was three and a half to four dollars per 
bushel — seven to eight cents per lb. Until within a short period, 
the Kanawha salines were our ])rlncipal sources of supply, but the 
best quality and largest quantity are now derived from our own 
State — salt being extensively made in and adjacent to Pomeroy, 
Meigs county. At this point is the head quarters and theatre of 
operations of the Ohio Salt Company, which owns eight salt fur- 
naces, many of which are of recent construction and great capa- 
city, with all the latest improvements. 

Two millions of bushels — all first quality of salt — are annually 
made here, comprising every variety, from the finest table salt to 
the coarse alum or crystal salt employed in pork packing. Scien- 
tific analysis has shown that there is no purer article of salt manu- 
factured {jnywhere than now supplies our market. 

The office of this company is at No. 27 west Front street, Cin- 
cinnati. Luther F. Potter, sole agent. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 363 



SEWING MACHINE. 

In 1841, the value of ready-made clothing manufactured here 
was ^1,223,800, and in the lapse of the succeeding ten years these 
figures advanced only to $1,947,500. In addition to the labor en- 
gaged in this manufacture, at the first period, of eight hundred and 
thirteen, and at the second date, of nine hundred and fifty hands 
employed in the workshops, there were, in 1841, more than four 
thousand women in this city and in Covington and Newport, who 
worked at their own homes for these establishments. That num- 
ber must have increased fifty per cent, from 1841 to 1851, as the 
latter product shows. At this last date New York sold more ready- 
made clothing than all the cities in the United States beside. 

Just at this period the sewing machine, then recently invented, 
was introduced into Cincinnati; here, as well as everywhere else, 
under the violent opposition of thousands, who predicted its advent 
a death-blow to female industry, it was at once seen that hand la- 
bor could not contend with machinery, and the conclusion was 
reached that women, already inadequately paid for the unhealthy 
and wearisome employment of sewing, would be, as a class, thrown 
out of employment. A brief period of time has, however, served 
to dissipate all prejudices. Sewing machines, each of which re- 
quires at least five, and may be made to furnish employment for 
eight or ten hands to prepare and finish clothing, are here in ope- 
ration already to an extent which employs ten thousand females ; 
and in lieu of the miserable pittance of one dollar and fifty cents 
to two dollars and fifty cents per week which they were paid here- 
tofore, they now readily earn from three dollars fifty cents to seven 
dollars per week. Nor is the social change of less value than the 
pecuniary. In place of working from twelve to sixteen hours in 
the day, to the injury of their eyes, ten hours now suffice to earn 
these enhanced wages, and the work is all performed in daylight. 
There are not a few whose skill and care enable them to earn from 
eight to twenty dollars per week, and instances can be pointed out 
where forty to fifty dollars per week have been realized. 

One great evil hitherto was, that not one woman in ten, who was 
compelled to earn her living by sewing, had properly learned the 
art, and therefore the greater number were unable to execute prof- 
itable work. This has been the great cause of suflering hereto- 
31 



364 MISCELLA^'EOUS. 

fore. Now, the sewing machine divides the labor — as many as 
seventeen hands being employed upon a single pair of pants. Any 
one of these, if even a novice in sewing, has so small a portion to 
execute, that she can readily acquire a due proficiency in her sin- 
gle department. So of the rest. I rejoice, therefore, that the 
^' song of the shirt " will now only remind us of the past. 

The introduction of sewing machines has advanced our clothing 
manufacture from less than two millions to fifteen millions of dol- 
lars in value, which our present sales reach, and an extent which 
renders this the largest marl^et in the United States for the article. 

Singer 4* Co. — This is the original sewing machine, and, under 
repeated modifications and improvements, now comprehends twen- 
ty-five varieties of the article, and constitutes the whole range of 
sewing facilities, from stitching harness leather to the finest em- 
broidery for millinery purposes ; being equally adapted to the 
coarsest and strongest work, and to the lighter and delicate textures 
of the family circle. They will be found in the workshop of the 
saddler, the harness and carriage maker, the hat and cap manufac- 
turer, the tailor, the boot and shoe maker, and the milliner, as well 
as where shirts or other fabrics are made by seamstresses and 
dress makers at their own homes. There are not less than one 
thousand of these machines in operation in Cincinnati, principally 
employed in the clothing manufacture. 

The machines made under this patent are strong an durable, 
and, the principle of their construction being very simple, they are 
not liable to get out of order. They perform either coarse or fine 
sewing by simply changing the thread and needle. Tlie same ma- 
chine can stitch a shirt collar with neatness, or a leather harness 
trace with strength, and with the same degree of accuracy and 
ease. In any kind of sewing, one of these machines is equal, in 
capacity, to six persons, and in many kinds to twelve. One of the 
latest improved machines will complete one thousand stitches in a 
minute. It can be set so as to make any number of stitches, from 
two to forty, to the inch, or even more if requisite. Seams of every 
curve or angle, with cross or parallel lines, and of every combina- 
tion in figure, can be made by it at pleasure. As these machines 
draw the thread but a short distance at a time, and make also a 
stronger pull than when sewing is done by hand, it is obvious that 
the thread is less worn, while the stitch is tighter, than in the ordi- 
nary process, even in the hands of expert seamstresses. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 365 



HOTELS. 

Among the principal hotels of Cincinnati, are the Burnet, Spen- 
cer, Gibson, Walnut Street, Southgate, Madison, and Gait houses, 
and the Broadway Hotel. 

Burnet House. — This is one of the most spacious hotels in the 
world, and inferior to none in its interior arrangements. It was 
originally put up by a joint stock company, but is now owned as it 
has heretofore been occupied by A. B. Coleman, having recently 
passed, under lease, into the hands of Johnson, Saunders & Co. 

The building, including the terrace is two hundred and twelve 
feet on Third street, and two hundred and ten feet to its rear on 
Burnet street. Its style of architecture is the bracketed Italian. 
It is six stories in height, with a dome forty-two feet in diameter, 
which is one hundred feet above the basement floor. The observ- 
atory commands a fine view of the city, and more particularly of 
the river Ohio and the Kentucky scenery beyond, being one hun- 
dred and forty-two feet above the level of the street on which it 
fronts. The entire house contains three hundred and forty rooms, 
all properly lighted and ventilated. The Burnet House is central 
to the river and canal, and to all traveling public landings and rail- 
way depots. 

Gibson House. — Geffrey & Gibson, proprietors. This is located 
on the west side of Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth streets, and 
is seventy feet front by two hundred feet deep. It is convenient 
to the general business region of the city, and is immediately 
adjacent to the College buildings, which are occupied by the Cham- 
ber of Commerce, the Merchants' Exchange, and the Young Men's 
Library Association. The Gibson House comprehends one hun- 
dred and fifty-nine chambers and parlors, and can seat two hun- 
dred and fifty guests at the public table. The dining room is one 
hundred, by thirty feet, with an elevation of twenty feet to the 
ceiling. The house is heated, and the cooking and washing done 
entirely by steam. A corridor, extending the entire length of the 
rear building, affords entrance to each series of chambers, adding 
also to the light and ventilation of the various rooms. The main 
staircase is spiral, of great beauty, convenience and safety, a dome 
and skylight gracefully crowning the entire ascent. The construc- 
tion of the Gibson House affords peculiar advantage to travelers in 



366 MISCELLANEOUS. 

whose case order and quiet repose are desirable. From the nature 
of the building, which possesses but one entry on a floor, and with 
staircases to the entire house, of a character which do not rever- 
brate sound, there need not be, and there is not, more disturbance 
during sleeping hours than in an ordinary private house. 

The Gibson House has been recently refitted and refurnished at 
/m expense of forty thousand dollars, so as to render it equal to a 
perfectly new edifice. The day before this volume went to press, 
four hundred and twenty guests sat down to the dinner table of 
'this establishment. 

Walnut Street House. — J. W. Sweney, proprietor. This is a 
very commodious edifice, recently refitted and put in thorough 
order. It covers thirteen thousand square feet of ground, is five 
stories high, exclusive of its basement, and comprehends one 
hundred and eighty-three rooms, all of convenient size and arrange- 
ment, and many of them spacious and elegant. 

The floors of the basement rooms are covered with cast iron 
plates, and tesselated with marble tiles. The residue of the house 
is carpeted throughout. The dining room is one of the finest to 
be seen in Cincinnati, if not anywhere. It is ninety by forty feet, 
with a height of twenty feet. The entire furniture of this house 
cost not less than thirty-five thousand dollars. 

A magnificent view for miles in all directions is aflforded by an 
observatory at the summit of the building. 



OYSTERS. 

The oyster trade of Cincinnati is an important interest, which 
is rapidly increasing. I have made inquiry into the facts and pre- 
sent them substantially. 

The season commences about the first of September, and closes 
about the first of May, continuing two hundred and forty days. 
The importations are chiefly from Baltimore, and average one hun- 
dred cases, or one thousand six hundred cans, and ten barrels shell 
oysters per diem. This is equivalent to three hundred and eighty- 
four thousand cans, and two thousand four hundred barrels per an- 
num. Of the above, the cans are all imported per the Adams' Ex- 
press Company, and the shell oysters by the other express compa- 
nies. In addition, however, it is estimated that about twenty thou- 



MISCELLANEOUS. 367 

sand dollars' worth are imported from other points. The quality is 
governed by the size of the oysters. Of the small kinds, there are 
twelve or thirteen dozen in a can ; of the medium size, about ten 
dozen, and of the largest, which are retailed at one dollar and fifty 
cents, there are seven or eight dozen, generally the former num- 
ber. Each barrel contains fifty dozen, or six hundred oysters in 
the shell. The shell oysters are all consumed in this market, but 
a large portion of those brought in cans are reshipped to neigh- 
boring towns and cities. The sales of this article here reach four 
hundred thousand dollars. The heaviest importers are H. L. 
Stiles, Walnut street, and R. Orr, Fifth street. They receive about 
three fourths of the entire quantity imported, and the remainder 
are distributed among numerous dealers. In the months of Decem- 
ber, January and February, when the largest demand for oysters 
exists, the importations often exceed one hundred and sixty cases, 
and twenty-five barrels per diem. 



COAL. 

The whole amount of coal consumed in Cincinnati, in the year 
1841, was one million nine hundred thousand and fifty bushels. 
In 1851, seven millions seven hundred eighty-five thousand bush- 
els. Our present consumption will enlarge these figures to fifteen 
millions bushels. This amount includes what is used for manu- 
facturing purposes, and what is sent into the interior to various 
points contiguous to Cincinnati. 

There are sixty-eight coal yards in the city, and scattered over 
every part of it. 

John Cochnower, who has ten yards and six sale offices, is the 
largest coal dealer in Cincinnati. Principal office, northwest cor- 
ner Western Row and Third street. 

The coal which left the valley of the Monongahela, in the course 
of the year 1858, reached twenty-eight millions six hundred and 
ninety-six thousand six hundred and sixty-nine bushels, near ten 
millions of which quantity came down in the December flood of 
that month. One third, nearly, of this quantity was disposed of 
in this market. 



established in 1850. 

JAMES F, iJEUI^E a €#.5 
B -A. ]sr is: E i^ s 

AND DEALERS IN^ 

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC EICHANGE, 

]¥o. lY West Tliiid Street, Cincinnati. 

EXCHANGE ON 

NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE, 
BOSTON AND NEW ORLEANS. 

An extended and Avell cstablislicd correspoudence enables us to collect throughout 
the western States expeditiously and at low rates. 

"WE FXJI^3SriSI3: Sia-HT .a^istid tiivee eills, 

IN SUMS TO SUIT, 

ON OUR REGULAR CORRESrONDEKTS, 

Messrs. SPOONER, ATTWOODS &. Co., London; 

THE ROYAL BANK OF IRELAND, Dublin; 

I'AYABLE IN ALL THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS OF 

ENGLAND, IRELAND, SCOTLAND AND WALES: 
EXCIIANCE ON 

Oar facilities enable us to furnish every variety of FOREIGN EXCHANGE 
on the most favorable terms. 

Amoug our principal European correspondents are — 

HoTTiNGUER & Co., Puris; B IAN CONE, BuscH & Co., Hamburg; 

Nebel, Son & Co., Strasburg; Schultze & Wolde, Bremen; 

Hope & Co., Amsterdam; J. Abr. Arnthal, Cassel; 

Anhalt & Wagener, Berlin; G. Muller & Consorten, Carlsruhe; 
De Neufville, Mertens & Co., Frankfort; J. Von Hirsch, Munich; 

Westerkamp & Fortlage, Osuabruck; Labouchere & Co., Rotterdam; 

Passavant & Co., Bnsle; Marcuard & Co., Berne. 

Cincinnati, March 1, 1859. JAMES F. MELINB & Co. 




ilEi£IIL i 





TAPPAN, M'KILLOP & CO., 

WM. B. PIEBCE, Director. 

Derby's Building,2nd floor, S. ¥. Cor. Third and Valnut Sts, 

CINCINNATI, OHIO. 



For the use of Merchants, Bankers, Manufacturers, and all who sell on 
credit or have claims to collect. 

This Institution owes its origin to Lewis Tappan, Esq., who devised and 
established the first Agency of the kind at New York, in the year 1841. In 
1842, Wm. B, Pierce, then an Attorney at Albany, New York, and a 
nephew of Mr. Tappan, became associated with him as correspondent from 
that city. In 1849 Mr. Pierce removed to the West and established the first 
Agency at Cincinnati. The next year, 1850, he established similar offices at 
Louisville and St. Louis, all bearing the style of Mercantile Agencies. These 
have since passed into other hands, as has also the original office in New 
York City. The Commercial Agency was also established by Mr. Pierce at 
Cincinnati, in 1855, and has remained in his charge ever since. It has asso- 
ciates in most of the principal cities of the United States, England and 
Scotland, and has Collecting Agents in Ireland, France and Germany. Its 
principal associate office in New York City was established in 1842, and was 
designed as an improvement upon the office of Mr. Tappan, it being the first 
which extended its business over the whole country — Mr. Tappan having 
until then limited his operations to the Northern States. 



CINCINNATI AND ST. LOUIS! 

THROUGH WITHOUT CHANGE OF CARS: 

OHIO ANDlilSSISSIPPI 

BROAD GAUGE H A I L R A D , 

FOR 

Louisville, Tincennes, Eyansville, Cairo^ and 

SAINT LOUIS! 

CONNECTING AT ST. LOUIS FOR ALL PLACES IN 

k: -A. 3sr s -A- s j^tstid nsr e s i^ -a. s k: .a. , 
Memphis, Vicksburg, Natchez, and New Orleans ; at 

CAIRO, 

FOR MEMPHIS, VICKSBURG, NATCHEZ & NEW ORLEANS. 

AT NEW ORLEANS FOR 

Galveston and all Places in Southern Texas. 



Notice. — The attention of persons emigrating west, is called to 
the fine timber lands between Cincinnati and Vincennes. Hick- 
ory, black and white walnut, sugar maple, poplar, oak and ash 
abound. To those who prefer prairie lands of superior quality, 
and at favorable rates, a fine opportunity is offered for selection 
between Vincennes and St. Louis, with all the benefits of a mild 
climate. Farmers on the line of the Mississippi railroad have the 
advantage of the two great western markets — Cincinnati and St. 
Louis. 

Ask for Tickets via Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. 

Co3Ifort. — Broad gauge saloon cars through from Cincinnati to 
St. Louis, without change. 

Only one change of cars between Cincinnati, Louisville, Ev- 
ansville or Cairo. 

Trains leave Cincinnati in connection with trains on all the 
Eastern railroads. One through train on Sunday. 

TflROUGII TICKETS, to the South and West, via Cincinnati 
and Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, can be procured at all the 
Eastern railroad ticket offices, and at all the principal stations on 
roads east of Cincinnati, and at the several offices of the Compa- 
ny at Cincinnati. 

W. H. CLEMENT, General Superintendent, 
P. W. STRADER, Gen. Ticket Ag% Cin. 



PRO BONO PUBLICO. 



We invite attention to the fact that, having greatly increased our 
facilities by enlarging our store to more than twice its former size, 
we are prepared to supply all orders for the very best of goods in 
our line, and at a small advance. Our long experience in public 
life, making extensive acquaintances, eminently fits us for caterers 
to the public taste, and we have no hesitation in saying — from the 
approval w^e have already received — that our selections are suited 
to to the demands of the consumer. 

BRANDIES. — We have some very old Brandy, which has been 
pronounced by competent judges the best in the city ; by the bot- 
tle, case, or casks. 

BOURBON WHISKY.— We have a large stock of Howard's 
and Harp's Old Bourbon — some of it over six years of age — which 
is unsurpassed for smoothness and richness of flavor, and which 
we vt'arrant perfectly pure ; by the bottle, case, or draft. 

WINES. — Our stock of Wines is large and well selected — both 
Madeira and Sherry. 

Port. — Our Pure Juice Port is a delightful article for medicinal 
purposes, being free from adulterations, and having age to make it 
soft and pleasant. 

APPLE BRANDY. — We have a very superior article, which we 
warrant pure ; and, in fact, we will only sell such articles as we 
can recommend, and are willing should bear our label. 

We have, also, the best of all Liquors, Cordials, and Stomach 
Bitters. Barton & Guesteir's best OLIVE OIL. 

Choice Green and Black Teas, including the celebrated English 
Brealifast Tea. Sardines and Star Candles, etc., etc. 

Particular attention paid to our selection of HAVANA CIGARS, 
of w^hich we have a fine assortment of the choicest brands, which 
we sell by the box or thousand. 

Traveling Ltt^jch Baskets. — A fine assortment, and particu- 
larly adapted for travelers' use. 

As our goods have been selected from the best markets, and 
purchased for cash, we are prepared to offer inducements to all, 
and respectfully solicit the patronage of the public. 

E. B. & W. B. COLEMAN, 
• 6 and 6 Burnet House Building. 



CINCINNATI 

CHEMICAL LABORATORY, 

Junction of cast Pearl and Front Streets, 

AND IMMEDIATELY EAST OF THE LITTLE MIAMI RAILEOAD DEPOT. 



EUGENE GRASSELLI, Proprietor, 



Manufacturing, Analytical and Consulting 



MANUFACTURES 



Sulphuric Acid, concentrated in Platina, 

Pure Sulphuric Acid, 

Aqua Fortis, 

Pure Nitric Acid, 

Muriatic Acid, 

Pure Muriatic Acid, 

Pure Hydriodate Potassa, 

Copperas, 

Sulphuric Ether, 

Nitrous Ether, 

Acetic Ether, 

Aqua Ammonia, 

Cannel Coal Burning Oil, 

Cannel Coal Lubricating Oil, 

Pure Paraffine, 

Aromatic Mustard, etc. 

ALiS.Ei\ & CO., Agretits, 

Southwest corner of Main and Fifth streets. 
ALL ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. 



$TAn mn hummm t^mtatz. 



The attention of the public is invited to the fact, that most of the Star and Ada- 
mantine Candles offered for sale, are 

liericieut in WeigViV. 

So that what is sold for a pound, actually weighs but fourteen or fifteen ounces, and 
packages marked "40 lbs.," fall short two, three, and even five pounds to the box. 
This loss docs not fall upon the Wholesale Dealers, who sell packages at the 
MARKED WEIGHT, nor upon Uie Retailers who sell BY COUNT, but upon 
the consumers, who thus pay for about one-tenth mo)-e than they receive. 

Many Candles that are really seven to the pound, are branded and sold as sixes, 
making a dilFereuce against the consumer of five pounds to the box. The variation 
usually made in the price is not proportioned to this difFereuce, as the following 
statement shows : 

A box of sevens contains 247 Candles, and is sold for thlrty- 
fire pounds^ which is the actual weight. 

A box of fourteen ounce, or " Short Weight Sixes,'''' contains 
onlji 240 Candles^ same size as the Sevens, and is sold for forty 
jwuuds. 

Supposing the price of the former to be twenty cents, and the latter eighteen 
cents, there will be a difference of twenty cents in price, and seven candles in count 
per box, in iavor of the full weight Candle to retailers and consumers ; and this 
will be increased five cents per box for every cent advanced in price. 

The subscribers have always made their Candles full sixteen ounces to the pound, 
and marked packages at the real weight, which may be ascertained by testing thorn. 
As their experience in the business enables them to offer an article equal in quality 
to any in the market, tliey solicit the patronage of purchasers who desire to study 
their own interest, and at the same time encourage con-ect dealing. 

PROCTER & GAMBLE, 

NO. 24 WEST SECOND STREET, 

CINCINNATI, O. 



S. W. HASELTINE & CO. 

No. 171 "Walnut Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, 

AGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSE 



AND 



SEED STOUE, 



Landreth's & Thorburn's Warranted Genuine Fresh Seeds. 



Especial care is taken that all Seeds are fresh, and the very best 
of the kind which can be obtained from reliable parlies at home 
and abroad. 

Roses, Dahlias, Phloxes, Geraniums, Verbenas, Petunias, and 
Bedding Plants of the Choicest Varieties, including the newest 
and most desirable 

GREEX-HOISE PLAMS, IN GREAT VARIETY. 

Grape Roots and cuttings of all desirable kinds. Gooseberries, 
Currants, Raspberries, Rhubarb, Asparagus, etc. 

Books on Farming, Manures, Gardening, Fruits, Cattle, Horses, 
Sheep, Swine, Poultry, etc., the latest and best works. 

Gardening and Farming Tools of every Description. 

DEALERS IN 

AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS 
AND MACHINERY. 

Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Evergreens, etc., sent to 
order, carefully packed, from the best Nurseries and Conservato- 
ries in the United States. 

GREEN FRUITS. 

Personal attention given to all selections from the best and most 
reliable sources, to complete orders, which are solicited. 



PRO BONO PUBLICO. 



WHITE'S BANK NOTE EPEORTER, 

AND 

GOXJ¥TEEEEIT BETEGTOR, 

Established in April, 1853, 
And at the time of its commencement it was a mere local affair, 
reporting only the rates of the proprietor, who was at that time an 
Exchange and Money Broker. Notwithstanding the many disad- 
vantages under which all similar publications labor. White's Re- 
POKTER gradually increased in numbers, and continued to grow in 
favor. On the first day of January, 1859, a new plan, and the one 
upon which the Reporter is now published, was conceived and 
adopted. 

Tlie plan is this: The proprietor withdrew from the exchange 
and banking business, and determined to concentrate all his efforts 
in producing the most comprehensive and reliable monetary guide 
in the United States. And in order to make it comprehensive, four 
prominent cities were selected — New York, Cincinnati, Louis- 
ville and St. Louis — for its publication ; and that it should be 
reliable, a banking firm of undoubted character was engaged in 
each of these cities to correct the quotations, who pledge them- 
selves to buy all money as quoted, and thus indorse the Reporter. 

The arrangement is working beautifully and advantageously, and 
all thinking men must agree that the above is the true principle 
upon which such a periodicrl should be conducted. 

TERMS. 

White's Reporter is issued regularly and promptly on the first 
and fifteenth of every month, at 81 50 monthly, and ^2 00 semi- 
monthly. Two supplementary works are given, free of charge — 
The Descrihcr of Genuine Bank Notes, and White'^s Coins of the 
World. 

N. B. — Office in Cincinnati, on the corner of Walnut and Gano 
Streets. 



DR. c'mr€h:lls specific remedies. 

Syrup of the Hypophosphites, Composed of the Hypophnsphites of Lime, Soda, Po- 
tassa, and Iron. 

These remedies were brought to notice by Dr. John Fra:vcis 
Churchill, and have attracted much attention from the medical 
profession. To give a general idea of their action, we majve the 
following extracts from Dr. Churchill's paper *' On the Proximate 
Cause and Specific Remedy of Tuberculosis,'''' read before the 
Academy of Medicine, Paris, July, 1857. Says Dr. C: 

" The total number of cases of Phthisis treated by me amounts 
to thirty-five. All were either in the second or third stages of the 
complaint; that is, they had either softened tubercles or cavities in 
the lungs: of these, nine recovered completely, the physical signs 
of the disease disappearing altogether in eight out of that number; 
eleven improved considerably, and fourteen died. The results 
will be found to justify the following conclusions: 

*' The proximate cause, or at all events an essential condition of 
the tubercular diathesis, is the decrease in the system of the phos- 
phorus which it contains in an oxygenizable state. 

" The specitic remedy of the disease consists in the use of a 
pre})aration of pliosphorus, uniting the two conditions, being in 
such a state that it may be directly assimilated, and at the same 
time at the lowest possible degree of oxydation. 

"The effects of these salts upon the tubercular diathesis is 
immediate; all the general symptoms of the disease disa{)pearing 
with a rapidity vvhicli is really marvelous. If the pathological 
deposit produced by the dyscracy is of recent formation, if soften- 
ing lias only just set in, and does not proceed too rapidly, the 
tubercles are re-absorbed and disappear. When the softening has 
attained a certain degree, it sometimes continues in spite of the 
treatment ; and the issue of the disease then depends upon the 
anatomical condition of the local lesion, on its extent, and upon the 
existence or non-existence of complications. 

"The physiological effects show these preparations to have a 
twofold action: on the one hand they increase the principle, what- 
ever that may be, which constitutes nervous force, and on the 
other, they elevate the tone of the several functions concerned in 
alimentation and nutrition." 

The success of this treatment being so much in advance of any- 
thing before attained in the management of this heretofore almost 
incurable disease, calls for a thorough testing of these remedies. 
With this view the combination here ofiered in the form of syrup 
has been made. 

The beneficial effects of these Salts are not limited to Consump- 
tion alone ; they are appropriate remedies in a large class of affec- 
tions resulting from loss of nervous force. Dyspepsia, Scrofula, 
debilitated conditions of females, lack of vital action in children, 
and where the osseous system is defective. 

■\?V- J". ISAl. C3-OI^3D01Sr Sc BIROXHEFl, 

Manufact'ug Chemists and Pharmaceutisttj, N. E. oor. Western Row and Eighth St. 



Queen City Terra Cotta Works. 

Office, No. 76 "West Third Street. 



On hand and made to order, 
COLUMNS, PINNACLES AND CORNICES, 

mm, wmnow Am tems beagkits, 

Medallion or Cornice Brackets, 

And every variety of 

ORNAMENTAL BUILDING WORK, 

Equal in every respect to stone, and at one third, or less, in price. 

Statuarj, Dogs, Lions, Vases, Etc., 

Suitable for ornamenting Buildings, Gardens, Yards, etc. 

Cheaper and better than in any other material. 
WATER AND SEWERAGE PIPE. 



BUILDERS, ARCHITECTS, 

And all others who wish to save money and get a superior article, 
are respectfully invited to call and examine for themselves. 

Orders punctually attended to, and all work warranted. 

FACTORY, 

Corner John and Betts Streets, 
CINCINNATI. 

CHAS. D. FOOTE & CO. 



BELLS! BELLS! BELLS! 



The subscriber is extensively engaged in manufacturing 

BEIiliS OF EVERY SIZE 

USED BY 

Churches, Colleges, Public Buildings, Steam- 
boats, Plantations, etc. 

His Bells are constructed upon true and correct principles in 
their form and thickness, and in the proportion and combination 
of metals ; thus attaining 

The Greatest Degree of Sonorousness, 

The most melodious tone, and the requisite strength and dura- 
bility. 

An assortment of medium sizes are kept on hand, enabling pur- 
chasers to hear and judge of their quality for themselves. 

Larger sizes, and, if desired, of a particular tone and key, and 

Chimes of any Niimler or Size of Bells, 

cast at a short notice. 

Bells cast at this foundery are furnished with springs, to prevent 
the unpleasant sound produced by the clapper jarring on the Bell, 
and the most approved plan of iron yokes, wheels and frames. 

A warrantee against breakage of Bell or hangings — if properly 
rung — is given for one year. Communications will receive prompt 
attention by addressing 

GEORGE L. HANKS, 
Nos. 120 and 122 Hast Second Street, Cincinnati, 



SINGER'S 

SEWING MACHINES. 

Prices, $50, $75, $110, and $125. 



The long-continued, increasing, and wide-spread popularity 
of Singer's Standard Sewing Machines, for all manufacturing pur- 
poses, proves incontestibly their superior merit. They have al- 
ways commanded a higher price than other Sewing Machines, sim- 
ply because they were worth it. Greatly increased manufacturing 
facilities have enabled us to make a reduction of ^25 in the price 
of each Machine. Since this reduction, made October 1, 1868, 
our sales of Machines have increased more than 

FOUR HUNDRED PER CENT. 

For all the various workers on cloth and leather, who rely upon 
their work for a living, no Sewing Machine has ever yet been pro- 
duced which is fit to correspond with Singer's No. 1 and No. 2 
Standard Machines. 

SINGER'S NEW FAMILY MACHINE 

Is a light, elegant and rapid Sewing Machine, capable of executing 
a greater variety of work than other popular Sewing Machines for 
family purposes, and is sold all complete for use, at the extreme 
low price of 

It has achieved a great reputation in a few months. 

Singer's Transverse Shuttle Machine 

Is entirely new in its arrangement, differing in appearance and 
mode of operating from every other Machine before the public. 
It is designed for all kinds of family sewing, and is admirably 
adapted to various light manufacturing purposes. As an elegant 
32 



and efficient assistant in private families, its superiority over all llie 
family Sewing Machines heretofore sold is palpable even upon such 
ar examination as any unskillful person can make. It has not been 
possible thus far to supply the demand for these Machines. 

The general characteristics of Singer's Machines, of all sizes 
and descriptions are, durability, facility with which the mastery of 
them can be acquired, capacity to perform all kinds of work, and 
the rapidity and perfection with which every kind of sewing can 
be done. All of these Machines make the best kind of stitch 
known. 

Hemming gauges, binding gauges, and erery other attachment 
known to Sewing Machines, of the most ai)provcd and effective 
styles, applied in the most convenient manner. 

All persons who wish to obtain full and reliable information 
about Sewing Machines, and all articles used with them, the sizes, 
prices, modes of transportation, etc., can procure it by sending for 

a copy of 

I. M. SINGER & CO.'S GAZETTE, 

A beautiful pictorial paper, which is entirely devoted to Sewing 

Machine interests. It will be supplied gratis. 

I. ill. }*il\GEU & CO., 

458 Broadway, New York. 
Branch Office, No. 8 East Fourth Street, Cincinnati. 

Our agent at this office, Mr. James Skardon, keeps always on 
hand, a good supply of our Machines of the latest improvements ; 
also, an assortment of machine twist, thread, needles, and every 
article connected with the business. We would recommend all 
persons in the west, who may desire any information, to commu- 
nicate with this office. 

No. 8 east Fourtli street, Cincinnati, 0. • 



BRUEN'S NE^V PATENT 

THE 0:SLY ONE NOW 3IADE THAT 

Sews with a DoubleThread, 

Which can in a moment he changed to a Single one. 

Price, ii^SS and ^40. 

THE XEW YORK SEWING MACHINE COMPANY, 

In oflferiiig this machine to the public in competition with so many 
other machines, say, in perfect confidence, that they are fully sat- 
isfied it is the very best double-thread machine now manufactured, 
for the following reasons: 

First — It is single and double thread combined ; and, as many 
kinds of work require only a single thread, there will be a corres- 
ponding saving of cotton. 

Second — It makes a firm, elastic stitch, which will not ravel, 
though every third stitch is cut. 

Third — Tlie feed, which is a very important matter in a sewing 
machine, is adjustable, and can be so arranged as to sew on the 
finest fabric, and then run up to any required thickness, with but 
slight alteration of the tension of the thread. 

Fourth — The intermediate pressure placed in front of the feed, 
to hold the cloth while the former goes back, is a happy discovery, 
entirely new, and insures a positive stitch; at the same time, it 
supports and consequently prevents the breaking of needles, which 
is a great point gained, as most other machines are rendered very 
expensive by the frequent breaking of them, so much so, that their 
economy has been questioned. 

Fifth — This machine makes a more beautiful stitch and approx- 
imates nearer to a shuttle stitch than any other now made, and on 
cloth can scarcely be distinguished from it. 

Sixth — This machine is operated by a belt, and can be raised 
up to adjust the under spool and looper without removing the belt, 
and sews with the machine thus raised the same as when in its 
proper place, which is a great convenience in threading and spool- 
ing the under looper. 

Seventh — The thread tightener on this machine is so arranged 
that the spool is placed on a triangular spindle securely, the spin- 
dle turning on centers with the spool; and after you have the 
proper tension, it does not require to be changed until the thread 
is entirely run off the spool. t. 

It sews from two ordinary spools, thus avoiding the trouble of 
winding. It runs silk, linen threads and common spool cotton with 
equal facility, and is so simple in its construction, and so arranged 
that a young girl of ten years could operate it. 

The salesrooms are No. 7, under the Burnet House, on Third 
street, where the machines will be exhibited with pleasure to any 
one who may call. 

W. 13. COLEMAN, 
Sole ap-ent for the Western and Southern States. 



G. C. K N I F F I N, 

Dealer iu 

LADD, WEBSTER & CO.'S 

Late 
Hunt, Webster 6^ Co.h Improved Manvfacturing 

^Mmu tmim mmmmi 



6 



West 



FOURTH 



STREKT, 



Ciiieiunati, 




6 



West 



FOURTH 



STREET, 



Cincinnati, 



OHIO. 



Great Reduction in Prices. — Silver medals awarded by the Vir- 
ginia State Fair, Mechanics' Fair in Baltimore, and Massachusetts 
State Fair. 

These machines will stitcli, hem, fell, bind and gather. They 
make a strong lock stitch, that cannot be raveled or pulled out. 
Tliey make a beautiful, uniform stitch, alike on both sides of the 
work, without forming ridges underneath. 

The machines have great strength, are perfectly simple, and the 
management of them easily acquired. Any spool of cotton, thread 
or silk may be used without re-winding. 

They are tlie only lock stitch family machine in use that will use 
skeined linen thread. The advantage of this for sewing heavy 
Jeans must be apparent. They will sew the finest Barege or Lawn 
without " drawing" it. 

Hem Folders, of improved style and finish, accompany each ma- 
chine. All machirfes warranted, and full instructions given, to en- 
able purchasers to use them satisfactorily. 

J[^ Send for a Circular. 



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APPLEGATE & CO 



« STATlOflE^S, i^eiNTERS, 



AND- 



BimK E%m MiSIFMTeEISi, 

No 43 Main Street, below Second, Cii'cinnali. 

,-^H-^^ .s-==jj^^---- We have one of the largest and best 

^"^ -- — ^- ai^sorted stocks iu the West. Our sHyck 

embraces t!ie best ^vorks on Theo- 
logy, Medicine, Law, Mechan- 
ics, Agriculture. History, Tra- 
,-, vels. Tales, Memoirs, Philo- 

sophy, &c., and a complete assort- 
ment of ijll tlie most desirable Misi Et- 
LAJJEors JJooKS pubhshed. Our stock of 

SCHOOL BOOKS 

l'!rabraces all books of merit used in the 
West. Onr stock of 

Stotionery 

I'mbraces every varipty of Blank Books, 
from the smallest Memorandum Book 
ti) the largest super-royal Ledjrer, in- 
cluding e-very article usod in the count- 
in;:- room. We have for tlie Countuy 
Meuchants a full variety of 

Letter, Cap, and Note Paper, 
Envelopes. "Wrapping Paper, 
'i Bonnet Boards, Ink, &c. 

, /.;} Our own publication* are too well 
Q^-^^i-~^ known as works of the highest merit, to 
"Zifi^^^W- require more than an enumeration of 
^^^^^^s=r- the most prominent, which are 

Clarke's Commentary, JJr. DkFs Complete Works, Rollings 

Ancient History/, Plutarch's Lives, Spectator, Joseplius, 

Mosheim's Church History, Speeches and Writings 

of Hon. Thos, Marshall of Ky., Shakspeare's 

Complete Works, Chain Sacred Wonders, 

Dick's Theology, Life of Dr. Daniel 

Drake, Soden's Elements of the 

German Language. Pefcr- 

son' s Familiar Science, 

d'c, dr. 

We invite all who deal in, or purchase Books, to give us a call, as we 
are coniident we can offer tliem such inducements as shall be mutually 
beneficial. JUST PUBLISHED, A NEW EDITION OF 

WEBB'S FREEMASON'S MONITOR, 

Tlie best ITIusouic LSook Kxlant. 





HEDGES, FREE & CO. S ENTIRE BOILER. 





PATENTEES AND MANUP^ACTTIRERS 
33 ■ 




GLENDALli FEMALE SEMINARY 






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G. W. SHOLL, 

N- V7. Corner "Walnut and Second Streets, 



MANUFACTURER OF 



Trunks, Valises and Carpet Bags, 

AND AGENT FOR THE SALE OF 

D. SIIOI.L.*S PATEIVT TERRA COTTA BURIAL. CASE. 



GEO. WEVILL, 

CARLISLE BUILDING. 
Southwest Corner of Fourth and Walnut Streets. 







f 



. 



m 



: 



1 



T. J. M AG E E, 



LADDER HANOFACTORER, 

No. 45>2 East Third Street, 
CINCINNATI. 






AND 

JOBBING W^ORK 

DONE CHEAP AND PROMPTLY, 

Stores and Fruit Stands 

FITTED UP, P:TC., ETC. 




s 



N 






s 



^1 



E 



J. D. JONES. CALEB J0NE8. G. W.JONES. F. G. HUNTlNGTOIf. 

JONES BROTHERS & CO., 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 

DRY GOODS, 

NO. 19 PEARL STREET, 
CINCINNATI. 

JOHN W. ELLIS & CO., 

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

DRY GOODS AI\D CARPETS, 

77 PEARL STREET S. W. CORNER PEARL AND Wl, 

CINCINNATI. 

John W. Ellis, -^ AH Prints sold by us 

Wm. V. 



W. Ellis, \ 

V. Barkalow, f 

.V. McAlpiu, ( 

:. Polk. ) 



?'°J^J^?^^P^"' \ WARRANTED FAST COLORS. 

Jas. E. 



DAY & MATLACK, 

WlQiLISALl BEAl,KaS IS BEY 6O0DS» 

3sro. 89 jp:eij^t^tlj street, 
CINCINNATI. 

John^Wynne. Seth S. Haines. 

WYNNE, HAINES & CO., 

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC DRY GOODS, 

No. 101 PEARL STREET, 

(Between Vine and Race.) 

CINCINNATI. 



J. WEBB, Jr., 

Dealer in 

STRAW & SIIiK BOi\I\ETS, 

Ribbons, Flowers, Feathers, Silks, and Millinery Goods in General, 

No. 154 FIFTH Street, between RACE and ELM, 

CINCINNATI. 

N. B. — Hats and Bonnets, Bleached, Pressed, Lined, Trimmed, etc. 



HOSIERY AND TRIMMING STORE, 

NEXT DOOR, No. 152. 

Cash Advances made on Cousiguments to 
BUFFALO, BALTIMORE, NEW ORLEANS & NEW YORK, 



Wm. POWELL, Jr., 

GENEnat COMMieStOM MEHGHMTt 

No. 114 WEST THIRD STREET, 

Three Doors West of Burnet House, 

CINCINNATI. 



Particular attention paid to the Purchase and Sale of Wheat, 
Flour, Provisions, and Produce Generally. 

ROBBINS & POME ROY, 

DEALERS IN 

No. 57 PEARL STREET, 

John y. Robbins, -^ 

Rilph M. Pomeroy, | PINrTMATATT 

Sain'l L. Robbins, V ^^^ ^m^ A 1 1. 

Adam B. Robbins, j 

James P. Pomeroy. J 



S. F. DESILVER. GEO. CRAWFORO. 

DESILVER & CRAWFORD, 

WHOLESALE GROCERS, 

Commission and Forwarding Merchants, 

No. 50 WALNUT STREET, 
CINCINNATI, 



IMPORTERS OF 



Soda Ash, Bleaching Powdei^s, Bi. Carh. Soda, 

DK>.LEUS IN 

Lime, Cement, Plaster, Soap Stone, Foundery Facings, Soap, Car/ 

dies. Oils, Hemp, Clover and Timothy Seed, 

Green and Dried Fruits. 



J. E. WYNNE & CO. 

Successors to French, Wvn^e & Co., 

IMPORTFRS <t WHOLESALE DEALERS IS 

rA.nsrc"2" iDi^^sr oooids, 

AND 

MANUFACTURERS OF WOOLEN HOSIERY, 

No. 91 PEARL STREET, BETWEEN VINE AND RACE, 
CINCINNATI. 

ST. CiAllll IXCIlAill, 

EAST THIRD STREET, 
BETWEEN MAIN AND SYCAMORE STS,, 

CINCINNATI, OHIO. 
SELVES & ROTH, Proprietors, 



JOHN STANTON, 

;TAii> MB m^m €§? f i», 

139 Fifth Street, South Side, second door west of Race, 
CINCINNATI. 



STEEL ALPHABETS AND FIGURES, 

Of all sizes constantly on hand. 

Railroad, Steamboat, and Hotel Baggage Checks. Embossed 

Work in Brass, etc., on Medals for Agricultural, and 

Jewels for Benevolent Societies, executed on 

the Shortest Notice. Brass Pocket 

Almanacs, etc., etc. 

Orders by mail promptly attended to and sent to any part of the 

country by Express. 



WM. L. CHRISTOPHER. JOHN BEALL, JR. 

DEALERS IN 

STOVES, GRATES, HOLLOW & JAPMED WARE. 

Manufacturers of 

Plain and Japaned Tin Ware, 

Pressed Tin Ware, Stove Trimming, Mustard Boxes, etc., 

No. 378 Main Street, between Nintb and Court, 

CINCINNATI. 

HUGH m'bIRNEY. H. MORRIS JOHNSON. 

HUGH M'BIRNEY & CO., 



And Importers of 

SODA ASH, SAL SODA, BI-CARBONATB SODA, ROSIN, 
BLEACHING POWDER, Etc. 

No. 116 WEST THIRD ST., CINCINNATI. 
34 




HiMILTON ROAD POTTERY, 

HEAD OE ELM ST., 

CINCINNATI, O. 



M. & N. TEMPEST, 

Manufacturers of yellow Rockingham Ware, 
warranted to be equal in quality to any found in 
this or any otlier country. Also, manufacturers 
of a very superior article of 

AIR TIGHT FRUIT JAR, 

The demand for which has gradually increased, 
until they now sell thousands where they for- 
merly so\dJifties. Also own the right to make 
and sell in this market, 

DAYTON'S PATENT AIR EXHAUSTER, 

For putting up fresh fruit by a simple process 
of consuming the air by means of combustion. 
The public are earnestly invited to give this dis- 
covery a trial. 



HARWOOD & MARSH, 

Hamilton Road, west of Elm Street, 
Manufacturers oi 

Ample stocks kept constantly on hand. All orders in their line 
promptly attended to. 



H. M ALPIN. 



B. P. HINMAN, 



A. M ALPIN. 



mcALPIN, HIIMMAN ^ CO., 



DEALERS IN 



Cabinet Makers' Hardware and Materials. 

No. 103 WALNUT STREET, 
CINCINNATI, OHIO. 



DR. M. ROGERS, 
D E ]Sr T I S T. 



Having resumed Practice, I shall be happy to see my friends and 
others, at my 

ROOMS, No. 84 SEVENTH STREET, 

THIRD DOOR WEST OF VINE. 

CINCINNATI. 



S. L. Hamlen succeeded ) ( H. R. Smith, late Professor 

Dr. M. Rogers, Dentist, iu 1850,^ <of Mechanical Dentistry, in the 

(Ohio College of Dental Surgery. 

DKS. HAMLEN & SMITH, 
EEFTISTS. 

No. 3 WTIST FOURTH STREET, 

CINCINNATI. 



TAFT & KOUDEBUSH 
DEFTISTS, 

No. 56 WEST FOURTH STREET, 

CINCINNATI. 

GIDEON BURTON, 

MANUFACTURING T\'HOLKSALE DEALER IN 

BOOTS .A.3SriD SHOES, 

No. 32 Pearl Street, four Doors East of "Walnut, North Side, 
CINCINNATI. 



Custom made Boots and Shoes. 



A. M. STEM. EDWARD P. TRENCHARD. E. D. STEM. 

STEM, TREIVCHARD $c CO. 

SUCCESSORS TO A. M. STEM & CO., 

WHOLESALE GROCERS, 

AND 

Southwest Corner of Second and Walnut Streets, 
CINCINNATI. 

HERNIA OR RUPTURE! 



Drs. N. C. & D. DANIELS' 

THE ONLY TRUSS KROWN BY WHICH 

Hernia can he Treated on Philosophical Principles. 

Also 

Abdominal Supporters, Shoulder Braces, Suspensoirs, Elastic 
and Laced Stockings, etc. 

Office & Institute, No. 34 west Fourth Street, Cincinnati, 

^^"Drs. Daniels make a speciality of the treatment of all Phys- 
ical Deformities, Club Feet, Bow Legs, Knock Knees, Weak An- 
kles, Paralysis, in whatever part, Spinal Affections, and all Nervous 
Diseases. 

G. T. ROOTS. E. p. COE. J. H. AYDELOTT. 

ROOTS <» COE, 

riiii km fsiiici 

Commission Merchants, 

WHITE WATER CANAL BASIN, 

Ci7icinnatiy Ohio.. 



J. & J. M. PFAU, 

SOLE AGENTS FOR 

G. & P. BOGEN'S STILL AND SPARKLING 

mmu mm t zKxmzK zunm, 

Proprietors of the 

Medicated Aromatic Hoi Bitters, 

Also, Importers and Dealers in 

%m'A% Vdlm, t\\mi% kWm SBato, Cigars, lariiflEs, 

Swiss, Lhnburg and Sap Sago Cheese, Holland Herrings, Irish 

Moss, etc. 

No. 258 MAIN STREET, CINCINNATI. 







J. WILDER. L. D. ROBINSON. W. H. BELLOWS, 

WILDER, ROBINSON & CO., 

MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 

mPLEMENTS AND HACHINERY, 

mAW, iMss, wmm aib giiBii mmn, 

FRUIT AND ORNAMENAL TREES, Etc. 

Warehouse, No. 230 Walnut Street, 

Between 5th and 6th Sts., 

CINCINNATI. 



Consignments solicited of all kinds of Grain, Grass and Field Seeds, 



20 to 


35 


a 


25 to 


35 


li 


15 to 


30 


ti 


10 to 


15 


a 


5 to 


7.50 


ii 


5 to 


10 


it 


20 to 


35 pr. 


1000. 



CLIFTON NURSERY, 

CINCINNATI, OHIO. 

60,000 Apple Trees, 3 to 4 years, from graft, $10 to 815 pr. 100. 
20,000 Pear, on best French Quince Stocks, 
3,000 Pear, on Pear Stocks, - 
10,000 Cherry, Dwarf and Standard, - 
20,000 Peach, large, . _ . , 

15,000 Red Dutch and Black Maple Current, 
30,000 Improved Houghton Gooseberry, - 
100,000 Catawba Grape-vine, 1 to 2 years, - 

Also, Raspberry, Straioherry, Quince, Apricot, Nectarine, Pluniy 
and other Fruit Trees and Plants in la?'ffe quantities. 

15,000 large Shade Trees, Abeles, Maples, Lindens, etc. 
20,000 large Evergreens, Firs, Pines, Spruces, etc. 
15,000 Shrubs and Climbing Plants. 
300,000 Osage Orange, $2.50 pr. 1000. 

My grounds being now extensive, and containing the largest and 
most varied stock of Trees and Plants in the West, I can offer 
great inducements to those who are about to plant Cemeteries, 
Orchards, Vineyards, Parks, City Lots, and Ornamental Grounds 
generally- Parties who desire to buy, will oblige me by examin- 
ing my slock. 

The Cumminsville Omnibuses pass my Clifton place every 
twenty minutes, and start from the corner of Main and Sixth Sts., 
Cincinnati, Ohio. M. KELLY. 

January 1, 1839. 

ANTHONY PFEIFFER, 

ORNAMENTAL 

nowEn GAnoENEat 

Lebanon and Rcadiaiji^ Turnpike. 

'2,}. 2 Miles from Cincinnati, 

STORE— 201 Walnut St., between 5th & 6tli Streets. 



Roses of every variety, Hyacinths, Tulips and other Bulbs. 
Bouquets at all Seasons. 



JOHN SHILLITO & CO, 

onv GOODS hm ^mmm, 

101, 103 and 105 WEST FOURTH ST., 
CINCINNATI. 

J. C. RING WALT. S. B. AVERY. 

RINGWALT & AVERY, 

Importers of and Dealers in 

Pike's Opera House Building, 
CINCINNATI. 

G. P. LAWSON, 

Dealer in 

STOVES, GRATES, HOllOW-WARE, etc. 

No. 21 EAST PEARL STREET 
CINCINNATI. 



J. H. DETERS, 

AT HIS NEW ESTABLISHMENT, 

No. 53 west Fourth St., south side, in the Carlisle buildings, 

KEErs con3Ta:n'tly for sale 
A LAIIGE AND WELL ASSORTED STOCK OF 

BOOTS J^lSrJD SKCOES, 
OF THE BEST MATP^RIAI. ; 

CONSISTING, IN PART, OF 



GENTLEMEN S 

Quilted Sole Boots, 

Cork " " 

Double Sole and Tapper, 

Pump " 

Scotch " 

Cloth Cougress, 

Lasting " 

Calf 

IliJing, 

Napoleon, 

Hunting, 

Patent Leather, 

Enameled, " 

Grain, 

Philadelpliia, 

New York, 

Patent Leather, morocco Legs, 

Kip, 

Kid top Calf Congress Gaiters, 

Kid top Patent Leather Congress Gaiters, 

Opera 
Calf Button Gaiters. 
English Walking Shoes, 
Scotch Sole, " 

Enameled Leather " 
Patent 
Grain 

Philadelphia, 
New York, " 

French, " 

Patent Oxford tie " 



Patent Prince Allicrt Shoes, 

'• Broad Strap " 
Low '• 
Calf Oxford tics, 

" Broad Strap " 

" Low 
Fine French, plain and embroidered, 

Toilet Slippers. 

ladies' 

Heel Gaiters, turns 
<( <( 

Kid and morocco Boots. 
" " l^uskins, 

" '■■ Sli|)pcrs, 

Hc-l Boots, 
Welt " 
TTndressed morocco Welt " 
Calf " ' 

" pegged Boots, 
Dressed and undrestecd Calf, and morocco 

pegged Boots, 
Misses' Gaiters, heel, 
" " turns, 

" Kid and morocco Welt Boots, 
" " " " heel do. 

" " " turn " do. 

" pegged heel, 
" " spring, 

"' Calf, 
Children's turn Gaiters, 

" Kid and morocco Boots. 



ALSO — 

A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF 

fjnstings and Galloons, French Blarking by the Ilojfshcnd, 
Gross, ]>ozen, or Hingle Jiir. 

All of which will be Sold low, aud for Cash ouly. 



\ 



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